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herimmer
potentiometer
intend
o 1
repel.oproduce
sound
with
hesame
xperimentation
hould
emade pitch
ashe
ntilyouthe
ind nsect
best ou
ound
torepel
specific
nsect.

60

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Parts- Insect
List Repellent
c1 -TLC7555
M OSntegrated-circuit
imer
BZ -Crystal
rpiezoelectric
ransducer
Radio
Shack73-073
requivalent
R1 -10,000
hm,1 14W,5%
esistor
R2 -4,700
hm,
1 14W,5%
esistor
P1 -100,000 otentiometer
hmrimmer
c1 -0.047
Fmetal
ilmor
ceramic
apacitor

c2 -10uF,
12WVDClectrolytic
apacitor
S1 -SPSTlide
or dggle
witch
B1 -3V(2
AAcells),
V(4
M cells),
V(battery)

ldeas
oExplore
Toearn
more
about rget
hecircuit erformance:
better
. Powerful
utput
anbeobtained
ith
atransistorized
utput
tage
asshown
nFigure
3.Thepower
ransistor
hould
emountedna
heatsink.The
ransducer
sa ow-impedance
oudspeaker
:anging
rom
4to
8ohms.
oExperiments
ith
ultrasound
ahbemade
with
his
circuit:
educe
Cls
to
the 1200
mallFand
useapiezoelectric
ransformer
sedn heseweeter
splug
weeters
ndransducer.
emove
heransduc
directly
othecircuit
utput.
utputs
nrequencies
shigh
as40,000
Hzcanbeproduced
y his
circuit.
oExplain
ow beproduced
s ounds
an y electronic
ransduce
such
asheone
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l0 InrstirDd
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oWhat
are
ultrasounds?
nd pplications:
ditferent
Science
ou
a Ofcourse, hereal
can est this
etfects several
f device
on
kindsnsects.
f nattractive
iological
xperiment
anbeconducte
basednhiscircuit.
plant
oEtfectsfsounds growth anbe
n rdevelopmentcon-
his
circuit.
ductedsing Can qrultrasounds)
sounds ltercirca-
he
dian plants
hythmsf ndnsects?
oThe produced
one
continuous y his
circuitann
beusedalarms
ice other mall
and
warningystems.
or r epelledy
re
animals
powerful
ltrasounds.
oReplace LDR.The
2byan ow
ircuit light-depend
becomes
ithight
xperiments
oscillator. and
soundsnow
beconducte
an
hedevice.
using

6to
12V

Figure3

08

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E/P)
E NERATOR
ULTRASONIC
and
mice, ats
Dogs, nimals
other anhear oundsith po
requencies
4O,O0Oz. several
There re inds insects
f can
hat hear
a lso or o
react
these
sounds.hecircuit
we proposeereproduces continuous
ound
bove
nfrequencies
emission hehuman i mit,
orarange 8,000
etween
40,000
and T hese ounds
Hz. c alled
re nd
ultrasounds canbeusedn
nd
xperimental
several practical
pplications.

The edescribe
device beused
erean other
ogs nd
oscare n
nimals,
nd
xperiments,
biological nteresting
many ther pplications.
iezoelectric
Therecommended ransducer o wer
utput
astsmaximum
between
0 0and3,000
Hz,but
talso
willoperate
thigher
requenci
ess
emittingp ower.
ower
Theecommended s our
upply or
M cells a attery.
9-volt

project
Our uns
between nd
8,000
pproximately Hz,
40,000 you
b ut can
a ngechanging
his
lter
easily y pFand
70
1,narange etween 0.001
an
Frequency
uF. beset yC1.
r ange etermined
byP1 n he

Remember
hathe
40938Cwill
oscillate
n requencies
p o500
k Hz.
ircuit
Thecomplete enerator,
ftheUltrasonic gates
he our
sing ofa
sshown
ircuit,
40938ntegrated 1.
nFigute

naprinted-circuit
lacement
Components sshown
oard 2.
nFigurc
plastic
nasmall
behoused
an
Thecircuit ox ill
be
he ransducer
and
panel.
n heront
fixed
position
with he
Take are fthe arts,
p olarized
uch t ransis
asthe
power
nd
apacitor
electrolytic upply.

