Landscape Graphics Grant W. Reid AsLA antinori! Watsor-Gupal Pipieaions Now Yorkpub 187 nN Yor Wn Livy 560N Ltn piecwhbtenes ne Lirary of Conroe CatginginPueaton Ste a, Get etal TEEN 08230 73519 (tH) (stun nh Unt kings re desta Pass SGueon sree Sa nase Si Cape 61887 by rrr Pe tvs mend No gar ol hi psten yb Tonea erneCarled usng roocaryee ‘Sarin or eran eget Serie eminence seContents Foreword 8 How to Use This Book 9 Graphic Language and the Design Process 10 Freehand Drawing 38 Concept Drawings 48 Drafting 54 Lettering 70 Presentation Plans 78 Section-elevations 112 Grapiie Syinbul Fle 128 Quick Perspectives 154 pendixes 182 (Use of the Vertical Measuring Ling un Perspective Chats 183, Feld of Vision Diagrams 186 Nontraditional Perspective Techniques 189 WV Bxorcises 198 Bibliography 213 Metic Conversion 214 Index 215 -Z eevansen-Foreword Landscape Graphics isan insnctona Beck. The amahass ison fans, time-saving techniques The formel howto. Aah (rected primary to te person ust ana uo andscape Geant ‘Sto coniana techniques and rlrence rate tal wil bso ‘alue to establhed protessonale who wish ovine her graphic le ‘The language of landscape graphic communications to ‘etna fo eeer nena boat Far tat eacon the fs Nee Srcsiey on blakcang-untefacmnques, ascen. spled {ocnnaqves are featured instead of compen ones. For exam, thor a more techreal end perhaps oo avcurao, metodo Derepectve drawing than ose shown how. But the ones ‘Semensrated in hs Book have he aavantage of spicy and comprnersioiy. ‘Tn van macrant ara of comguler graphics i touched very ghey ners The computor enow abla pac many graphic tue wnich ware frmarty done ony By hang, cluang se Tranual techniques dovorses howe et computer raphe ear too specai2ee 2 sunset for neusion sv a ask Usk in ico “Tha wil aways be a need for andacapearchiacts who can daw wal anc draw fat Graphic tuctonal sigs a a ost, ory ‘Weniy percent of the ang process. The fests canfiance and Dravice. Improved grapto sills wil Pave a postive eect om your Ebay to dovoop eratve desig loses ana wn yur suucee Soling ore Seas tis upto You Accopl be chabenge, practice ‘ot anginave hn dongDAW, ne, Fort Colina, Colcada, or pcessional iutratons an pages 14 5, 19,2, 26, 28, 90, 3,324, 35, 37,69 (igh te) ori9 Gower) 165,170,177 178, 179,18, 1,184,195, 196, 197 \inaton Associate ne, Bovides, Colorado, for protssionl Intatons on pages 28 and 1 (upper. Scot Mine and Susan Alden, Colorado Stato Unversiy students, ‘ortho asastance wh uatistoneHow to Use This Book Ityou area beginning student o a graphics instructor you wil gst the mest ut otis book Tyou study each chap: heh follow through ath sporapeateexorises rm Apponix iV Tae xara ae Kod ino aach chapior and alow fhe same Sequence. The fst gous of exarcaes (1-14) co net nged tbe ‘rotten in any specie sequence Infact they at bet ntrmixed th exercious for cher chaptor as away to develop the loose, ‘reshand expressve drawing sil ‘otuly exploit he chapter on auck perspectives (Chapter 9) a citerert approach is noceseay. Her, te exregas should be ‘Sone as ih ext Bang Suave nat the endothe captor Ech perspective exerise Quis on slle coveloped mn previous trecises Toy depond on oxplanatons genie receding Potten of tox and olow a logial progression of ha evelopment ‘Tha professional or more advanced student may wish o skp over cclona hat seom farsa, auch ae eating otorng. Caters 6,7, and 8 conan he most graphic examples and may be uses 12.4 reerence fo. Copy he examples tal sat your needs and {S8apt homo your own sve, Every todhique shown inthe book—excoptdrafin and pene Teterng's compa wih cle eaering tcteiauea, The ‘pacer ahaud practice qucx color spoleatons concurenty wth (ach Diacicand-wnite graphi tehnique presen heeGraphic Language and the Design Process “Ther ae five generaty recognized stages, or phases, nthe Gesion procnst At each of those stage, graphic products are (peste inner entemalze, ane communist eas oF ‘tomaton “Tass graph products range tom the pos! sketchos tthe ‘most detaling cravenge of