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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
٢٠٨
   ٢٠٨  
  ‫א‬  
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ?   ?  ? ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   ٢٠٨  
  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ١J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
         ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W‫א‬  K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬  K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   KE١W٥٠٠٠F   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E٠{٦FE٠{٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١{١F‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٠–٥  ١W١٠٠٠٠  ١W٢٥٠٠ 
       ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥–١٠  ١W٥٠٠٠٠ ١W١٠٠٠٠٠

 ٥–٢  ١W٥٠٠٠  ١W١٥٠٠٠ 
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠–٥  ١W١٠٠٠٠  ‫א‬
 ١W٢٥٠٠٠
 ١–٠{٥  ١W١٠٠٠  ١W٤٠٠٠ 
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥–١  ١W٢٥٠٠٠ ١W١٠٠٠٠  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 


● 
●

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{١F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤J ١
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K٣
K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١W١٠٠٠F  E١W٥٠٠٠F   
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ١
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣٠F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢
KE١W٢٥٠٠FE١W١٠٠٠٠F
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      W‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
KE١W١٠٠٠FE١W٢٥٠٠F
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

KE١W١٠٠٠FE١W٢٥٠٠F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KKE١W١٠٠٠FE١W٢٥٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K

KE١W١٠٠٠FE١W٢٥٠٠F
KE١W١٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K
 KE١W٥٠٠٠F
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫؛‬ •
‫؛‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٤J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٣J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ٣٦٥÷‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١{٢F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬LF
٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٧{١٥–٧{٠٠
٤٤٠٠ ١١٠٠ ٧{٣٠–٧{١٥
٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٧{٤٥–٧{٣٠
٣٦٠٠ ٩٠٠ ٨{٠٠–٧{٤٥
  ٤٠٠٠ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠٠٠‫א‬E٧{٣٠٧{١٥F‫א‬‫א‬٤٤٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬E١{٢F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٠٫٢
٠٫١
٢٠ ٣ ٤٠ ٥٠ ٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬

 K٣٠E١{٢F


 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V D = V n (1 + e )
n
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVD
 ‫א‬‫א‬WVn
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬We
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wn
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 V D = V n (1 + e )n
 15000 =‫א‬‫א‬WVn
 ٪٣ = EeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠=(n)‫א‬‫א‬
V D = V n (1 + e ) = 15000 × (1 + 0.03) = 20159

n 10
 ٢٠١٥٩ZEVDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٢F‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 .(AASHTO)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ •

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K(AASHTO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٢F
E‫א‬LF‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF٢٠٠٠  
E‫א‬‫א‬F٣٠٠٠  
E‫א‬‫א‬F٤٠٠٠  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٣F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(AASHTO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٣F
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

   ‫א‬
EF 
16.7 12.1 5.8 EF‫א‬‫א‬
2.6 2.6 2.1 EF‫א‬‫א‬
4.1 4.1 1.3 EF‫א‬
6.1 7.6 3.4 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.9 1.2 0.9 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.6 1.8 1.5 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
.‫؛‬‫א‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬ •
.‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L ١٢٠٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٨J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢{٣F‫א‬ K

- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬
 

‫آﺘﻒ‬ ‫آﺘﻒ‬


 KE٢{٣F

 ‫א‬٩J ٢
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٧٥‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٤{٢F‫א‬

‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٢F
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
١{٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٣{٦٠ 
 K٪٥٪٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W٦ •
‫؛‬٣١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W٤ •
‫؛‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W٣ •
‫؛‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W٢ •
K٣‫א‬‫א‬١W٢ •
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٦{٢F‫א‬E٥{٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 


 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٢F


 KE٦{٢F
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١١J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٢F‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٢F
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PI = Point of intersection
PC = Point of curvature (Beginning of curvature) 5729.58 2πR∆
PT = Point tangency (End of curvature) D= L=
∆ = Central angle
R 360
L = Length of curvature (PC to PT) 100θ ∆
l= T = RTan
l = length of arc (PC to P) D 2
θ = Central angle for arc length l ⎛ ∆ ⎞ ⎛ ∆⎞
T = Tangent length (PC to PI and PT to PI) E = R⎜ sec − 1⎟ M = R⎜1 − cos ⎟
φ = Deflection angle ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
α = Deflection angle at PI between tangent and line ∆ θ lD
C = 2R sin φ = =
from PI to P 2 2 200
x = Tangent distance from PC to P
y = Tangent offset P For any tangent distance x:
D = Degree of curvature
R = Radius of curvature y = R − R 2
− x [
2 1/ 2
]
E = External distance
M = Middle ordinate For any arc length:
C = Chord length x = R sin θ
y = R (1 − cos θ )
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥{٢F
e
1
θ

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨{٢F
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2
 e− f = = tan θ
127 R
 W
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬We
 ‫؛‬E‫א‬LF‫א‬‫א‬WV
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬WR
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬Wf
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wθ
K(AASHTO)‫א‬E٤{٢F‫א‬f
K‫א‬‫א‬fE٤{٢F
f  ELF‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠{١٧  ٣٠
 ٠{١٧  ٤٠
 ٠{١٦  ٥٠
 ٠{١٥  ٦٠
 ٠{١٤  ٧٠
 ٠{١٤  ٨٠
 ٠{١٣  ٩٠
 ٠{١٢  ١٠٠
 ٠{١١  ١١٠
 ٠{٠٩  ١٢٠
 