For peration,
continuous naheatsink'
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should
snot art. ith
Anyransformer
acritical
Theransformer oil
asecondary
rom
ranging mAcan
100o500 project.
n his
beused
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Parts - Ultrasonic
List Generator
lC1 -40938CMOS ntegrated
ircuit
-
Ql -8D135medium-power
PN ilicon
ransistor
BZ Piezoelectric
ransducer
Radio
Shack7 3-090
requivalent
Tl -Transformer:
rimary
17VAC;
econdarymA
Vx100
R1 -10,000
hm, esistor
1 14W,5%
R2 -1,000 1 14W,5%
hm, esistor

Pl -100,000
hmrimmer
otentiometer
C1 -4,700
Fceramic
metal
r ilm
capacitor

C2 -100 12M/DC
uF, electrolytic
apacitor
S1 -SPSToggle rslide witch

81 -6Vor9V
-AAcells ext
orbatterysee

ldeasoExplore
Toearn
more
about oget
hecircuit erformance:
rb etter
oYouan hepiezoelectric
eplace ransducer weeter.
yacommon
1and
Remove BZandplace
heweeter
etweenand col-
1 Ql's
lector.
Can
youmeasure
hegenerated
ltrasound
ower?
. Thecircuit generate
also
an nheaudible
ound ange. eplace
nhe ange
Cl byacapacitor etween.02
and
0.1
uF.
oExplainltrasounds
nd rperoduced
howhey rans-
yelectronic
ducers.

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oWhats
apiezoelectric
aterial?
Science
ditferent
nd pplications:
oSeveralxperiments
anbemade sing ltrasounds.
ou anex-
periment
ith
dogconditioning.
sing
hisoscillator
ou
can
c all
adog
usingnaudible
n inaudible
ound ohumans)
oGhoosecapacitor
etween.01 0.047Fproduce
and o ounds
both n audioange
the ndultrasound
ange.ouan now
conduct
experiments
odetermine
heexact
upper-limit
requencyeard
by
humans.You
lsoconduct
an xperiments
ith twill
animals.bem-
portant
ohave frequency
ountern ohand
do his
work.

oReplaceZbyelectrodes.
hecircuit
will
generate
high-volta
output
hat
can n
beusednerve
timulation.
se hmpoten-
a10,000
tiometer
o point.
adjustutputoltage
t his ulses
aneacheaks
ashigh
as400v olts.
oTogetpulses
for
nervetimulation
ndother ou
experiments)
only
have
oreplace
1with
a1uFcapacitor
ndP1with
a1,000,000
potentiometer.
ohm ulses
n herate
angeetween per
.1 second
per
to10 secondbegenerated
an ithhis
change.
oThis
i rcuit
also
an
beused s
afluorescent
ampnverter.
com-
amp 4to20wafts)
monluorescent place
nofthe ransducer
glow,
ven sweak
o nehat e nough nheACpower
onotunction
line.

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DCLAMPDIMMERE,P)
This an
circuit mount
ocontrolthe
beused nan
fcurrent ncandesce
lampa nd fyou
aDCmotor.
also heamount
change hrough
fcurrent
lamp
you change
tsbrightness.
ndfyouchangeheamount fcurren
through ou
DCmotor changets nput
speed. oltagean rom
ange 6to
12volts
andcurrent nthe
rain supto
output 2A.Y oucan usehis
also
fa6Vor
ntheoutput
circuit power
12Vixed upply, tinto
onverting a
tovolt
variable 0to
6 or 12volt
supply.

Thepower emounted
hould
ransistor n anbe
hecircuit
aheatsink.
n lastic
asmall
housed oxandheheatsink ixedn
heransistor
ith the
outside.
beused
an
Thecircuit rightness
ocontrol panel
facar's amps ndn
ocontrol
robotics wideange
long
DCmotorpeed fvalues. ev-
lso,
nvolving
experiments
eral low
urrent an
controlbeperformed his
sing
circuit.
cts
Thecircuit esistor
asavariable principal
ithhe
rrheostat urrent
ndhecontrol
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hrough
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urrent hepo-
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hrough
urrent
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afewmilliamperes

fthe
iagram
Theschematic DCdimmer nFigurc
sshown Qlisan
t.
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sednthis

ayout
Components nFigure
sshown oes
2.Thetransistor on
notshow
owever.
heatsink,
the
utake
beused,
an
ransistors
Equivalent with
c are u rrent
hemaximum
asTlP31
ypesuch
cancontrol.
they TlP41
and used
canbe ocontr
lamps
upto2amperes.
lso,
afurther
modification
n Rl
value
hat
alue, must
be
s
current
madeoensure when
hat, tsminimum
near
P1sset
heamP.
hrough
flowing
lf ransistors
e quivalent ake
u sed,
re heir
with
c are osition
erminal s
they beditferent.
can

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Prrfoct
2DG mrIilmmu

F1 Q1
5A 2N3055
+12V
IN

oul
I
:

Figure
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2

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Parts - DCLampDimmer
List
Q1 -2N3055Silicon
NPNpower
ransistor

P1 -4,700
ohmp otentiometer
R1 -470
ohm,2W,.5esistor
/

F1 -5Afuse

ldeasoExplore
Toearn toget
hecircuit
more bout erformance:
rb etter
oYoucan
usea PNPpower
ransistor, polarizat
nverting
nput
hyhis
Explain circuit control
only
an DCcurrents.
oADarlington
ransistor
an
beused lowhroug
oreduceurrent
p otentiometer.
the eplacewith
1 a100,000hmcommonotenti
w ith
ndRl
ometer 1/4
a 10,000hm, hen
w att esistor a
using

Darlington
ower
ransistor.
lPl10
canbeused
n his
case.
oWhatsarheostat?

nd
uncommon
Science pplications:
oYoucanusehis ocontrolrightness
circuit ight
fmicroscope
sources. ampcan o r hat ask
6V beused and h is will
be
circuit
wired
between a6Vpower
he ampand he6Vregulated
upply.
power n his
upplyescribedbook orhis
s deal application.
oExperiments
n electroplating
electrolysis
nd anbecurrent-f
controlled his
yusing circuit.
a This
circuitbean motors
control
usedo mall in
nrobotics
physics
xperiments.

