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Proyectos Divertidos para Estudiantes de Electronica
Proyectos Divertidos para Estudiantes de Electronica
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EsteDocumentoHasidodescargadodesdelaWebm scompletaent
books y Tutoriales.
http://www.enigmaelectronica.tk
http://www.foroenigma.tk
Libros
Manuales
Tutoriales
Cursos
Programas
M sica
Pel culas
GrupoEnigmaElectr nica
EnigmaTeam
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hm,1 14W,5%
esistor
R2 -4,700
hm,
1 14W,5%
esistor
P1 -100,000 otentiometer
hmrimmer
c1 -0.047
Fmetal
ilmor
ceramic
apacitor
c2 -10uF,
12WVDClectrolytic
apacitor
S1 -SPSTlide
or dggle
witch
B1 -3V(2
AAcells),
V(4
M cells),
V(battery)
ldeas
oExplore
Toearn
more
about rget
hecircuit erformance:
better
. Powerful
utput
anbeobtained
ith
atransistorized
utput
tage
asshown
nFigure
3.Thepower
ransistor
hould
emountedna
heatsink.The
ransducer
sa ow-impedance
oudspeaker
:anging
rom
4to
8ohms.
oExperiments
ith
ultrasound
ahbemade
with
his
circuit:
educe
Cls
to
the 1200
mallFand
useapiezoelectric
ransformer
sedn heseweeter
splug
weeters
ndransducer.
emove
heransduc
directly
othecircuit
utput.
utputs
nrequencies
shigh
as40,000
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y his
circuit.
oExplain
ow beproduced
s ounds
an y electronic
ransduce
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asheone
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his
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l0 InrstirDd
?nhd
oWhat
are
ultrasounds?
nd pplications:
ditferent
Science
ou
a Ofcourse, hereal
can est this
etfects several
f device
on
kindsnsects.
f nattractive
iological
xperiment
anbeconducte
basednhiscircuit.
plant
oEtfectsfsounds growth anbe
n rdevelopmentcon-
his
circuit.
ductedsing Can qrultrasounds)
sounds ltercirca-
he
dian plants
hythmsf ndnsects?
oThe produced
one
continuous y his
circuitann
beusedalarms
ice other mall
and
warningystems.
or r epelledy
re
animals
powerful
ltrasounds.
oReplace LDR.The
2byan ow
ircuit light-depend
becomes
ithight
xperiments
oscillator. and
soundsnow
beconducte
an
hedevice.
using
6to
12V
Figure3
08
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HnPnlmts||]mHlo|lmeml
E/P)
E NERATOR
ULTRASONIC
and
mice, ats
Dogs, nimals
other anhear oundsith po
requencies
4O,O0Oz. several
There re inds insects
f can
hat hear
a lso or o
react
these
sounds.hecircuit
we proposeereproduces continuous
ound
bove
nfrequencies
emission hehuman i mit,
orarange 8,000
etween
40,000
and T hese ounds
Hz. c alled
re nd
ultrasounds canbeusedn
nd
xperimental
several practical
pplications.
The edescribe
device beused
erean other
ogs nd
oscare n
nimals,
nd
xperiments,
biological nteresting
many ther pplications.
iezoelectric
Therecommended ransducer o wer
utput
astsmaximum
between
0 0and3,000
Hz,but
talso
willoperate
thigher
requenci
ess
emittingp ower.
ower
Theecommended s our
upply or
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9-volt
project
Our uns
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8,000
pproximately Hz,
40,000 you
b ut can
a ngechanging
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lter
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1,narange etween 0.001
an
Frequency
uF. beset yC1.
r ange etermined
byP1 n he
Remember
hathe
40938Cwill
oscillate
n requencies
p o500
k Hz.
ircuit
Thecomplete enerator,
ftheUltrasonic gates
he our
sing ofa
sshown
ircuit,
40938ntegrated 1.
nFigute
naprinted-circuit
lacement
Components sshown
oard 2.
nFigurc
plastic
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behoused
an
Thecircuit ox ill
be
he ransducer
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n heront
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Take are fthe arts,
p olarized
uch t ransis
asthe
power
nd
apacitor
electrolytic upply.
