ISHTIVAQ AHMAD ZILLI 310 forms of the different forms OF tere hav? pointedly jerry histor sie Fe Ths, according cobim, Was liable to change In classical Persian are identified as rasa iifons rasdil are divi (b) muhawarat. Taugi of rulers and o} ‘an, observes that inshd was mainly Concerned y; Noteg nd development c literature most representative forms o ‘iP’ (literally, letters ; ded broadly into two categories: (a) tay, rat consists of akkam and misdl (orders and directives, leters and documents. Some hist ade this distinction. Jurji Zaidan, th ANS op : : i as against the exposition of leameq eae the the main reason Why the ins style wae ian other branches of literature Ve forms of ing. ). According to available ene Gi'tt ang fcials respectively. Muhawardr consists of makiahin) zat (letters and correspondence). ee further classified according to the nature of estos nerveen the writer and the addressee. Ifthe addressee is superior in wang tothe writer, the communication would be designated as muraffa‘a, big case the addressee is inferior in statu, it will be designated rug'a. Ito the writer and the addressee are of equal status, the document will be known as murdsala! Khwi Jahan Mahmiid Gawan suggests a further categorization of these documents. He states that if the writer of a document is higher in status than the addressee, he would be either a ruler or an ordinary person Tfaruler, the letter issuing from him will be designated manshir, Farman or fath-ndma, depending on but not a ruler, his letter will be termed mi etc, In case both the sender its contents, If the sender is higher in status /, such as the letters of wazirs, and the addressee are equal in status, their correspondence is maktib. Butif the sender is inferior to the addressee, his communication should be termed “ariza, Rugais normally addressed to an inferior, but therules alsopermitthe use of thisterm forthe communication addressed to an equal or even a supe! termed ‘akd-nama (covenan °CE. J. Zaidin, Ta (hereafter Zaidn), * Technically, Hhutab (sin, Uh gular compilers of manualson the art of u Adab rior. Similarly, the communications 1), ta°ziat-nama (letter of condolence) and i-Lughat il-Arabiyyah, vol. Ill, Cairo, 1957, p- 308 utha) arealso included in the definition of insha but the Composition consisting of certain insha traditionally confined itto rasa’. Khugba isapro® ‘0 Ugeneral audience, phe. Kin congregage 2 HY be dividedinto fo ag i) Klatba oF nia 7 % Dastier-i ‘Muhamm, ‘igar, Fol. 3a, Aligarh ue? YOU YOsuft ase Premises. Itis not a rson but A khutba alent is not addressed to any particular pe '8 begins with the praise of God and encomium on he fourcategories: (1) Khutha of “ds, (ii) Khutba of Friday and (iv) Khutba of books. Cf. Mandir ul-lnshirDEVELOPMENT OF INSHA LITERATURE annama citer of congratulation) also bel “ iat Ms that can be exchanged between veoplsof 7 alla aed me isd of leters ssn fom a ect eiexena area. Bit i rent fom the OPES that an interior ora rvbordiea Set ba iat-nama to One of his inferiors or ee s jadabout sway i stead of directly ‘expressin; Ee eT me bee oer of maktdb yherein he would pay compliments to the Sioiate Joyal services, and convey his message of congratulation or} Len oasval manner. However, if the addressee is of an inferior ia aren - tonsidered WOrTHY of such a privilege, and such a m ge mould be oa on rs essage would be ‘Similarly, Khwaja-i Jahan ‘Mahmid Gaw4n prescribes certain and designations for communications conveying news of ae tthe patlefield. A communication from the commander of an army convey- ing the news of victory to the court would be designated ‘ariza and = ath-ndima. Again, & similar message from a person other than the ruler regressed 10 one of his equals would simply be called maktitb. The term Id apply only toa communication sent by aruler to convey 0 fath-nama WOW" the news of & victory - Elaborate rules were set down for various kinds of rasa’i! and they were composed: strictly in accordance with them. Mahmid Gawanhas discussed these at great Jength in Manazir ul-Insha. For example, a manshitr was to consist of seven clauses in the following order: (i) praise of God, {ii) encomium on the Prophet, (iii) the cause of the issue of the manshiir, (iv) praise of the person to whom the ‘manshiir is to be addressed, (v) the gist of the order of the ruler sanctioning an appointment OF assigning a command, ¢tc., !0 the person 10 whom the manshitr is addressed, (vi) exhortation that the assignment be accomplished in acommendable ¢ and other officials 4 .d people manner, and (vit) instructions to the diwan in general to abide by the imperial orderand awaming against any possible deviation from it.'' Besides these, other re ents should be kept mind while drafting 4 manshir : ‘A Prophet should invariably be stated in such words and phrases! in full harmony with the subject matters ifadetal ofGodand encomium onthe Prophetis not possibl care should be taken toensure that the ke t! + ts and the general tenor of the malISHTIYAQ AHMAD ZILLI au Jar kind of claims to the particular ki 10 distincyj ee the leters used forthe addressee shop" fut y 2 ly h his statu! be in keel sovereignty of I in accordance Wil Nanure and Contents of Tashi ents shal in Arabic as well as Persian compiled betel Se of documents coming from a rae ~ riddle basic endeavour ofthe compiler Would be o take svg tote reade cellent specimens of every possible Kind of docarigy, feice these collections would generally coi pris Original textofdocuieng ram roya chancel, eters and other kinds of documents by peng psTnguised for their style and penmanship aS Well'as a consider, stgiber of documents of different types fabricated by the compile himself." Inclusion’Of the latter type of documents in insha collections \would become inevitable fortwo reasons: First, because the compilermay find it difficult 10 procure a suitable specimen of a particular kind of document, the illustration of which he regarded important forthe instruction of the reader. Secondly, on account of a human weakness on the part ofthe ‘compiler who might think very highly of his own composition. This peculiar nature of the contents of inshd collections compiled during the middle ages creates particular problems for a reader interested inthem not for learning the art of drafting various kinds of documents but for gleaning evidence regarding the state of s iely oF politics of the age in which it was compiled. A student of history using these collections may fall in serious error if he is not careful enough to demarcate, through internal examination, the genuine historical Papers from the fabricated ones by the compiler, But the fabricated documents, are not altogethet useless fora student of history. The general principles and norms of polit- ‘al and social behaviour projected in them could be of immense help 0 nein studying the social and political processes of an age. Sometimes ai i dame would be of great historical interest even for the The tradition ns Manufactured by the compiler . can be ete compiling inshd manuals for the instruction of antes ack to the great katib" of the Umayyad period, ‘Abdu " Ibid, fols, 187a-187b, "CEI. Rybka. Hist, Rapa, 7M Mistery of trantanLiverarre, Dordrecht 1968, pp. 315-16 erste “Under ‘Above he otis? the office oF the kb was considered to be very — Galgashant Subp ag ht there was nothing to aspire to, save the Cabptle ‘sha fi Kitdbas it-nsha, vol. 1, Cairo, 1913, p. 37.