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mllmDllmmei

oTheamount n
ofcurrent
current can
ields
becontrolledyus
this
circuit
andaDC power
supply.
Experiments
nvolving
lectrotr
pism
c anbeattempted.put
ryplants
o withinacoilo he
observe
influence
fthemagnetic
ield growth
ontheir and e-
development.
member sa magneticaround
hatthere ield a coil wire
of is
that
carrying current.

Figure3
shows
howhisexperiment
anbearranged.

Thecoil
sformed
by10to
50turns
ofcommonNo.1 to 22wire
around
a
cardboard
or
ox
woodAnorm. n
ammeter with
series hecoil
circuit
bean
usedocontrolhe ofamount n
current
used theexperiment.

Rememberh attoomuch will


current
cause hecoilandthetrans
o
overheat.
tis
a good
deaoaddalampn
s eries
with
h ecoilcircuit.
he
lamp
w ill
addresistance
othecoil educing
circuit, low
urrent toasafe
level.

Figure
3

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Piilcctsfuh
Iun scilmmu

AUDrO E)
OSCILLATOR
Thisow-power generate
scillator
xperimental an udible nthe
ignals
00and
range etween 2,000
Hz, small
d riving ralow-im-
oudspeaker
pedance
arphone.hecircuitbepowered
an y2two
or AAcells
o ur ora
fixed power
6volt upply. or his
equirements
u rrent epend
circuit pon
power
the upplyoltagend mpedance
oudspeaker
he ndr angeypi-
10o300
rom
cally mA.
heoperating
1adjusts
Potentiometer nd within
canbeset
requency
largeange
values.
f otentiometers
angeowerpo
o1,000,000
imit hms
10Hz.
about can
beused,
herequency
changing
C1cana lso and
valuesetween
nd
bealtered, .01 re
O.22uF or
s uitable
arge
experimentation. produce
ill
C1values art
n heower
requencies
ofhe ange.
bean
Thecircuit aspart
used ames,
ofalarms,oys
ando more
l earn
scillators.
ransistorized
about
shows
Figure fthe
iagram
heschematic 1andQ2
Audio-Oscillator.
form Rl/Cl is
mplifier
adirected-couplednd closed akes
he oophat he
signalrom
ack he
output nput.
othe ,
.
heayout
Figure2shows terminal
sing
fhecomponents, aschas-
trip
All he
sis. ndpower
components upplyan
behoused plastic
nasmall
box.

The
keys atelegraph
slide
toggle r oromemade-type
witch,
continuous
witch utyou also
anuse
an SPST
fyou
keysrecommended
peration.
wantouse saMorse
heoscillator Code prac-
r
ndemonstration
e nder
You
tice.can points
wirehe Btothecontacts
Aand o
f usehe
arelay
part
circuit of
s analarm.

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Pf.lcct8 ftllroso

B1
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0.047pF

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Figure

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Parts - Audio
List Oscillator
Q1 -8C548 eneralurpose
PN ransistor
-
Q2 8C558 eneral
urpose
NP ransistor
SPKR4 or8ohm oudspeaker
small
K -Telegraphic
ey Seeext
81 -3to two
6voltsor our
AAcells
Ri -10,000hm,
114w,5 esistor

R2 -1,000
hm,
1 14W,5 esistor
Cl -0.047metal
F ilm orceramic
apacitor

ldeasoExplore
Toearn
more get
boutcircuit
he rbo erformance:
etter
oChange 1 or nhe ange
acapacitor etween and
. 01 0.22
uF.
Therequency
angeftheproducedwill
one bealtered.
With
0.01
uFor
loweralues
or
Cl,t he produce
c ircuit
will ltrasounds.
sea
rapiezoelectric
tweeter ransducer
n his
case.
. Replace
1with
aTlP32 poqer
orTlP42
nd hecircuit
with
a12
volt etmuch
supply.You'll power
m ore n heo utput.

. Explain
whyoscillators
aclosed
eed
oopothe
signal
owork.
rojects
Science ndother pplications:
oExperiments
nacoustics
anbemade
w ithhis hecircuit
device.
p
can roduce
nyone 0and
between 20,000
Hz,
a nd
even igher.