constructon datas Toy havo one {usty in common, however They st al procucs of grape ‘Ringe Stimpson that does Yat xs. “The relationship between tha ve major design preses and thir {bproprate grape products can be expressed 2 folows: ‘Design Phase Grape Product Imvnory ard sraiyss Sto analysis drawngs Concepts dengn ‘Goncopt plans and skotches Seagn deveionment —Preseniaen drawongs Prat design Implementation documents Inpraao, coin proces inn ia ory Beposing an in pec a sage maybe posted von ‘ebpod’ Aso, es "Satna" Sages sometimes oerap blend Ao be anator Trees, nowerer ogi olowing i spect [Snoyonoo of Gesign grates Inthe folowing pages, we wl ook far tte purpose ofeach stage and now te gre anguage Sproat exposess fn ntntaton et muss cSrmameates at each stageProgram Development Content and Purpose Program davloaman is research and nfrmaton-gatering ‘hae in whan datas calectod from propery ane, Smita, and usors The sec ali, tnancial anc petsonalcnaractorstos of a prokct ate estabished a he tape Feocus's on facts, atte, needs, consvans, and potent, Graphic Character and Media ‘Aptogram is oten comprsed frets, compsted questionnaires, {26 che ogealy organizes writen mater CraigsInventory and Analysis Content and Purpose ‘Ate Inentoryan8 analy stage, the lanctcape design [retneinnal patna an acts ismaton en tha ysl harectrstise oa a, sven ae ll and bulléing ommenans, Vegelaton, soit climate cranage, ews, and ether perint ‘lecting fatrs ‘The pus abjctve coring of ste data isan Inventory. Inorponvs manipulation of toe data are eayocte samonta Conaute sate analyse. Thi intrmaton fopstar withthe ‘rite program, are the basle guasines fo" design. Graphic Character and Media Sometmas the rvertory and anaysis are soparate graphic tors fomstmes they ars conned: mi eases they ae accurate, ‘oat ana combtenenaie plan Vow drawings Mat explains Specie conduons, constraints, and petra Fer smal sts, ho inventory ana analysis maybe done wth pene ‘on vellum ar graoh pape: and may be eainyannolatea Fel p Ber'on marker paper alto appropiate. Large stos may equ a Sore of maps drawn wth a combination of reshanc ang crskng {echriquos. They are usualy mov ered, a fen used 3c {Yaneparet overs, anc somatmos incive coc Compater _iaoted ae analysis techniques ae valuabs fo ager acts of ‘The graphic materiale ae ganealy forthe desgns' use ony, but cnrogional-ccale proses, sta analyse cravings maybe reviewed by be lent In ry case be grapes are an sbevaction othe Iahdscapefeatutea anc da not noed tobe realiseSite AnalysisInventories Blue River-Gore Pass ‘Transmission Line o>a BEE o—Conceptual Design Content and Purpose ‘The conceptual desig pase Is when early Gesign ideas and funciona laonships ste exDltea. The grape products at his ‘Sage ave comstmes cad tunebona elagrams, concept plans {rechematic plans, They ate sxetches or seetchike cravings. Foramall projecta, they ar usvaty made ony forthe designors sekcormnsestn eco of Goes Pats Pe be lar idea development. On arge anc more complex projects thargraohe products may be presenta ther duigrers 2a ine ‘lent fr ary tcoack, Al af crawinga hat suggest mae Stoning Graphic Character and Media Combo pane ard crotanes should Hagin ae honaat oon, rh ‘Foonand Grevings tat may be 8 sees 0! Creative ersbis and Hmbied diagrams Initaly thay ae loose and approxmate and ‘Shaul ook ke the Seesior aking, dea developmen, confit: ‘meslaion crawinge they oe. Sepa plan vew cagrams, quick tone, or fumbnalsketchesand oven caoorks range “can san iis comman to see bubDW® sNapes oH, {Sod abstract eymto's on concept arawings. These ay be reed ‘Smore drawings ate produced bal woud avays main ‘igorous, power and direc. Foclowerbucget projects, sot penclor colo ft tp pen on bu ‘Colted sketch paper se appropriate mous Mghor uae projets may equa use of colored markers on marter paper: Both Shou be matted by Beldnees ana vigoe Concent graahies ae Supposed to be dane rapidly, wih eas flowing foal oy should be constr by the dase to impress arvana wit cro own crstyFunctional Diagram