NOMOI Sur TA TOY AIAAoroy mMPORATTA zy A na Peis i rs dvOpsmen dpi, & Eero enge ip altiay ris ray vouov Bradioces ; Ka, eds, & Ele, Bebs, Gs 7¢ 70 Busaisraroy einai raph way jpiv. Zeis, raph 82 Aaxedar- pavioss, bev “38° doriv, clues uivar rovrovs Exrédhuva, fh ydp 3 oe. Nai as Mav obv wad’ Ounper dées, BMivw gocravros xpos viv tol warps tedavor cuovolar Be dvdrow Erovs ti Kava. Tas a fecivou driuas vais édeow ipte Oérros Tous vigaus a. Adyerat itp odrw rap’ jit ea 8) wad av dBedgov 17 airod Padduerdur, dxovere yap 7 inoue, Beatéraroy yeyorivat. Tobey bv 625 gaiuer av jets ye of Kpijres ex roi réve Ba- Ryeww 12 mepi ras Bieas dpBax robrov rév Erasvor prov ey pera. 7 Gp Hom, TOBE, LAWS [on ON LEGISLATION, rournens] cuanacteRs Ax Arnesise Sinasoeny Cetstas OF CRETE, Sitauaes oF Excroseso BOOK I atu, To whom do you ascribe the authorship of your legal arrangements, Strangers? ‘To # god ‘or to some mia cis, To a god, Stranger, aust rightfully to a god. We Cretans call Zeus our langiver: while in Lacedaemon, where our friend here lias his home, Ubelieve they claim Apollo as theirs. Is not that s0, Megillus? ‘wee. Yes ani, Do you then, lke Homer? say that Minos used to go every nintly year Uy Inld converse with his. father Zeus; and. that he war guided by his divine oracles in laying down the laws for your cities? ux. So our peopl Ani they say_also that his brother Rhads s-—no dovlt you have heard the mame,—was exceedingly just, And cer- tainly we Cretans would maintain at he won this ‘tle owing to nis righteous administration of justice in those days, PLATO fe ade eh ds old os ira xplnon Seciby 8 devoroten Sect rlOpagoe Watts of ve mal de npoolord obe br Snbte fps epl re meNereias 7d viv eal vue vy BarpiBin déyorrds re wal dxovorras ipa xara Ti ‘ropelar Toujoaotau® mégvus ye de B Koosed Bis els 70 708 Atds divpov xa lepér, ie dnovouen, leavy, ead dvimacdat xara ry Sin, bs eles, rrdyous Ser0s Th viv ev Tote Sspydote BESpeatn ear onsapal, ea) rats Puclass plow dy ijay ein 70 Siavaraverbaa suave eo airais, Abas re dA ROVE TanaqBovAerors Tip liv mazay ofr pers pgrroms Save. Pra - KA. Kal why dare ye, & flv, rpoidvre evra- pinay se Bak Does bh, eal nity CBavudara, nal Aesuives ev olain dvamavduevor Burp Soruen dy ‘ne. "Opbias heya. RA Ildvv piv ode BBivves 8 widdov dijoo- er GDN Ten teyad rey Tair” ey. eat gist Nye, ward oh va ind te iptv ovretrayer 4 vbuos wal 7a ‘ounioue wal Tie 760 Brhvon dos A. Oljne pdr, & Etre wal raved piidiov buon cloae rd ye ipirepa. thy 4p ris Xopas D redone Kpiinys diiotr ipare, as one torn, xaBd- rep 4) rar OerraXén, webuis, B08} wal Tole ie trees dxcivor xpveat narrar, Spine Bb ‘eis ee yap dvijaros ad xalmpis Thy Toy 1 jade wanting in Pace MB. LAWS, BOOK 1 ssrn, Yes, his renown is indeed glorioss ad well belting a ton of Zeus,” And, since yeu and our fiend Megillus were both brought up legal ine stutons of so noble a kind, you would, imagine, hhave no aversion to oor occupying ursves as we fo slong in discusion on the subject of goverment find laws. Certainly, as I'am told, the road from Ghose to the cave’ and tomple of Zeus is along ae, we re sre 0 a it this uty weather, Shade resting-places among the high tree slong the road! fn them we can rest ofttimes, a8 befte our ie, beguiling the time with discourse, snd. thus complete our journey in comfort UN. - True, Stranger and asone proceeds further cone Bnds in the groves eyprese-trees of wonderful height and ess aid menlows tn, whee se as rest ourselves and tal ‘itt. You