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|latr
Iscffia.

oAtelegraph
tation
an
besimulatedith
his ou
circuit.
anind
Morse
Codenany
book
aboutelegraphy.
oBy eplacinga
with
reedwich points
wired
o B,he
and c ircuit
will
operate
sanalarm.
oExperiments
nvolving
onductivity
fmaterials
an
bemade
with
probes
lugged
opointsB.
and
oConnect
esistive
ransducers NTCstpoints
sLDRs nd and
get
Bto alight-dependent
r emperature-dependent
scillator.
a Using
wometal
odsassensors,
hecircuit
bean
usea salie
detectorrbio-feedback
evice. eplace
with
capacitor
nd
adjust g et
Pl to ulses
l
s eparated a0.22
sor
tthe 0.47
uF
he
peaker.
pulse
ate
will
bealteredhen heonductivity
skin fhenterroga
person
hangeshile
nastateofstrain
ueoalie
or
stress.
oA117V+V x250mA ransformer PKRoproduce
an eplace
ulses
high-voltagennerve
timulation hegenerated
xperiments.
pulses
an each
oltages
shigh
as400Vpp.
oExperiments
n hysiology
animal an
beconducted
singound
or
high
voltage
sdescribed
n other
projects.
rowthplants
f ub-
mitted
ohigh-power
ounds
rhigh-voltage
ields
anbeobserve
using
his practical
circuit
with xperiments.
oACields begenerated
an y eplacing
hespeakera
ith
2O-turn
Theplants
coil. ranimalsbepositioned
an ithin
hecoil's
lectric
field.
Seehesameexperiment
sing
heDCDimmer
orcoil
and
ex-
periment
etails.

tl

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AUDIO E/P)
SWTTCH
This
audioontrolled
elayas snterest
alarge umberfapplications
nd
ingoexperimenter
he ho
wishes
o heworking
explore frelays
niverse
and
audiorsoundontrolled
ircuits.
An ignal
audio n he angeetween
amplitude and
Vpp
5Vppriggers
he
owering
relay, nhedevice,
ired oints
etween andB.
Relayalue ypower
sdetermined upplyoltage. power
a12volt
or up-
ply
youmust
usea12voltelay. rain
urrent epends ponpower
he up-
ply
voltage
ndalsoelay
he s ed. x 38 mA Radio
Using 12Y 75-
hack
248'1relay,
hecurrentsrain
ow
enoughoallow
heuseofcommon n
ells
the
p ower
upply.
ange
Clcan etween
.01
and
1.0
uF,
and
determines
hesensitivity
fhe
n he
circuitaudio ive
ange.argealuesmore r equen-
t ow
ensitivity
cies.
This as
circuit nput
ahigh-impedance
andneeds o ig
strongudio
operate.

Figure
heartshows
he heschematic
fcircuit
s iagramfAudio
he PN
Switch.
eneral-purpose
acommon bserve
hat
ransistor
hat he
acts
as
aDCamplifier.
Figure
ln 2weshowayout or
fcomponentsproject.
his hecomponen
can
besoldered
naterminal
trip
usedc
shassis.The
erminal
tripbe
an
flxed nawoodenoard.
polarized
Position
fthe omponents,
uch
as he ower
d iodes, upplynd
capacitor
must
2,
beobserved.
Tousehis
audio ohave
elay u o ponts
wire A and
Btotheoutput
fan
audio minimum
amplifier ower
equired nd hevolume
s5watts)adjust
or
control
best
operation.
Asmall
ransistor
ransformer
utput houlde o
used with
heelay
operate
low-impedance
ignals,
uchashe
onesrom
heoutputfaudiompli

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Figure how
3shows ousehisransformer.
he
R,dependsn ower
output fthe sgiven
amplifier
nd elow:

Power
Output
I
0to1watt
1to
10watts 47ohms,
1/4
watt

10o25
watts 100
o hms,'ll4watI

25to
50watts 220
ohms,ll2watt

Parts - Audio
List Switch
Q1 -8C548 general-purpose
PNsiliconransistor

D1 -1N914eneral-purpose
ilicon iode

D2 -1N4002 ectifieriode
i licon

Kl -6Vor12V
relay
see ext

R1 -10,000
hm,1/4W,5%esistor

Cl -metalilm apacitor
orceramic seeext

C2 -100uF,
12WVDC
electrolytic
apacitor

81 -6Vor
12V power
cells, supply
orbattery

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ldeas
oExplore
Toearn
more
about
circuit
he nd
devices
roget erformance
better
oReplace
lwith
resistor
1with aDarlington
hms.ransistor
100,000 he such
circuit
willasan
BCS17)
ncreasend
sensitivi
oExplain
ow
C1unctions
nhis
circuit.
Sciencend pplications:
different
oConnect
hecircuit
oanaudiomplifier
utput,aith
mioophon
plugged
othe
amplifier
nput.You'll
avesound-operated
witch.

oThis
circuit
with
amicrophone
nd
anaudiomplifier
anbeused
toclose
atrapwith
sound
activation
rto
activate recordin
ith
sounds.
You
canalso photograph
use t o nexplosion
rthecrash
ofan
object
y riggering produced
flash
with
he ound.
oTheaudio
output f
amultimedia
ystemnacomputer
anbe
usedo
control
xternalevices
his ith
circuit.