LRA ‘Concept PlanDesign Development Content and Purpose [tthe design development sage, specific ideas begin formulate. Arist ne cravings ao quick fecha skates which Sow in desig to avauas sounsne se hey soe Many Eeroecton aught soma il be acied to, changes, and ‘As ted ae retinas to integrate al he factional ane aesatic ‘sa, tne more meeps stauings conan specie intarmaten Sito sbata organteaion, orm, col material anc user pote. These mor od cravings ae tered presentation drawings fad ro used bythe designer to conmumate eas fo he lt oF User gro, eal eas, and to gt adatonal feedback oar Sesign otnamert.Typcal tes for such presentation crawngs a Graphic Character and Media [Nineugh bw nial Grange ae usualy very ugh and very elimina trey do need to show spect enapes, materials, end Spaces or he Gesigners eatin (See pages 21 and 25) ‘he roid presentation crevings need tobe fay reastc and convincing, because they ae usualy reviewed by te cant A Sombination plan vem sectors, and perspectives wih clo ‘Most oftoctve. They need tobe selrexlaratory, wih script ted {Diora lanes, Rough modale er protograpnieprassiatone are ‘Sco ctectve: Reseratonsrawihgs ures ay drab Surface medium, sven a8 marker papst hoay prt paper Boaramaunted anwar ‘Acombination of feehand and mechanical draing techniques = necessary Computer arahies can be very Usetu, especialy the "ape producto of vous perspective views. Comput’ graphics, an bb used ae thay ae © ean be enhanced wit Hohn stoneConcept Plan) Design Development Sketch LibraryPreliminary Plan (partial) Protiminary Pian FRAGRANCE GARDENFinal Design ‘Gontent and Purpose Trelardscapearentects final ideas, once hey ae approved by inant nga be conmuncatd te poate wh i ul that contain waking cravings mus be produces for uso bye \arovs inetalaton sonfators. Along with detailed writen instructions, caled consructon specications, go stot iocaats ca emer Coprac sn hae anor {Sprepare prices and bids Apical sto andssape working Srawags may conan a so plan, gracing Plans you plans imgaon plans lang plans, and etal shoats ‘Graphic Character end Media Tecnica! caring fs usec fo proauce worang arawnge, aznougn oma fechand graphics ate needed to letering and organic Symodl, Te graphes must be complete, accurate, anc ory oss) ‘Bread. Since mule copes most be made teach fnshed grog, te mec use are peel on etm Mga isnot necessary For many onde of procs, he computer ‘eneration of conctusion cocuments can sav a signfeant mount of me,po Irrigation PlanPreliminary Landscape PlansPreliminary Planting Design DrawingPlanting plans usualy identy each plant by its common name and ts botanicalname. Ses and guarties aw ago importa. BS RESIDENCEPlanting Plan fervct=pintng olan (Rl sprite ae eed to plant nameConstruction Details LUnualy expanded sections ans pans, is kindof working craving ‘Shows a Geaiog components a cts, cluding mera) ‘BTY of ronr COLLINS ‘SetuthcStion projectFreehand Drawing The ver fest graphic ideas inthe design process ae best Spessed wih teshand dranings. Concent cringe, umnall Sketches, and primary plan eas are all open, honest, foo Rowing srawengs that use ow ary rating sds or oonnigacs. A ‘Tare accurate aol feta onngs mabe es am {foedng the elbow and shouts) ha Some so play more So han te ingor ang hana rs Exercises 1 trough 9 in Appendix IV ao usotl or gating ‘eoaened up win feehand techniques.Tools and Materials Ccnoose ne araning tol hat alow smooth, easy, osaing stokes ‘eth expressive line character. Those av sft graphite-based to's, Tat tip pone, and serch fountain pens. Soft graphite smudges os, bu allows avait of very rc ans ‘ory mnt ines The ordinary 48 or 6 Toad aonel sharpened toa Dam guess fos ne ang chiseled down, ges a wise Ine Land holders are avalabie fr arge ciametor (3 mm) skoch esos SS Graphite sticks gota ite mossy but ae excslnt for drawing ‘Sethmoe enst a or onng rGet aoa. Te ate tua as © {{35.om wn andthe smal etek has a7 en wich “Te lat sketch pencil of carpenters pone, has arectangult {Goes aacton fhe lad whieh slows very bead stokes. Moe taba sketching meta that wil not smear or smudge include the ovoning ‘Soft color rendering pene cotr rt tik Harder and more waxy than granhite, bis product Wor Wel for sketching on MyaCc ' Fet tip pons ara auiabain an amos ynlimtod vat of shapes fnc ees, tis nancy to have avange of pont sizes. 