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W
،‫א‬L ٨٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L80ZV
 ١٠٠ZR
 0.14Zf
V 2
 e = − f
127 R
80 2
e= − 0 . 14 = 0 . 364
127 × 100
٢٧{٤٧١٠{٣٦٤Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(1/15)
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬ K١
(0 . 75 V )2
 e = 127 R
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1/15)e‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬(1/15)(1/15)e‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬f‫א‬‫א‬
V 2
f = − e
127 R
K‫א‬‫א‬E0.15Ff‫א‬ K٤
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬(Va) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٠{١٥Ff‫א‬ K٥
2
1 V
e+ f = + 0 .15 = a
15 127 R
 K(1/15)e‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K
 W
،‫א‬L١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
e=
(0 .75V )2
127 R

e=
(0 . 75 × 100 )
2
= 0 . 0885
127 × 500
‫א‬E1/15Fe(1/15)‫א‬
Wf‫א‬‫א‬
V2 1 100 2
f = − = − 0 . 067 = 0 . 09
127 R 15 127 .500
KE1/15FZ‫א‬‫א‬٠{١٥f
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬
2
1 Va
 e + f = + 0 . 15 =
15 127 R
2
Va
= 0 . 217
127 R
 2
V a = 0 . 217 × 127 × R
Va 2 = ( 0 .217 ) × (127 ) × ( 200 ) = 2755 .9
V a = 52 . 5 km / h

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
1 V
e+ f = + 0 . 15 =
15 127 R
V 2
 R =
27 . 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ •
(V + 16 )
2
 R rolling =
27 . 5
W‫א‬ •
Rrolling =
(V + 8)
2
27.5
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥{٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٢F
 R (m)  f v
 e = 0.10 e = 0.08 e = 0.06 e = 0.04  (km/h)
 25  30  30  35  0.17  30
 45  50  50  60  0.17  40
 75  80  90  100  0.16  50
 115  125  135  150  0.15  60
 160  175  195  215  0.14  70
 210  230  250  280  0.14  80
 275  305  335  375  0.13  90
 360  395  435  490  0.12  100
 455  500  560  635  0.11  110
 595  665  755  870  0.09  120
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩{٢F

 W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬L١١٠‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
V2 110 2
 R = = = 440 m
27 . 5 27 . 5
R rolling =
(V + 16 )
2
=
(110 + 16 )
2
= 577 m
27 .5 27 .5
 ‫א‬٥J ١١J ٢
E١٠{٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٢F‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
w + wa
w w
‫ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت‬: Wa

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠{٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٢F
٩٠٠ ٩٠٠J ٣٠١ ٣٠٠J ١٥١ ١٥٠J ٦٠ ٦٠ ‫א‬
EF
J ٠{٣ ٠{٦ ٠{٩ ١{٢  EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬٦J ١١J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
KEE١١{٢FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
KE٧{٢F
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KEE١٢{٢FF‫א‬
 KE١٢{٢F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
.‫• א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KEE١٣{٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

A1 A3
θ +g3%
+g1% -g2%
A2

 KE١٣{٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
A1 = tan θ
⎛ + g1 ⎞ ⎛ − g2 ⎞
A1 = ⎜ ⎟− ⎜ ⎟
 ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
g + g2
A1 = 1
100
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
⎛ − g2 ⎞ ⎛ + g3 ⎞
A2 = ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
 (g 2 + g 3 )
A2 = −
100
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA
٪٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(AASHTO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٢F
 E٪F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬LF
 
٩ ٦ ٤٨
٨ ٥ ٦٤
٧ ٤ ٨٠
٦ ٣ ٩٦
٥ ٣ ١١٢
٤ ٣ ١١٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L ٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K(AASHTO)‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K(AASHTO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٢F
 ٨  ٧  ٦  ٥  ٤  ٣  ٢{٥ E٪F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٠  ١٧٥  ٢٠٠ ٢٥٠  ٣٢٥ ٤٧٥  ٧٠٠ EF‫א‬

 W
 K٪٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
٪٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،٢٥٠Z‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٢J ٢
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
E F‫א‬‫א‬E  F
KE١٤{٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،EE١٥{٢FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
A +g2%
A
g 1 > g2
+g1%
-g2% +g1% A= (g1 - g2) /100
A = (g1 + g2) /100
-g1%
A
g 1 < g2
-g2%
A= (-g1 + g2)/100

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
A= (-g1 – g2) / 100

+g2%
+g2%
-g1% A= (g1 – g2) /100
+g1% A
A
-g1% A= (-g1 + g2) / 100
-g2%
A

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤{٢F
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