say well cum. Yes, indeed: and when se set eyes on them we shall say so still more evnphatically. Se Jet us be going, std good luck attend ne! ‘stu, Amen!” And tell me now, for vhst reason aid ‘your law ordain the common meals you have, Sehools and miliary equip: EN. Our Cretan customs, Stranger, are, as T such as anyone may grasp easily.” As You aay notice, Crete, as a whole, is not a level country like Thessaly: consequently, whereas the Thessulins ‘mostly go on horeback, we Cretans ave runsers, since this land of ours is ragized and snore suitable oo Me, Ha, 1 The grotto of Di 7 pedvarda Shans woioeedar SSPLATO ‘nel Spsnww doxnow parro» osyuerpos. Eda dpi b) Ta Sera dyaysaiey ey 76 roWIre reerfobat wai ps) Bipos exorra Oeiv- av bi Bear sokeodzar "9 vpn dpulroay dene. ‘rair' abr mpix ziv wdeuov iylv Barra Bejproray, xal i006 vopaBlrns, sy” Guod Gaiveran pbs robr2 BNerras avverdrrero, del al va Buoginia aubuneias Gayle dpi ts ravtes, onirav orpareiavten, 768" x" abrod ub pipuucres dawyndtoerer Gudacis airy Fecal Grvornety robvey ‘ie ypbor" doa By pot borei xarayvavar vay Tohnaw dx of war Oavévroy drt wadepos del waer 816 Biov Euveyis dan mpis micas ras adas: et 5) rodluov 0 brv0s guraxis tera b¢i fuoorrety ead Tas Fnyewras ea spynpines Bnxexoouqtrovy eat 626 diNaeas airar, Toi70 Kale ipiry Spuvstors jy yap Kadoiow of Aelova Tar dxpiray eipjon r0br' dua pévo wou, 16 8 tory méoats npix micas ras wXets del wédeuor Gejpueroy ward iow elvan Kai oxebov dveu- poets virw exon iv Kpyrov vouodern, ox Gig ror méXenor Gravta anuooig wal (dig. ra vlan fp Sintra corde, sl cork Bue ray EXhav obberbs blir Sfehos Bo, obre sermudror oft érernBevdran 9 wh 76 ToNne pa kparh vis" Tavra Be ra voy mewperun dra8a 10 vexsvray rece. a0. Katte ye, Bore, faivee wou yeyupvdeba: LAWS, BOOK I for the practice of foot-running. Usder these eon- ditions ‘we are obliged to have light armour for Funning and to.avoid heavy equipment 20. bows find arrows are adopted as stale because of thelr lightness, ‘Thus all hese custows of ours are adapted for war, aud, in my opinion, this was the Shject which the Tavegiver had in view when he Srdained them all. Probably this was his reason She for snetatng common, eae he sw how Soldiers, all the time. they are on campaign, are a force of cireumstancesto ess cominon, for the sake of their own security. And herein, V'think, he condemned the stupidty of the mass ‘of men in failing to perceive that all sre involved Seaselessly Ita lfelong war agsinst all States. If, then, these practices are eceny Is wa namely, tnesing in comntnon for safety'ssake, tnd the appoint. Inent of relays of oicers and. pitatca to act mo ffuards,—they must be carried out equally” time St'pence. "For (as he would say) “peace,” a the term te commonly employed, is noting more than sme, the rath being that eter Sate ya law of nature, engaged perpetually in an ifort wnat with every other State. And ifyou Took at the IRattor fin this point of view you velll Sind it Practically true that our Cretan lnegiver ordained il our Tegal usages, both public aud private, with tm eye to war, and that Ne therebre’ charged us wrth’ the task ‘of guarding our laws safely, in the Conviction that without victory in war nothing else, shether possession or institution, is of the least Valve, bat ail the goods of the vanquished fll into the hands of the victors ‘srt. Your training, Stranger, has certainly, as it 7 PLATO ‘wpis 7 BeewSévau 7a Kpnray véuiya. 