5 shown in {Re emal numba f sxamples baton Fine iar ——————— (Chisel point marae Ink fountain skateh pens giv svong black ines. Pussure ‘aration ld interesting changes i line weight A smooh ‘Siac 's needed for good suits ‘Sketching surtaces, such a ghtwsight tracing paper (tiny or Spum wad), comes in ale of varus wisi. Toe earmmen ore are wht, yllon o* buf (canary pape?) Ths is used or feehand Sssign davelonmantdranings, renerent cveraye, and quick Stones. is naxpersive ard yet ansparet enought pt ‘Bnaugn lana tesonmenceder tris arawnga because ke ‘Sealy ipped. Bet rsuts are odlnes wih aft tp pan 8 sat penclA backing shoot needed or Use wih mares. ‘Sketch paper in many citront brands is availa in varying woignis,sutaces,frighes, anc tancparencies, Seoct acurace which sus tho yoo of skoicing fol and meet dasred ‘South, donee surfaces ae good fr cetalod ne ne cravings. CCoaresr papers prov textura intaret or pencstonng, Special ence, smocth papers are svalabie or nk sketching. Fot Tepreducibe wore use he mae lable Vansporert sketch papers Bleed proot merker papers ar special testes to prevent ah’ Tad fom bleecng two. Som alra biesaing shoud Be expectea eur ns varies sgntteanty rom one bana to fanctner For some drawings, loa bloacing an oiendAg estab lor eer, ter ines and dea are neased Some marker papers have high-contrast, dense wna surtaces and srenet meant for eprocucton. Ohers nave a degree ot trangparnoy that alows fr pring, Slee the brand eitthe purpose Butcher paper or toezer pape can be ovat in ae ros a ‘excelent tr ouszed coveoptal or arolnary awings cone ‘th mark hough ret or rpreouston, Dating fm. uch as Mya Is ractonaly used we nk for ‘Rc righ, Bt sao aera tac pare {uieey sawn on te inet ood sulace, Th best sete too ‘Brive he sharp 28 pene the Na sketeh pene he ‘Graphite Bloc or the mare many an stokeTechniques Keep tne panel ar pena a low angle and hold wih ale gen Pratice staring. Coordinate al othe am and hana ots. together Note how cfr ons coms ito pay when seating [BBtv ypes of ince cacussed here. Free-owing tines Imorawing cove terconnected lines ver a elatvely ire Surace ares or sheet the oar Is rot supported and fe wists fot rai. a moreno comers ria ow tl sar wi the emal gers ising sero he sacar stabi. Tore eno finger owt movement srouider bowor ) ) , , 1 , ‘match, wih a sight gem Mutiple ines st alse quick and efacve, 0 Aight Figne Fiont Wore Long Straight Lines ‘Those a cater fo contol by resting the loow and using i 9 @ Dies heaping fe wl! ana fingers Ineo, Horzontal ines are ssiet Stop and stan nneceaeary. readusing the tow to ora ‘ery log ines. ‘Small gap acceptale, 1g Sal gap accor Fer agonal or vertical ines, sist body postion or he paper to raivain the elbow 388 ik {rth ar thon Gra tne penel que toward ‘Shorter Straight Linos These ae done Pe tare way a org su ns, again wn no Draw each ne wih confidence and speed. Make detinte encings by sing a procsue sar ana pressure sop Let fhe ine betwoon daveiop atonal character Govaatinmicaie to giv charactor othe ine Tra sat sto tamactareMarker Lettering Wide tippec color markers ave versatile tal er quick, tutions agrans,fenana ti aterng, ana er ranaeing. Spproprate at ha port tlaam how to uae nam propery Bore Sepering pit backing eee vacing paper under e craming pormaneaty sain the dratng tabi srlace, Reap mararsYohty Eapped when notin use. Marker Grip ‘ight ouch al hats needed. Even maderata pressure wil ‘estoy ho tp Widotp manors win a etangult en red 1 Be hat so that tia ond touches te paper ston to etre ose ‘ide view ‘rong kong aight Oniythatce Only heheet Entre edge ‘Brovonng. — “aieucrng fats Top view Provigos a we ‘Te marker shold oped tom vertical o put one sage | Contet wih tne pape