VPI
x
e
y
e
VPC
VPT
+G2 L/2 L/2
-G2
L

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥{٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
VPI = Vertical point of intersection
VPC = Vertical point of curvature A = g2 − g1
VPT = Vertical point of tangency
G1 = Grade of initial tangent
G2 = Grade of final tangent L
K =
g1 = Grade of initial tangent in percent A
g2 = Grade of initial tangent in percent
A = Algebraic difference in grade between G1 and G2 (G − G2 )L AL A 2 K
K = Vertical curve length coefficient e= 1 = =
L = Length of vertical curve 8 800 800
x = Horizontal distance to point on curve from VPC
y = Offset of curve from initial grade line For high point on curve:
xm = Location of min/max point on curve from VPV g1L g L
xm = = 1
e = External distance = Middle ordinate g 2 − g1 A
Ex = Elevation of point on curve located at distance x
from VPC For any point p on curve:
Em = Elevation of min/max point on curve at distance
(G − G1 )x 2 Ax 2 x2
xm from VPC y= 2 = =
EPI = Elevation of VPI 2L 200L 200K
EPC = Elevation of VPC (G2 − G1 )x 2
EPT = Elevation of VPT E x = E PC + G1 x +
2L
g1 x x2
Ex = EPC + +
100 200K
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬٢J ١٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 (Stopping Sight Distance: SSD)‫א‬٣J ١٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(S)‫ א‬K١
W،٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S = 2 .5V
W
 KEF‫א‬:S
 KELF‫א‬ :V
W (d)‫א‬ K٢
W
V 2
d =
2 fg
 W
 KEF‫א‬ :d
 KELF‫א‬‫א‬Wg
 KELF‫א‬:V
 KE٠{٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wf
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W
V 2
d =
254 ( f ± G )
 W
 K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬:G
‫א‬‫א‬(SSD)
 W‫א‬
 SSD = S + d

W •
V 2
 SSD = 2 . 5 V +
2 fg

W‫א‬ •
V2
 SSD = 2 . 5V +
254 .( f + G )

W‫א‬ •
V 2
 SSD = 2 . 5V +
254 .( f − G )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩{٢FE٨{٢F‫א‬K(2SSD)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(AASHTO)



- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨{٢F
EF‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬/F‫א‬‫א‬
55 0.36 48
80 0.33 64
115 0.31 80
150 0.30 96
165 0.30 104
185 0.29 112
205 0.28 120
230 0.27 128

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩{٢F
EF‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬/F‫א‬‫א‬
48 0.62 48
72 0.60 64
100 0.58 80
132 0.56 96
149 0.56 104
129 0.55 112
190 0.54 120
212 0.53 128

 W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬L٦٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V 2
SSD = 2 . 5V +
2 fg
 W
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KL١٦{٦٧Z‫א‬L٦٠Z‫א‬:V
 K٠{٤=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wf
 W
(16 . 67 ) 2
 SSD = 2 . 5 × 16 . 67 + = 77 . 08 m
2 × 0 . 4 × 9 . 81
W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬
 K٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬L٨٠
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ E
V2
SSD = 2 . 5V +

254 ( f − G )

KL٢٢{٢٢=‫א‬L٨٠Z‫א‬:V
 K٠{٤=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wf
 ٠{٠٥=١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬:G
( 22 .22 ) 2
 SSD = 2 .5 × 22 .22 + 254 × ( 0 .4 − 0.05 ) = 61 .1m
W‫א‬‫א‬ E

V 2
SSD = 2 . 5V +

254 ( f + G )
( 22 .22 ) 2
 SSD = 2 .5 × ( 22 .22 ) + = 59 .87 m
254 × (0 .4 + 0 .05 )

- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 (Passing Sight Distance: PSD)‫א‬٤J ١٢J ٢

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE١٦{٢F
C’ C
A B B’ A’
S S
d1 d2 d3
‫ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬:A’, B’, C’ A, B, C‫ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷوﻟﻲ‬:

 K‫א‬E١٦{٢F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(d1)‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
d 1 = 0.84 (V − M )
 W
 EF‫א‬‫א‬Wd1
 E‫א‬LF‫א‬‫א‬WV
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WM
 K‫א‬L١٦
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(d2)‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
d 2 = 2 S + 0 . 84 (V − M )t
S = 0 . 2 (V − M )+ 6
2 . 73 S
t =
a
 KL‫א‬L٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W:a
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(d3)‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
d 3 = 0 . 28 t
W(PSD)‫א‬
 PSD = d 1 + d 2 + d 3
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠{٢F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠{٢F
128 112 96 80 64 48 E‫א‬/F‫א‬‫א‬

94 86 75 65 54 41 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬/F
110 102 91 82 70 58 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬/F
835 675 640 550 460 335  EF‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٢J ٢
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEE١٠{٢FFEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W(SSD < L) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
2
AS
L =
( 2 h1 + 2h2 )
2
W(SSD > L) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
L = 2S −
( 2h1 + 2h2 )
2

A
 W
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬WL
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WS
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA
 ‫؛‬1.07‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wh1
 K0.15 ‫א‬‫א‬Wh2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٢J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬ 1.07 h1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K 1.03 h2 ‫א‬
 W(PSD < L) ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
AS 2
L=

( 2 h1 + 2 h2 )2

W(PSD > L) ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
( 2h1 + 2h2 )
2
 L = 2S −
A
 W
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬WL
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WS
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA
 ‫؛‬1.07‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wh1
 .1.03 ‫א‬‫א‬Wh2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١٢J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(SSD < L) ‫א‬‫א‬ •
AS 2
L= + 3 .5 S
152 . 44
 W(SSD > L) ‫א‬‫א‬ •
152.44 + 3.5S
 L = 2S − A
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WL
 ‫؛‬EF‫א‬WS
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA
 W
‫א‬   ‫א‬   KA = 0.09  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠٠Z‫א‬
K‫א‬٥٠Z‫א‬
W‫א‬
W (SSD < L) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬
A = 0 . 09
2 S = 100 m
AS
L =
( 2 h1 + 2h2 )  h 1 = 1 . 07 m
h 2 = 0 . 15 m
( 0 . 09 ) × 100
 L= = 223 m
( 2 × (1 . 07 ) + 2 × (0 . 15 )) 2
 W(SSD > L) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
A = 0 . 09
( 2h1 + 2h2 )2
S = 50 m
 L = 2S −  h 1 = 1 . 07
A
h 2 = 0 . 15
L = 2 × 50 −
( 2 × 1.07 + 2 × 0.15 )2
= 55m