586 86 ow spite ire aassbarepou by ‘yap Bpov ov Crips eb wodrevopdrns rodeos, Bones wot Reyeur ora xexoopypéony olneiy Beiv Save wonénd vexay ras @Aas woes. Hyde: ap Tdvw ply of olpar 8 Kai r686 obrw oe, Tas yap dy aXrus droxplvarro, & Ocie, Aaxebapovier ye dortaobe ; ‘Ao. Wirep' bv by éNeor piv pis rédeIs BpBin robs! dai, edn 88 pds wcjuny Erepov Ka, Oban. no, "AXA rabréy 5 m. Ni Ae Te BE; pis olelay oikig vv by 3h sesum wai pis do¥pa dvigh Eh arpiy foe, xa. Tadréy D_ no Abr 8 pds abriv wirepor ds wodenly pox rodduuen Buavorrior, ris ert NeyoneD Kh. Else "AOpaie—oy “yap o¢ ‘Arrixdy ebddeuu’ av oecarropeien does dp por ris Bod. traripias AEs clvas, pidov Erovondte- aba tiv yap déyor em’ “apyhw dplan de axyeyby oadéorepor eoinons, ore pew dvcup ais. Gr. viv b) if’ judy SpBas ¢pbr0n 7 ‘roneuleus come mdvras aot Byuosia ve eal 18g Sxal>* dedarovs aizods aglow abrots. ne. Mas eippeas, & Pavpaiece s nea Kaviatduy b Bere 10 bud wv abroy airiy 1 aided by At, Schann, LAWS, BOOK 1 seems to me, given you an excellent understanding of the legal practices of Crete. Put tell me this ‘more clearly stil: by the definition sou have given of the well-constituted State you appesr to me to imply that it ought to be organised in such way as to be victorious in war over all other States, Is thats ux. Certsinly itis; and I think that our friend here shares my opinion. vee, No Lacedacmonian, my good sir, could roslyn terns. ‘sta. Tf this, then, is the right attitude for a Slate to adopt towards a State, is the right attitude for village towards village diffetent? ity no tis the Yes sari Well then, te the same attitude right also for one house in the village towarls suolirer, end for exch mon towards every other? cus. Tei ari. And must each individual nan regard him- self as bis own enemy? “Or what do we say when Wwe come to this point? ‘un, O Stranger of Athens,—for L should be lath ta ell yo of Attion, since methinks you deserve rather to be aamed afler the godiless Athena, seeing that sou have made the argument more clear by taking’it back again to its starting point; whereby you will the more emily discover the Justice of our Feeent statement that in the mass all, men are both publicly and privately the enednies of une, you say? all,and individually alo each man is his own ener farm. "What is your meaning, my adanrable sir? Gus. Tt is just tn es ary my friend, that the 9PLATO asin sucéy xpirn renal plo, 138 jerieas Slate bgt hartad Uirees alegnirde te fom uch fiscorae. ‘rabva yap oe wAGnoy de feces Ine baron mpin es abrods ryasce ‘te, Tdke elven sor’ Ripon dnaorpl one. nb) yop ey. Eeaaror Span & noe eerie 21 abrob, 28: Greow dark, poepa Goer olay te eat enn eal woh yar abron robro bo Strat jh Boer frie Me pt is das Ngan sy rp ae. Nal re Kal robro dplay fpar_pévw yap dor nal apsipa "> rotiron, ty, fegra' te valh skectr "to Grdcass pir ype duetoves cot Te shilon eal sous aches deli be etre Spey ve alvin Neyade | eda earns oe Be ecearore 1h tory vey voleeon & Bam Te pip valnn al wor’ leet wow ob asipow apeiron 106 dpetvores Eder paxporipas ap Mojo dB nb ot hou arin ve sole weklgas Poypory’ tal vie abrir sthowt ‘eyontver eon xl rohdos Gvenborrer Boron Toile doves Bodoarras brhviperea ne rar by spephoasin, Fyre 4 whet ebtiy éplae Gory Neyo’ de Speak euch, Euov B a Frravran spetrrav ne sal dade . Ota Kal pane ivoron, Sire 73 vor Rey atat_ Span Soeunayte tive trayeatraron Gp, Rep 480 e+ Prowrba vk 2 LAWS, BOOK 1 victory oer self i of all victories the fist and best wi a dfn ic oa defeat once the wort