erica stoke reduces sin ine, SSFreehand Lettering Froehans tes yer eters can be This teonnigus ie “an proimnary Savings on marker papat, Dut ing tecnnques shown can be aseped wet {ight touch, oting the exge othe 9 ne wich changes. end over orzontal guidsines ty wort Use ion vera say ruse fe sal edge a th p ofthe marker, “iy enerises 15 and 18. ut fat check Chapter 5 for core ter a8 Concept Drawings Conceptual drasings ae loose and foo in character There ae 99 ‘Sonvertonalsymoois that ight or wrong. However, ost of the Srapnice at tie bagnningesign stage ao vor abs fotmeant to convey exact shapes, tures, or fms. Tey brmariy expres functors. stiles, spaces, ana thal ‘atondnips For example, use aat ay be show Sr 3 fhubbes or bie, and moment sortaots ab araws. At thera ano attempt to sh eact rms cr ecges mater.Conceptual Diagram Jeup jeeepeSome Symbols for Practice Concept eiagrams {68 pene, ft tip pane of colored markers Using te rarer Egoestione gon nthe provos, ry rerosueng these Varoos rani sym. Hemembor pul downs backing shes 1 be done wth ary feaoning mesia, such For toning areas fst define win a narrower ft ip pen, hen Flin win ve paral stokes a idesp ars You" ned 0 For dectional signatures, stant wth wide, broken strokes of toled marker han outine th ick ara hn fo to pens using @ {eonnique smart that forte atoning (259 page #3). For narone ne, change the marker gt place the narow tage onthe paper “iy vertical and horizontal stokes ined in a coninuous movement no change a! ga. Yeu ay neecto change your ‘Seay pestnan wo ger a sare soo Paral! or acting stokes of consstnt wih ave eect Symbal folancacape barriers ‘on me foaming papas ae st few ofthe many sbstsct graphic (Shguage siamacte wmicn nave mearg fr coneepua si USeng any of hese ayo wy oxere TTgully, ek AIAN Un ny 1 = ssn on us : “asseomenen, Somangsor mi SEES MQMConceptual DiagramConceptual Diagram bom4, Drafting ‘The production of precisely cafes censtucon documarss comes oarthe anc of the design process, as lscustod n Chapar 1 Floweves dating fe mocuced neve Because al pasos landacape graphics auto sre Knowledge ot rating faulpmant and mac, Alo, mary of he basic dating skills are (ad im ne vary oar eages or osign, such a acarng. aa the vtinamant of pretminary rechand drawings Te wa Tost tornmen manual rafng madia sre peel on vel and kon ‘rating tm or Mylar: ; ‘ ‘ : ¢ ‘Pencil Drafting enclave macium for many designers and caters Decauae tls any to manipulate ie wt and deny. tis also avy era and mou The major scusvartape compare Inkén Merle that pene eawings ar less pormanont ano es ‘Surabie they nave atandency fo Smudge. and ey produce & ‘weaker blueprint Equipment and Materials Mechanical ponel of lead holder ‘Ts tne maintoo fo Bel dating, Ther re many diferent brands salable Leads Prasabl ina variety of harcnesses, the mest comran leads used HB aot _ For wider dark intilines or txurng, Smudges easy butte erases easy, Hmecium. Good al-purpoee crating lead eal or ltoring on ‘um Print wal How ecu to srase but wil rok smudge a5 63517 4H are, For guidelines an light ayut ines. Use wih a very hare point an a igh tus, Wi not rin we Setar lace ranging fem he realy soft 780 sot 8,3 ‘ralabie out am mova suteato stoning than To dafng. Harder ibaca. up to tne extomely ara OF. ao aio avable ba Nonphoto blues used or drawing qudelnes because i oes nat "Sprtcace wren prneenind enc Pointer ‘ports fr enarpering leas. Empty he bow! below puting it pe“T Square and Paraliol Rule Teco ae fr crawng pale ines and guicing ater erting {bois such as tangla. The acormendes engin or 2 squrIs Be ches (ites brackets. fol ver he drattng surlace, martaning @ piscseparaiel isionshin Recommend lengis are 26, 42, {cating arm lea more expensive, adistable saigtedge, “Tangle Comuined wth para! ues, tangles 2 used ort staight Ines n'a varaty of aroctone. Agutebie tangles save bre and flow precse angles ‘a be drawn I mace of plas, do no us as S'Stng aon Sinn, ee et a ham with mater ad Oo Garage to eoges. compass Foreranng larger crews a