0.09
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W
K(1/40)‫א‬‫א‬ (1/30) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
PSD < LW‫א‬‫• א‬
AS 2
L=

( 2 h1 + 2 h2 )2
g1 = +1/ 30
h 1 = 1 . 07 m
  g 2 = −1/ 40  h = 1 . 03 m
A = (+ 1/ 30) − (− 1/ 40) = 0.058 2
( 0 . 058 ) × ( 440 ) 2
 L = = 1352 m 
( 2 × (1 . 07 ) + 2 × (1 . 03 ) . ) 2

 PSD > LW‫א‬‫• א‬
L = 2S −
( 2 h1 + 2h2 )
A

L = 2 × 440 −
( 2 × 1 . 07 + 2 × 1 . 03 )2
= 736 m
0 . 058
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 ‫א‬٣J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W •
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W •
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬             W  K٢
             ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W     ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٨٠ ٠{٠٨
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E١{٣F ‫א‬  K ٠{٠٨  
 K(AASHTO) ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٣F

 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬
   ٧٦{٢٢
   ٢٠{٠٧٥
   ٠{٠٧٥٠{٠٠٢
   ٠{٠٠٢

   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 E‫א‬ ‫א‬F  ٠{٠٧٥   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEE١{٣FF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
KE٢{٣F‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  •
K
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٣F

 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٦{٣٥  ٣
 ٤{٧٦  ٤
 ٣{٣٦  ٦
 ٢{٣٨  ٨
 ٢{٠٠  ١٠
 ١{١٩  ١٦
 ٠{٨٤  ٢٠
 ٠{٥٩  ٣٠
 ٠{٤٢  ٤٠
 ٠{٢٩٧  ٥٠
 ٠{٢٥  ٦٠
 ٠{٢١  ٧٠
 ٠{١٤٩  ١٠٠
 ٠{١٠٥  ١٤٠
 ٠{٠٧٤  ٢٠٠
 ٠{٠٥٣  ٢٧٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D10W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
W‫א‬ECuF‫א‬ K٢
D 60
C u =
D 10
 W(CcF‫א‬ K٣
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
( D 30 ) 2
 C c = D .D
60 10
 W
 .10%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WD10
 K‫א‬60%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WD60
 K‫א‬30%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WD30
 KE٣{٣F‫א‬Cc‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ٢٠٠    ‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Stock’s law) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KEE٢{٣F F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣{٣F‫א‬
KCc‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٣F
Cc ‫א‬
 ٥ EPoorly-Graded)

١٥٥ ENon-Uniform)

١٥ EWell-Graded)


- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٣F KE١{٣F 
١٠٠
٨٠
E٪F،‫א‬
٦٠
٤٠
D60
٢٠
D30
D10
٠
١٠ ١ ٠٫١ ٠٫٠١ ٠٫٠٠١
EF ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٣F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(Solid State) ‫א‬‫• א‬
(Semi Solid StateF‫א‬‫• א‬
(Plastic State)‫א‬‫• א‬
(Liquid State)‫א‬‫• א‬
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEShrinkage Limit: SL)‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WEPlastic Limit: PL) ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬       WELiquid Limit: LL) ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E٤{٣F ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEPlastic Index: PI)‫א‬ •
W‫א‬
PI = LL − PL

WELiquid Index: LI)‫א‬ •
(w − PL )
 PI =
PI

‫زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ LL PL SL
W=0
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺪوﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٣F
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠‫א‬
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬٦J ٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬      ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
(USC)‫א‬‫א‬ •
(AASHTO) •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (USC)‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٣
E٤{٣FE٣{٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥{٣F‫א‬
 ٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬W K١
W‫א‬‫א‬K٪٥٠
K٤‫א‬٪٥٠W(Gravel) (G)
K٤‫א‬٪٥٠W(Sand) (S)
K(Well Graded) ‫א‬(W)
 .(Poorly Graded)‫א‬(P)
٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ W K٢
W‫א‬‫ א‬K٪٥٠
K(Silt)(M)
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K(Clay)(C)
K(Organic Silt and Clay)‫א‬‫א‬(O)
K(Fine of low plasticity)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(L)
K(Fine of high plasticity)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(H)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٣
K(Peat)‫א‬(PT)
.(USC) ‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٣F
Classification on Classification Criteria

Basis of percentage
of fine
C M = D60 / D10 Greater than 4
( D30 ) 2
Cc = Between 2 and 3
D10 * D60
Not meeting both criteria for GW
Atterberg limits plot
below “A” line and
Less than 50% Pass plasticity index less Atterberg limits plotting in hatched area
No. 200 sieve than 4 are borderline classifications requiring
GW, GP, SW, SP Atterberg limits plot use of dual symbols
More than 12% pass plasticity index
No. 200 sieve greater than 7
GW, GC, SM, SC C M = D60 / D10 Greater than 6
( D30 ) 2
5% to 12% pass No. Cc = Between 1 and 3
200 sieve D10 * D60
Borderline Not meeting both criteria for GW
classification requiring Atterberg limits plot
use of dual symbols below “A” line and
plasticity index less Atterberg limits plotting in hatched area
than 4 are borderline classifications requiring
Atterberg limits plot use of dual symbols
plasticity index
greater than 7
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K(USC)‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٣F
Classification on Classification Criteria