R;
l-----+x
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AMPLTFTER AUDlos\
3lE
''l
ourPUT
|
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3

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FROM12V
6VOLTS P)
BATTERTES
Withhis
adapter
ou
can power
6volt
up o1A)
devices,
uch
asrecorders
CD players,
alculators,
adios, attery your
hargers,tc., rom
carbattery.
Thecurrent
adapterplugged
s ntothevehicleighter
socket
andissmall
enoughobehoused n compact
avery lastic
box.

our
Only components ThelCdetermines
reused. heoutput
voltage
and
should
bemounted
naheatsink. polarized
apacitorsre omponents,
o
you
mustobserveposition
heir whenmounting.The
usesverymportant
n
orderprotect
o hedevice
andcarwiring
against horts.

Output aries
according
othe ou
device a re ower
applying o.DC
exten-
sion
cables plugs
with deviceopowered
ofitthe be hould
beused.
Take
the poles.
carewithoutput Checkfyour hasapositive
device rnegative
pole
nthecentral
erminal.

Theschematiciagram
1 2Vo
fthe 6Vx1Aconverter
sshownnFigure1
Theprincipal slC1,
omponent a 6Vvoltageegulator
hat with
o perates
input
voltagesanging
romto 35volts.

Components
ayout s n
shown
Figure2.
heAll
components
aneasily
be
housed
naplastic
box.

Thentegrated
ircuit anbechanged
oalterhe
output oltage.You
anuse
a7809 or
9Vx1Aoutput7805or
ra 5Vx1Aoutput.

parts
Itisverymportant
hatno ofthecomponents
sednthis
circuitouch
oneanother.short-circuit protection.
helChas ndhermal

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Figure1

Figure
2

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Parts - 6Volts
List From12V
Batteries
lC1 -7806ntegrated
ircuit

C1 -1,000
uF,16WVDCelectrolytic
apacitor

C2 -100 WVDCelectrolytic
uF,12 apacitor

Fl -2Afuse

ldeas
oExplore

Toearn
more
bouthedevice
roget
b etter
erformance:
oReplace
hentegrated lOl)
ircuitwith or7809get
a7805 oo ut-
put
voltages
f5Vand9V.
oExplain
heditference
etween
hisinear
oltage
egulator
nd
a
switch-mode
egulator
sedn ower
computer upplies.
oThis
i rcuitan
also
beused ower
nnonregulated get
upplies
o
aregulated
Vx1Aoutput.
olt'spossible
oget
anegative ower
egulated upplyyreplacin
the
7 806with
a7906C.Do
asearch
ornformation
boutthis
hange
inhe project.
rojects
Science nduncommon
ses:
a You
can
usehis opower
downconverter
our
AAcell-power
circuits
roma12Vbattery
nscience
xperiments.
o6Vlamps aslight
used source bepowered
ormicroscopes
an
from
hecarbattery
singdownconverter.
his ieldwork
sing mi-
croscope
anbeconducted
sing
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circuit.

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E)
RANSMITTER
oNE-COMPONENT
project
Heresa hat with
y those
econstructed
should nop atience
or
one
uilding.
electronics sused
component
nly obuild
acompleteire-
lessransmitter
hiss he
Ofcourse, ayo
simplest generate
adio aCW con-
tis
i gnals.
ndspowerful
wave)ransmitter
tlnuous noughoplunk
downasignal
n he
anywhere kHzo
5 50 7MHzband.
Theundamental
requency pon
epends ower snd
upplyo ltage n he
00kHz
rangeetween 1MHz,uthere re
and strong eaching
armonics
up o7MHz.
heschematic
Figure shows iagramhis
fsimple syou
can
ramsmitter.
wehave
see, o nly
one 4049
component: CMOS Cthatsformed ysix
project
nthis
inverters. ivenverters
nly reu sed.
spowered
Thecircuit rom
AAcells
orbattery nd ow.
svery
currentrain
roject
Asanexperimental ou
canplace
he C onauniversal
olderles
heantenna
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sasingle ong.
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A common ave splaced
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oshort earhe
transmitter.an
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signal n rom p o
distances eet
some a way.