find the most shamefel, For these pases sige that a war aguinct self exists within ech of ues ion.” Now lets tke the argument back in the reteme direction." Seeing that indially each of {eis partly superior to iinself and party Inferior, ie we to affrm that the same condtion of things aise in house and village and State, or are ne fo See ure.” Do you menn the condition of being path self-superior and partly self-inferior ? ae ‘That, to, is « proper question; for such a condition ‘docs most certainly exist and in Stator Shore all. Brery. State in which the better clase is victorious over Uhe poyuloce eu Ua lower classes Mould rightly be termed“ selt-superoy” and woud be praised most justly for’ victory of this kind; and’ conversely, when the reverse is the case ‘ri. Well then, leaving aside the question as to whether the worse clement is ever superior to the Teter ation which wood demand» more lengthy saiseussion), what you aser, a8 now per CEE they thet somctdes sites of ne stock Shi of one Siate who are unjust and numeroas may ambine together and try to enslave hy force these srio are just but fewer in number, aid. wherever they prevail such 2 State would righty be termed ‘eeltinferior"™ and. bady but “selisuperior™ and god wherever they are worsted. "Tis statement Is Indeed host extraordi- angers none the less we cannot posiuly PLATO Bi, ent nike mdhp inuent pate | Magis Tov soon by Rae ate Telit chal by SSC aan Treious piv dblicous atzrav yiyverBar, rods Be eddrrous Sixaious. me betes, Seger teen ihe oi eile i'm 1 Perea ee facta fm Zor D tinis Mbynie dn epckrranea Hrrupéowr ob yap Sevens rere eee Sierra oot se aoe, ene Te «ai duaprias méps voper, irs TAS Slrare 3 fon bys Ray be dete inden rb re ay at oho tof at dom Aeyoutvors dBedrpois yévorr’ dv mov Tus Sixaariis 5 oncan diod ete een ee ae Edwokécaev aitéw b004 xatol, rods 8¢ Bedriovs Bear sie ahs sender jabs a orate pte Tok tips 6 Saat ir bcc a pee tbe ees Eee deel dechoed steiecatree 628 dems TapadaBiv Evyyéve piav Siapepouérny wire dmodéaee pndiva, &arditas be els rov Raman pb pest San 6S spac in unable Sats Bee tak gees LAWS, BOOK I amu, Stay a moment: here to fsa sate we must fonher conthee. Suppote there were a number of brothers, all sons of the same parents ft would not beat all suprising if mort of them were unjust and but few just cu Te would wot fu Andmorcory wold Pee 308 ad ame to go a-chasing ater ths form of expression that it'dhe bad once comered the whole af this aly tnd once chan beoaled sl€ inferior” bt sll. Superior” If they were defeated for out presen felerence to the usnge of ordinary speech Is not Concerned wrth the. propriety ‘oF impropriety ot eral phrases but with, the essenth rzhtness or Irrongnese of Ines. ‘cus. Very true, Stranger. ftom And fnelycpoken, too, up to this pont, at I agree “Fr Let us also look at this point: the brothers sre have just described would have, T suppese, judge? MGs. Certainty fern Which of the two would be the better—a judge: wtio destroyed all the sieked among’ them nnd charged the good te gacem thomelves, oF One who made the good members govern and, while allowing the bad to live, made them submit willingly to be governed? And there is a thied judge we must mention (third and best In point of merit) — indeed such a judge can be found, —who in dealing vith a single divided fumily will destroy none of them but reconcile them aid succeed, Up enacting Jaws for them, in securing amongst them thence: forward permanent friendliness ou a 5