Basis of percentage
of fine
C M = D60 / D10 Greater than 4
( D30 ) 2
Cc = Between 2 and 3
D10 * D60
Not meeting both criteria for GW
Atterberg limits plot below
“A” line and plasticity index
Less than 50% Pass less than 4 Atterberg limits plotting in
No. 200 sieve Atterberg limits plot below hatched area are borderline
GW, GP, SW, SP “A” line and plasticity index classifications requiring use of
greater than 7 dual symbols
More than 12% pass C M = D60 / D10 Greater than 6
No. 200 sieve
( D30 ) 2
GW, GC, SM, SC Cc = Between 1 and 3
D10 * D60
5% to 12% pass No. Not meeting both criteria for GW
200 sieve Atterberg limits plot below
Borderline “A” line and plasticity index
classification requiring less than 4 Atterberg limits plotting in
use of dual symbols Atterberg limits plot below hatched area are borderline
“A” line and plasticity index classifications requiring use of
greater than 7 dual symbols
60
For classification of "A" line
50 fine-grained soils and
Plasticity Index (PI)
fine-grained fraction of CH or OH
40 coarse-grained
30
MH or OH
20 CL or OL
10
CL - ML ML or OL
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Liquid Limit (LL)
K(USC)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E٥{٣F 
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 (AASHTO)٢J ٦J ٣
 (A-7 A-1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE٥{٣F‫א‬
 K(ASSHTO) ‫א‬E٥{٣F
General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing No.200)
A-1 A-2
Group Classification A-1-a A-1-b A-3 A-2-4 A-2-5 A -2-6 A-2-7
Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm) 50 max - - - - - -
No.40( 0.425mm) 30max. 50max. 51max. - - - -
No. 200(0.075) 15max. 25max. 10max. 35max. 35max. 35max. 35max.
Characteristics of fraction passing
No.40
Liquid limit - - 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.
Plasticity index 6max. N.P. 10max. 10max. 11min. 11min.
Usual types of significant Stone fragments, fine sand, Silty or clayey gravel and sand
Constituent materials gravel and sand
General rating as subgrade Excellent to good
General Classification Silt-Clay (more than 35% passing No.200)
A-7
Group Classification A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-5, A-7-6
Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm)
No.40( 0.425mm)
No. 200(0.075) 36min. 36min. 36min. 36min.
Characteristics of fraction passing
No.40
Liquid limit 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.
Plasticity index 10max 10max. 11min. 11min.
Usual types of significant Silty soils Clayey soils
Constituent materials
General rating as subgrade Fair to poor
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬        WA-3 ،A-2 ،A-1 ‫• א‬
K٪٣٥٢٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬W A-7،A-6،A-5،A-4‫• א‬
K٪٣٥٢٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(AASHTO)

 ‫א‬٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KECBR)‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٣
E٦{٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x٦٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠ x٣٠٠ x٣٠٠‫א‬٢٠ x٦٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
KE٧{٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫ﺿﻐﻂ رأﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﺺ‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٣F

(Column) ‫א‬ "φ"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ "C"‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  τ = C + σ tan ϕ
 W
 ‫؛‬‫א‬Wτ
 ‫؛‬‫א‬:C
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬Wσ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wφ
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ رﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﻴﻨﻴﺔ رﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
φ
‫ﻗﻮة ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬
C φ
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬     
 W‫א‬‫א‬KKE٨{٣F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩{٣F‫א‬(Mohr circles) ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬"φ"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"C"‫א‬
 τ = C + σ tan ϕ
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫ﺿﻐﻂ رأﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨{٣F 
‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩{٣F 
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ECBR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ٣
ECBR: California Bearing Ratio)      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬
 ٤{٥٣   E ١٧{٨ ‫א‬  ١٥{٢ F   ‫א‬    •
KEE١٠{٣FF٤٥{٨‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬
،١٠،٧{٥،٥،٢{٥W‫א‬‫א‬L١{٢٥‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEE١٠{٣FF١٢{٥
F‫א‬ –‫א‬ •
KEE١١{٣F
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ٢{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ECBR) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   •
W٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬F ÷ E  ٢{٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F Z E٪F ECBR)   
 ١٠٠xE‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠{٣F
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬E١١{٣F 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬        K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
(Standard Proctor Test) ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٣

 KE١٢{٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻋﻠﻮي‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬
 
 KE١٢{٣F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١{٦‫א‬١٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬
K٣٠{٥‫א‬٢{٤٩‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEwF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEγhF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
γh
 γ d =
( w + 1) W‫א‬EγdF‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE١٣{٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EγdJ wF‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
(kg/cm3)،‫א‬‫א‬
1.90 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1.80
1.70
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1.60
0 5 10 15 20 25
E٪F،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E١٣{٣F
 
 (Modified Proctor Test) ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (AASHTO) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K   
 W‫א‬
K٤{٥٤Z‫א‬ •
K٤٥{٧Z‫א‬‫• א‬
K٥‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   E١٤{٣F ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(kg/cm3)،‫א‬‫א‬
1.90
1.80 ‫א‬‫א‬
1.70
‫א‬‫א‬
1.60
0 5 10 15 20 25
E٪F،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤{٣F

‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬WEE١٥{٣FF ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٢ ٨F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    WEE١٦{٣F F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   WEE١٧{٣F F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥{٣F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦{٣F
 
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٧{٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

γ d (in − situ )
 I comp (%) = γ d max
.100
 W
 K(%)‫א‬WIcomp
 K(g/cm3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wγd (in-situ)
K(g/cm3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wγdmax
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K100%  90% ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٨{٣F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEwFEheF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE١٨{٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
γh
γd = WEγdF‫א‬‫א‬ •
( w + 1)
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫رﻣﻞ ﺟﺎف‬
‫ﻣﺨﺮوط ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮة ﻣﻤﻠﻮءة ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٨{٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٣
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬  
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    E١٩{٣F ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٣
 K    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻷﺳﺎس‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﺳﺎس‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩{٣F
 ‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫؛‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬٪٦‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬٪١٠٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬٪٥٠‫א‬ •
K‫א‬  •
 ‫א‬٣J ١٠J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K •
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K٪٦‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬ •
 K٪٥٠‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٣
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
 KE٢٠{٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﺟﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬

KE٢٠{٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢W٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٦‫א‬‫א‬EWF
٥٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٠
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ١J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
 W‫א‬
(Flexible Pavement)‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 (Rigid Pavement) ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٢{٤FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١{٤F

K‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠١٥
 ٣٠ ٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Boussinesq) 
 W‫א‬
⎡ z3 ⎤
 σ z = p⎢1 − 2 3/ 2 ⎥
(
⎢⎣ a + z 2 ) ⎥⎦
 W
 Kz‫א‬‫א‬Wσz
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wp
 Kσz‫א‬‫א‬Wz
 K‫א‬‫א‬:a
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺮﺻﻒ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣{٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ (d/2)E٤{٤F‫א‬ 
 (2S)   K    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  (2S)       
K(2p)
d/2
2S
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٤F
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 WE٤{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B(2p, 2S)A(p, d)‫א‬ •
KAB‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
2p B
(Log Scale)
p1
p
A
‫א‬
Z=d/2 Z1 Z=2S
(Log Scale)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤{٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٤
 K ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 . 5 pa
 ∆ =
E s
 W
 K‫א‬W∆
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:p
 K‫א‬:a
 K‫א‬:Es

- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
(CBR)‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
(CBR)‫א‬E٤{٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (CBR)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
1/ 2
⎡ 1.75 1⎤
 t= P⎢ − ⎥
⎣ CBR πp ⎦
W
 ،EF‫א‬: t
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬:P
 KE٢ /F‫א‬: p
 KE٢F‫א‬:A

‫א‬(CBR)‫ א‬E٤{٦F
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٥Z‫א‬CBR -
٤٠٨٢ZP -
 / ٧= p -
٢
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ٣٨Z‫א‬٤٠٨٢Z‫א‬٪٥ZCBR
 W‫א‬‫א‬ E

1/ 2
⎡ 1 .75 1 ⎤
t= P⎢ − ⎥
⎣ CBR πp ⎦
⎡1 .75 1 ⎤
t= 4082 ⎢ − ⎥ = 35 .5cm
⎣ 5 ( 3 . 14 ).( 7 ) ⎦

 ‫א‬٢J ٤J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k (T1 )(90 − R)
 T =
C 1/ 5
 W
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬:T
0.166ZWk
 K‫א‬:T1
 E٢ /F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WC
K‫א‬ (Stabilometer)‫א‬:R
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T1‫א‬
 T1 = 1 . 35 (EWL )0 .11
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬:EWL
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٤F‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF
 ٣٣٠  ٢
 ١٠٧٠  ٣
 ٢٤٦٠  ٤
 ٤٦٢٠  ٥
 ٣٠٤٠  ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Westergard)  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p
 K =
∆
 W
 KK 0.125 ‫א‬‫א‬W∆
 KE٣ /F‫א‬:K
 KE٢ /F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:p
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1/ 4
⎡ Eh 3 ⎤
l =
 ⎢
( ⎥
⎣ 12 1 − u K ⎦
2
)
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W
K(Radius of Relative Stiffness)EF‫א‬‫א‬:l
 KE٢ /F‫א‬‫א‬:E
0.15Z(Poisson’s Ratio) ‫א‬Wu
 KEF‫א‬ :h
KE٣ /F‫א‬:K
 W
 W٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢ /٢١٠٠٠٠Z‫א‬E -
0.15Zu -
٣
 /٢ZK -

 W‫א‬
1/ 4 1/ 4
⎡ Eh 3 ⎤ ⎡ ( 210000 ) × ( 20 ) 3 ⎤
l = =⎢ = 92 cm
 ⎢
( ⎥
⎣ 12 1 − u K ⎦
2
) ⎣ 12 (1 − 0 . 15 ). 2 ⎦
2 ⎥