There
arewo tuneheransmitter,
wayso hownin 2.
Figure

Inheirst sherequency
ase, hepower
echange
svoltage-dependent,
oltage.
supply a12
se power
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adjust ntheC
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ase, n heeedback
apacitor
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he

Parts - One-Component
List ransmitter
lC -4069
o4049 only
his )
r C MOS ntegratedircuit

a power
(And fcourse)
supply,

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l&as
toErplore
Toearn
more
aboutcircuit
he nd
dwice:
oExplainadio generated
ow ignalsre ndWhywedon't
need
a
tuned
ircuit.
oWhyshould
neven fgates
number beused
n this
circuit?
Will
an number
odd work?
oWhycan
you nhesignals
une more
n han point
one fthe
dial?
rojects:
Science

oSendelegraph
ignals
hrougrhusing
wall
hiscircuit
asransmit
ter
and
anAMradio
asreceiver.
oExplaincomputer
ow gonerate
ircuits an adio noise)
signals
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his
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WIRELESS E/P)
M TRANSMITTER
These ave
ircuits popular
alwayseen orboth
utility
entertain
nd
purposes.
The
FMransmitter
escribed
eres withew
built omponents
o
savepace
and hecircuit
cost. only
as spowered
oneransistor
nd ywoor our
AA
cells.
Thebroadcasting
requency
fthe n
unit,
ther ange
etween
8 and108
MHzFMband),
sdetermined hevariable
yLland V(a
apacitor2Oor
30pF rimmerapacitor).
1consists
oururns
fofNo.
22wire,
woundn
a
single ayer
na112-inch
lose-spaced orm.hecoil
scenter
appedhere
itw
sired
o he
antenna
erminal.
piece
Any wire
will
fstitf serve santenna
he nd give
will good
overage
For
betterperation,
ntenna
engthhould
ebetweenand
15nches.
Try your
out unitatconvenient
any eadpot
onheheFMband.
djust
CV
tothe hesignals
best ignal. be unedn
an distances
p o150eet.
A schematic
iagramftheFMransmitter
sshown
nFigure
1. one
O nly
transistorasahigh-frequency
sused scillator.
ny
small
RFNPNransis
tor
can
beused
ohe
r ask.
lacement
Components naprinted-circuit
oard
sshownnFigure
2.Ca-
pacitors
recriticalomponents
ndshould
ethetypesndicated
nthe
parts
ist.
Don't metalilm
use capacitors
nstead
ftheceramicapacit
which
re or
called parts
n he ist.
Youanalso
use
aterminal
trip
aschassis nFigure3,
sshown keep
but
hecomponent
all erminals
nd
wiring nstability.
hortoavoid
The behoused
circuit an n lastic
dsmall ox hepower
with
along upply.
Avoid
heuse
ofmetal ohouse
oxes hecircuit.
Takeare position
with polarized
fthe ieces,
uch micro-
astheelectret
phone,
lectrolytic
apacitor
ndpower
upply.

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R2
10K

c1
lOpF

Q1 \
8F494
R4
47

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Figure

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Parts- Wireless
List FMTransmitter
Q1 -8F494RFsiliconransistor

MIC -two-terminal
lectret
microphone

L1 -coil
-seeext

CV -trimmer apacitor
20o50pF)

3 -4,00
R1, 114W,5%
ohm, esistor

R2 -10,000
hm,114W,5%
esistor
-
R4 47ohm,1l4W,5%esistor
C1 -10uF,
6WVDC
electrolytic
apacitor
C2 -0.01uFceramic
apacitor

Cg -4.7
pFceramicapacitor

C4 -0.1uFceramicapacitor

S1 or
-SPST lide
toggle
witch
81 -3Vor6V
-twofour
or AAcells

A -antenna
seeext

ldeas
oExplore
To earn
more he orget
aboutcircuit performance:
tob etter
o Replace
ransistor
Q1with
a2N2218
andpower
hecircuit
arom
9Vbattery.The
ignals
will
be unedn rom
distances
p o1,500eet.
oThecircuit
bean asa bugtohear
used secret
conversatio

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Figure
3

Place
hecircuita
nside
false
bookonaopick
deskupconversa
tions.
o Explain owhetransmitterorks.

oWhat radio
are waves
orelectromagnetic
aves?
oWhat s Frequency FM)and
Modulation Amplitude
Modulatio
(AM)?
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rojects
Science singhis ransmitter:
oTheransmitteran
opick
beused
upremote ou
ounds.can ix
ensa ils
itinanimal
or hem emotely.
omonitor

oThemikecanbe
placed
nthefocus
ofpaarabolic
eflector
o
concentrate irds
ounds. ndother nimals places
n heorest rother
beheard
can usingsystem,
his nFigure
ssuggested4.An nteres
ing bemadenvolving
study an ocalongbirds.
oYou or
canuse his ransmitter
anexperimental nyour
roadcast
schoof. FCCrules
However,on't useong antennas are
becau
egarding
severe illegalradio
strong FMband.
n the
emissions