compsss is neoessary. Buy a good ath cheaper anes ob inaccurate ang cut use oe very large acs = beam compass 6 uses Template he omplate most company used by landscape architects she ‘wth medium to oma! cles Mary oer template shapes a ‘ralabie a8 wet Dry Cleaning Pad seu trating ano reduce smedgina, Use spar Eraser Eyer makes cnanges, The kneaded eases good oily ‘onching graphs wives smuaging folnec arsing can he ‘one wih any ofthe softer pone racers.Erasing Shite For use wit erasers to mask areas that should remain, ashe is ‘ery neceseary when Using an secre eraser. Drating Brush ‘ralanieinvarousazee, i used swoop cating sufacos Flexible Curve ary brands re availabe, An excel aid fo crating footor, foweng nee and batter tan Penan curves fr anasapo work (Got one which ean bs used wih both parc andr Scales (Otted Sates tan slsewnor. Matic scale cf various types are Used by lancscape arentects nest ater countros. Oo Pt Use Seats asa sagt edge. ‘Sandpaper Block Foraurng a wodge or chisel point onthe lead, a block's usea \inen leering and for sharpening the compass leas. Stree Dock ina eaied enviope wit one end st open. rating Tape . Daperto the crttng srace. The bes! brand ols wel, yt esl teal thou npg the paper rating Paper —— “Jotun # afar stable paper suitable fo, pen crating. Some ‘rance include Cloarpnt fo0o.H ana x & E ibsnene. nese ae $6 20 pound, 100 percent rag papers. Not recommended ork ror Drawing Board Cover Remy trcnrg ieressrmandod bacaue tie surale a erate fina ote. Attach to the boar wits double sded tape slg tho {op and baton, To aol buckling, Koop out of direct sunlight and Od close proxi to ot obec.A Techniques Penal rating le mainly ured on frished working drawings ot Base maps, where accuracy and prociien are important. The ‘Sdvanages of poncl ever ncare tht here na waling pened (Gsenonds to ory} ereing is easiax and pene general fate. Ink hag several aovantages over pene. (See nk Orting on page et) Line Quay ‘The tvoe imporant ine charectertice of pci ating ar: (0) the denety or value ofthe ine, 2} be width fhe in, an (3) he fan ende, and martaine& consistent with 009 te ote ong The denaty or caraness of a ine depends onthe lead and tne paper used (rougher paper needs harder eacs) and ve pressure poled toe perc Setup th sheat of valum by ting up the top edge wih he upper ‘ace ch your | aquare or paral nae. Apply a ooh sping & Sry ‘leering powder Siete spproprtelead and napen ta pln he nck ‘Now pon the very and by tapping gery on a sora pace of Paper Next ound the comers of holed by auicky doodling on te {rap heel The ond should sil be Tay sharp But at neo ske A Hod ne panel fry (out net 00 thy, 0 that you rit slowly 15 you pl aiong te staighiedge, Tip the pel hee degrees Te much bre: wil Cause theeUse of straightedge Toots ‘Wah your nor-dranng hand, make su the head ofthe T equa is Tem aganet me ge one board sn hela the angle fy syumet tho op 80g, Keep the pereil ot orb the ‘eurcoe othe T rangle ZZ, square or For the rex ine, seth tangle wth vary ight prssur ot anc ‘hen move to og smudging I you use tip pane, be sue lea the sraghtedge mith caaret or rubbing sicona, “The paral ule is used in much the same manne: except hat tis ‘idm a paral poston th roa and i rot meat fo be ‘emoved fm tne tale, Aust he wre outa io teeion on ‘heeprng ‘res and Cites ‘hen using the compass, sharpen he least a steep ange wih the sandpaper tock Tesi he pant on a pece of sorep path Connections Nate sue hat al comer ave postive connections Weak. wneorrect corner Too much incorrect eto lines teuch or have a correct ‘light overlapPencil Drafting Sequence LUghty aust your rating sutce, Ly ut shapes wlth vary ght, sharp ines drann with nee poled at or flange (tracing a prciminary drawing, TS Step may be onited) raw 0s 4, Draft at major ines wit Hr 2H leads. Work om top to 5. Add thinner eimansion ines. 6. a lettering ‘sound laterng and sve smusara, £8, Wren tisha, check the back side of the shoot anc remove ny arapnt ist may have been poked up fom the work sutace of fom vase