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٤
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Westergard) ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
0.316 P ⎡ ⎛l⎞ ⎤
 Si = h 2 ⎢⎣
4 log 10 ⎜ ⎟ + 1 . 069 ⎥
⎝b⎠ ⎦
W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
0.316 P ⎡ ⎛l⎞ ⎤
Se = 4 log ⎜ ⎟ + 0 . 359
h 2 ⎢⎣ ⎥
10
⎝b⎠ ⎦
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
3P ⎡ ⎛ a 2 ⎞ 0 .6 ⎤
Sc = 2 ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
 h ⎢ ⎝ l ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎜
⎣ ⎦
 W
 KE٢ /F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSs, Se, Sc
 KEF‫א‬ :h
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬:P
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬:a
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬ :l
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬Wb
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 b = 1 . 6 a + h − 0 . 675 h
2 2
 (Pikett)   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ a ⎤
4.2 P ⎢⎢ l
⎥
⎥
S = 2 1−
 c h ⎢ a ⎥
⎢ 0.925 + 0.22 l ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠٨٠ZP‫א‬‫ א‬-
٢
 /٢١٠٠٠٠ZE‫א‬‫א‬ -
٢٠Zh‫א‬ -
0.15Zu‫א‬ -
٣
 /٢ZK‫א‬ -
١٥Za‫א‬ -
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ -
1/ 4 1/ 4
⎡ Eh3 ⎤ ⎡ (210000) × (20) 3 ⎤
l = =⎢ = 92cm

⎣ (
⎢12 1 − u 2 K ⎥
⎦ ) ⎥
⎣ 12(1 − 0.15 ) × 2 ⎦
2
W‫א‬‫א‬ -
b = 1.6a 2 + h 2 − 0.675h

= 1.6 × (15)2 × (20) 2 − 0.675× 20 = 71.35cm

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
0.316P ⎡ ⎛l⎞ ⎤
Si = 2 ⎢ 4 log10 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.069⎥
h ⎣ ⎝b⎠ ⎦
0.316 × 4080 ⎡ ⎛ 92 ⎞ ⎤
= 2 ⎢ 4 × log10 ⎜ ⎟ + 1.069⎥
20 ⎣ ⎝ 71.35 ⎠ ⎦
= 1.94kg / cm2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
0.572P ⎡ ⎛l ⎞ ⎤
Se = 2 ⎢4 log10 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.359⎥
h ⎣ ⎝b⎠ ⎦
0.572 × 4080 ⎡ ⎛ 92 ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢ 4 × log10 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.359⎥
 202 ⎣ ⎝ 71.35 ⎠ ⎦
= 4.67kg / cm2
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
3P ⎡ ⎛ a 2 ⎤
⎞
0.6
Sc = 2 ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎥
h ⎢ ⎝ l ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
3 × 4080 ⎡ ⎛ 15 2 ⎞ ⎤
0.6
= ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
 20 2
⎢ ⎝ ⎜ 92 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎠ ⎦
= 23.54kg / cm2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤
  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
١٤٠ ١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٠٠ ١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬    E     F     
 W‫א‬‫א‬ .MC-70, RC-300, SC-200W
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬:SCJ ‫א‬:MCJ ‫א‬WRC -

‫א‬‫א‬K٣٠٠ ‫א‬ RC-300
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ١٣٠ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٥J ٦J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤
 W‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ٪٩٦٩٣W‫א‬‫• א‬
٪٧٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ، ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ،    
 K
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬٢J ٩J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣J ٩J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٤
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٢{٥W‫א‬ •
 K١{٧٥١{٢٥W‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٤
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100
 G a =
w1 w2 w3
+ +
G1 G2 G3
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WGa
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:w1, w2, w3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:G1, G2, G3
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100
 G =
t
100 − wb w
+ b
G a G b
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WGt
 KEF‫א‬:wb
 K‫א‬‫א‬WGb
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 G

γ t =
G t
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wγt
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WG

‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
G
VMA = 100 −
wa
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVMA
 KEF‫א‬:wa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(VMA − Va )
 VFB = 100 . VMA
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVFB
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVMA
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:Va

- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ١J ٥
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 W‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 W ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٥{١FF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬١J ٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٢J ٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٥F
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٥J ٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KE٢{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢{٥FF‫א‬ •
 
 KEFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬EFK‫א‬EF
 
 K‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬EF


 KEFKEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٣{٥FF‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
  K‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،


 KE٣{٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؛‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؛‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٥
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  
KE١٩٩٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K •
‫א‬‫א‬KE –‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K •
KE١٩٩٨F
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،   •
 KE١٩٩٩FK‫א‬K
 KE١٩٨٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K •
 KE١٩٨٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K •
 KE١٩٨٢FK‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ •
 KE١٩٨١FK‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ •
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE٢٠٠١FK‫א‬
• Colm A. O’Flaherty. Highway: The Location, Design, Construction and

Maintenance of Road Pavements. Butterworth-Heinmann, 4th Edition, (2002).
• Roderick D. Johnston. Road Repair Handbook. Trans Mountain Publishing, (2002).
• Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel. Traffic and Highway Engineering.
Brooks/cole Pub Co., 3rd Edition, (2001).
• Thomas R. Currin. Introduction to Traffic Engineering: A Manual for Data
Collection and Analysis. Brooks/cole Pub Co., (2001).
• Ruediger Lamm, Basil Psarianos and Theodor Lailaender. Highway Design and
Traffic Safety Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional, (1999).
• Kenneth N. Derucher, George P. Korfiattis and Samer A. Ezeldin. Materials for
Civil & Highway Engineers. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1998).
• Waheed Uddin. Pavement Engineering for Roads and Highways. Chapman & Hall,
(1998).
• David Croney and Paul Croney. Performance of Road Pavements. McGraw-Hill
Professional (1997).
• Fred L. Mannering and Walter P. Kilareski. Principles of Highway Engineering and
Traffic Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, (1997).
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
 ‫א‬  
• Williams R. McShane, Roger P. Rioess, Elena S. Prassas and Roger P. Roess.