Figure4

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HIGH-POWER
UDIO E)
O SCTLLATOR
This
high-power
ersion
fan
audio
scillator
roduces
strong
udible
one
a piezoelectric
using gates
ransducer.
llfourexisting
nthe4093C
are
project
usedn his o agood
driveheransducer
ith audio
ignal.
Thecircuit
anbeusedn
alarms,
oys, roject
asastandalone
oteach
about scillators
pecifically,
rin
experiments
singontinuous
ounds
n
therequency
ange
etween
00and10,000
z.
iezoelectric
Therecommended ransducer
mits
maximum power
utput
between
00and
3,000
Hz,
buttwill
also
operate
notherrequencie
ith
power.
less
Power
upplyoltage
ange
sbetween
and
12volts. equirement
Current
dependponpower
he upplyoltage,
anging
rom
10o
50mA ypically.
Pladjusts
hetone
requency.
lcanbealtered
within
alargeange
of
values
s ndicated
nheschematic
iagram,
hownnFigure
.

Components
lacement
naprinted-circuit
oard
sshownnFigurc
2.You
can
also
mount
hecircuit
sing solderless
oard
orexperimental
pplica-
tions.
Allthe
omponents
ndhe if
usedspowersupply)
batteries anbehoused
in plastic
asmall ox.
BZcan
bereplaced ith
acommon iezoelectric
weeter.
ut,nthis
case,
you
shouldhe
penweeter
ndemovehesmallransformer
romnside
t.
Then
heoutput
f he
circuithould
econnected
irectly
o he
small
iezo-
electric
ransducer.

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+5Vo+12V

-40938
tc1

1
Figure

trr-. 9

o
o

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Parts- High-Power
List udio
Oscillator
lOl -40938CMOSntegrated
ircuit
BZ -Piezoelectric
ransducer
(Radio
hack73-090
requivalent)
P1 -100,000
hmpotentiometer
Rl -10,000
hm,1 14W,5%
esistor
C1 -1200
pF o0.047ceramic
F rmetal
ilm
capacitor

ldeas
oExplore
Toearn
more
aboutomponents
nd
devices:
oThiscircuit produce
also
an ound
nheultrasound
and.
Using
F
a 1,200capacitor
or
C1, herange
will
reach imit
nupper of
about00,000
z.
oExplainpush-pull
aow utputtage
perates.
Sciencend
uncommon
pplications:
oThis
circuit
an oanimal
beused r onditioning
rn
experiments
involving
ounds.
oBy eplacing
lwith uchsLDRsLight
e nsors, e-
Dependent
rNTCsNegative-Temperature
sistors) oefficient
esistors),
one
frequencybeill
ight-dependent
rtemperature-dependen
- oByreplacingouch
lwith
ensors
relectrodes,
ecan
usehe
circuit
slie
detector
rbio-feedback pitch
hesound
evices. will
dependpon kinesistance.

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E lllti-'lrdlilllr

oThecircuit
canalsobeasafish
used rin
attractor experiments
involving
animals
ater nd eplacing
sounds. with mmersed
Zwires
into
water generate
will or
urrentields
lectric orks
experimental
involving
he nfluencefields
f ish
these
on orother
beings.

oSomeanimals,
uch
asmice
anda ts,
re
s cared
byultrasound
ff
Thecircuit n
canbeused o
experiments hefrequencies
determine
thataremore
etfectiveorthistask.
projects
Seeother or
nvolving newdeas
ounds o
explore.

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TIMERE/P)
Smallomeppliances
nd
circuits
anbeurned n
atter time ang-
delay
ing rom
seconds
ominutes
singsimple
his imer. hobbyis
experiments
anbeime-controlled
yusing
his School nd
circuit.
Theunit
has
aconstant-current
ource
ochargeCl
l.andPladjust
he
timeange.You
an
alter
C1within
range
f100nd
1000Fochange
he
timeange.
Using1ampere ou
elay can
c ontrolpCo
oads
100
w atts
wired
ohe
117VACowerine.

Tooperate
heunit, onnect
heoadt oherelay
ontacts
pointsand B,
used
asaswitch) nd P1othe
adjust desired
ime
d elay. ress
2do dis-
charge
Cl completely
Then lose
Sl to After
s tart.headjusted
imed elay,
the elay
will
close,ndhe bepowered
oad
will N.
Conversely,heNC Normally
yusing losed)
ontacts ocan
f heelay u
turn
adevice
OFFafter
headjusted
ime.
To
usehe
u nit ou
again press
must 2to
discharge
1before
tarting.
Figure
showsschematic
he iagramfthe lmer.
Observe
heditferen
components
sedn
thisproject:
unijunction UJT)nd
ransistor anSCR
(Silicon
ontrolledectifier).
Anmechanical
iews
shownnFigureusing terminal
trip
aschassis
All power
hecomponents
nd upplyan
behoused
n asmalllastic
ox.
Takeare
with'positions
fcritical
omponents,
uch
a stheUJI,
SCR,di-
odes
and
dlectrolytic
apacitors.
The elay
epends
ponhepower
upplyoltage
ndvoltage
rophroug
the
S CR. his oyou
sabout volts,
drop needo
u se
6to7.S-volt
elays
with ower
a9-volt upply.
TheSCRneedn't
emounted
naheatsink,
s hecurrent
rains ow.

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1g llnFl

D1
1N4002 + \o
r<B
ej R2
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8C558 Ir.l
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Figure

e e r OO

2
Figure

AAcells
Use or opower
atransformer Remember
his imer. hat
current
ow
drains when
o nly herelay
snot
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Parts Timer
List
Q1 -8C548NPNgeneral-purpose
ilicon
ransistor

Q2 -2N2646
nijunction
ransistor

SCR -TlC106
ilicon
ontrolled
ectifier
-1N4002
D1,2 i licon
iodes

R1 -47,OOO
hm,
1/4W,5%
esistor

R2 -Lz}ohm,
1/4W,5%
esistor

R3 -100
ohm,
1/4W,
%resistor
P1 -100,000
hmpotentiometer

C1,2-100
uF,12WVDC
lectrolytic
apacitors

K1 -Relays ee ext

51 -SPST lide
toggle
or witch

S2 -Normally
pen
momentary
witch
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2,5 -100,000
hm,114W,5%
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4 -47,OOO
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hm, esistors

RO -1,000 hm,
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esistor

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electrolytic

C2 -0.1 metal
u Fceramic r ilm
capacitor

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orslide
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ALVANOMETER
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alvanometer
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- Over-Temperature
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Parts larm
lC1 -4093
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ircuit
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eneral iliconiode
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ransducer
rcrystalarphone
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hm,1 14W,5%
esistor
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hmrimmer
otentiomer
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or
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apacitor

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Parts - GapacitorTester
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Q2 -8C558 eneral-purpose
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esistor
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apacitor

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rslide witch
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2 -8C558 eneral-purpose
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ed, yellow
r ED
R1 -100,0001 14W,5%
hm, esistor
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50to100watts 100 watts


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lC1 -LM3914ntegratedNational)
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HAKER (P/E)
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- Liquids
List
Parts Shaker
D1,2-1N4002ilicon
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x500mA seeext
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- SignalTracer
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Parts
Ql -8C548 eneral-purpose
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Parts - Experimental
List hmmeter
81 -3V-twoMcells

R1 -10,000hm, esistor
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TestYour
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Parts Nerves
T1 -Any ransformer
a 117
ith V AC
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81
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210

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the
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Parts Wireless
List Beeper
lC1 -4093
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ircuit

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apacitor

R1 -2,200,000
hm,
114W,5 esistor

R2 -39,000
h m,
1/4W,resistor

R3 -8,200hm,
114W,5
esistor
R4 -6,800 114W,57o
ohm, esistor

R5 -47ohm,
1/4W
5 resistor

C1 -0.22 metal
uFceramicr ilm
capacitor

C2 -0.047 metal
uFceramicr ilm
capacitor

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metal
r ilm
capacitor

C4 -4,700
pFceramicapacitor

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p Fceramicapacitor

CG -0.1
u Fceramicapacitor

A -antenna
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see

S1 -SPST
slide
ortoggle witch

81 -6to
9V-four
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220

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- Electroscope
List
Parts
IC1 -40938C MOS ntegratedircuit

LED -Common
ed,
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LED
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seeext

P1 -1,000,000
hmpotentiometer

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114W,5%
hm,

R2 -100,000hms, esistor
114W,5%

R3 -1,000 hms,
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esistor
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222

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uch
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lun txDelhemcl
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Parts Probe
LED -Common g reen
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228

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292

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Plolects

-Tone-Activated
List
Parts Relay
lC1 -LM567ntegratedircuit
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Q1 -8C558 general-purpose
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ransistor

D1 -1N914eneral-purpose
ilicon iode

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otentiometer

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-seeext

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hm, esistor
114W,5

C1,
4 -0.1uFceramic
rmetalilm
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uFceramic capacitor

C3 -0.O47 rmetalilm
e ramic capacitor

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Plolccts
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List Light
Comparator
LDR1,-CommoncmLDRsLight esistors)
Dependent
photosensors
orCdS
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114W,5
hm,

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ohm,

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Figure3

Organ
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Q1 -8C548general-purposeransistor
PNsilicon
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ontrolled
ilicon

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hmPotentiometer

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Parts - Photometer
List
LDR -Any DR Light
common esistor)
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hm rimmer

R1 -10,000
hm,114W,5esistor

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Generator
lC1 -555 Integrated
ircuit,
imer
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ircuit,ounter
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ed, rgreen
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esistors
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o hm, esistor
Cl -10uF/l6
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apacitor

208

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njector
lC1 -TLC7555 MOSntegratedtimer
ircuit
- eneral-purpose
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esistor

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electrolytic
apacitor

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o metal
u Fceramic
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capacitor

C3 -0.01 metal
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cells

PP1 -Probe

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