Traffic Engineering. Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, (1997).
• Paul H. Wright. Highway Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-
00315-8. (1996).
• Merritt D. R. Geometric Design Features of Single-Point Interchanges.
Transportation Research Record 1385, Transportation Research Board, Washington,
DC (1993).
• ASSHTO Materials, Part I, Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials,
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington,
DC (1993).
• Yang H. Huang. Pavement Analysis and Design. Pearson Education POD, Book &
Disk Edition, (1992).
• Robert D. Holtz and Williams D. Kovacs. An Introduction of Geotechnical
Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1981).
• Oglesby, C. H. and Hicks, R. G. Highway Engineering. John Willey & Sons, Inc.
(1982).
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
  ‫א‬  
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٢  ١J ١
٢  ‫א‬٢J ١
٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١
٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١
٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ١
٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤J ١
٧  ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ١
٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١ ١J ٢
١١ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
١١ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢
١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢
١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٢
١٢ ‫א‬٤J ٢J ٢
١٢ ‫א‬٣J ٢
١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٢
١٧ ‫א‬ ٤J ٢
١٧ ‫א‬٥J ٢
١٨ ‫א‬٦J ٢
 ‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
  ‫א‬  
١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢
٢٠ ‫א‬٨J ٢
٢١ ‫א‬٩J ٢
٢١ ‫א‬١٠J ٢
٢٢ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٢
٢٣ ‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٢
٢٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ٢
٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٢
٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١١J ٢
٢٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2J ١١J ٢
٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١١J ٢
٣١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١١J ٢
٣٣ ‫א‬٥J ١١J ٢
٣٤ ‫א‬٦J ١١J ٢
٣٦ ‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٢
٣٨ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٢J ٢
٤١ ‫א‬٢J ١٢J ٢
٤١ ‫א‬٣J ١٢J ٢
٤٥ ‫א‬٤J ١٢J ٢
٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٢J ٢
٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٢J ٢
٤٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١٢J ٢
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢  ١J ٣
٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
٥٢ ‫א‬٣J ٣
٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 ‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
  ‫א‬  
٥٧ ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
٥٩ ‫א‬٦J ٣
٥٩ (USC)‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٣
٦٢ (AASHTO)٢J ٦J ٣
٦٣ ‫א‬٧J ٣
٦٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٣
٦٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ٣
٦٧ ECBR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ٣
٦٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٣
٦٩ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٣
٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ٣
٧١ ‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٣
٧٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩J ٣
٧٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩J ٣
٧٤ ‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٣
٧٤ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٣
٧٤  ‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٣
٧٥ ‫א‬٣J ١٠J ٣
٧٥ ‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٣
‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٨ ١J ٤
٧٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
٧٨ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
٧٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤
٨٠ ‫א‬٣J ٤
٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤
٨٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٤
 ‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
  ‫א‬  
٨٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
٨٣ (CBR)‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٤
٨٤ ‫א‬٢J ٤J ٤
٨٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
٨٦ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٤
٨٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤
٨٩ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٤
٨٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٤
٩٠ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ٤
٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦J ٤
٩١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤
٩١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤
٩١ ‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٤
٩١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩J ٤
٩٢ ‫א‬٢J ٩J ٤
٩٢ ‫א‬٣J ٩J ٤
٩٢ ‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٤
٩٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٤
٩٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٤
٩٣ ‫א‬‫א‬3J ١٠J ٤
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥  ١J ٥
٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
٩٦  ‫א‬٣J ٥
٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
٩٧  ‫א‬١J ٤J ٥
٩٧  ‫א‬٢J ٤J ٥
 ‫א‬  ٢٠٨  
  ‫א‬  
٩٩  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٥
٩٩  ‫א‬٥J ٤J ٥
١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ٥
١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
١٠١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥
١٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥
١٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٥
١٠٣  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤٤٠٠ ١١٠٠ ٧{٣٠–٧{١٥

٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٧{٤٥–٧{٣٠

٣٦٠٠ ٩٠٠ ٨{٠٠–٧{٤٥

V D = V n (1 + e ) = 15000 × (1 + 0.03) = 20159

A= (-g1 – g2) / 100

-g1% A= (-g1 + g2) / 100

 (Passing Sight Distance: PSD)‫א‬٤J ١٢J ٢

‫ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬:A’, B’, C’ A, B, C‫ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷوﻟﻲ‬:

W(SSD > L) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬

K(Well Graded) ‫א‬(W) 

Classification on Classification Criteria

Classification on Classification Criteria

Liquid Limit (LL)

K(USC)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E٥{٣F 

General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing No.200)

Sieve analysis, percent passing

General Classification Silt-Clay (more than 35% passing No.200)

Sieve analysis, percent passing

‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﺺ‬

‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ رﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬

(Standard Proctor Test) ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٣

‫ﺣﻔﺮة ﻣﻤﻠﻮءة ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﺳﺎس‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫א‬:SCJ ‫א‬:MCJ ‫א‬WRC -

• Colm A. O’Flaherty. Highway: The Location, Design, Construction and

• Williams R. McShane, Roger P. Rioess, Elena S. Prassas and Roger P. Roess.

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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K(Well Graded) ‫א‬(W)