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continuous naheatsink'
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should
snot art. ith
Anyransformer
acritical
Theransformer oil
asecondary
rom
ranging mAcan
100o500 project.
n his
beused
-
00
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F.lectl
uftmmlcecmnt
FigureI
Figure2
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HiFrrN.Gt3ffimmdlmrfit]
Parts - Ultrasonic
List Generator
lC1 -40938CMOS ntegrated
ircuit
-
Ql -8D135medium-power
PN ilicon
ransistor
BZ Piezoelectric
ransducer
Radio
Shack7 3-090
requivalent
Tl -Transformer:
rimary
17VAC;
econdarymA
Vx100
R1 -10,000
hm, esistor
1 14W,5%
R2 -1,000 1 14W,5%
hm, esistor
Pl -100,000
hmrimmer
otentiometer
C1 -4,700
Fceramic
metal
r ilm
capacitor
C2 -100 12M/DC
uF, electrolytic
apacitor
S1 -SPSToggle rslide witch
81 -6Vor9V
-AAcells ext
orbatterysee
ldeasoExplore
Toearn
more
about oget
hecircuit erformance:
rb etter
oYouan hepiezoelectric
eplace ransducer weeter.
yacommon
1and
Remove BZandplace
heweeter
etweenand col-
1 Ql's
lector.
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youmeasure
hegenerated
ltrasound
ower?
. Thecircuit generate
also
an nheaudible
ound ange. eplace
nhe ange
Cl byacapacitor etween.02
and
0.1
uF.
oExplainltrasounds
nd rperoduced
howhey rans-
yelectronic
ducers.
0l
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P'rhcttt
Uhffuh8emn0r
oWhats
apiezoelectric
aterial?
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ditferent
nd pplications:
oSeveralxperiments
anbemade sing ltrasounds.
ou anex-
periment
ith
dogconditioning.
sing
hisoscillator
ou
can
c all
adog
usingnaudible
n inaudible
ound ohumans)
oGhoosecapacitor
etween.01 0.047Fproduce
and o ounds
both n audioange
the ndultrasound
ange.ouan now
conduct
experiments
odetermine
heexact
upper-limit
requencyeard
by
humans.You
lsoconduct
an xperiments
ith twill
animals.bem-
portant
ohave frequency
ountern ohand
do his
work.
oReplaceZbyelectrodes.
hecircuit
will
generate
high-volta
output
hat
can n
beusednerve
timulation.
se hmpoten-
a10,000
tiometer
o point.
adjustutputoltage
t his ulses
aneacheaks
ashigh
as400v olts.
oTogetpulses
for
nervetimulation
ndother ou
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only
have
oreplace
1with
a1uFcapacitor
ndP1with
a1,000,000
potentiometer.
ohm ulses
n herate
angeetween per
.1 second
per
to10 secondbegenerated
an ithhis
change.
oThis
i rcuit
also
an
beused s
afluorescent
ampnverter.
com-
amp 4to20wafts)
monluorescent place
nofthe ransducer
glow,
ven sweak
o nehat e nough nheACpower
onotunction
line.
00
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HrPnhG[slorl[c
ilmmt
DCLAMPDIMMERE,P)
This an
circuit mount
ocontrolthe
beused nan
fcurrent ncandesce
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aDCmotor.
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change hrough
fcurrent
lamp
you change
tsbrightness.
ndfyouchangeheamount fcurren
through ou
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speed. oltagean rom
ange 6to
12volts
andcurrent nthe
rain supto
output 2A.Y oucan usehis
also
fa6Vor
ntheoutput
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onverting a
tovolt
variable 0to
6 or 12volt
supply.
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hould
ransistor n anbe
hecircuit
aheatsink.
n lastic
asmall
housed oxandheheatsink ixedn
heransistor
ith the
outside.
beused
an
Thecircuit rightness
ocontrol panel
facar's amps ndn
ocontrol
robotics wideange
long
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lso,
nvolving
experiments
eral low
urrent an
controlbeperformed his
sing
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cts
Thecircuit esistor
asavariable principal
ithhe
rrheostat urrent
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hrough
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urrent hepo-
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hrough
urrent
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afewmilliamperes
fthe
iagram
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ayout
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notshow
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utake
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Equivalent with
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hemaximum
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ypesuch
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lso,
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hat
alue, must
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hrough
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lf ransistors
e quivalent ake
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erminal s
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can
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Prrfoct
2DG mrIilmmu
F1 Q1
5A 2N3055
+12V
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oul
I
:
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2
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Hr]||Fc0tffimDculmffir
Parts - DCLampDimmer
List
Q1 -2N3055Silicon
NPNpower
ransistor
P1 -4,700
ohmp otentiometer
R1 -470
ohm,2W,.5esistor
/
F1 -5Afuse
ldeasoExplore
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hecircuit
more bout erformance:
rb etter
oYoucan
usea PNPpower
ransistor, polarizat
nverting
nput
hyhis
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only
an DCcurrents.
oADarlington
ransistor
an
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oreduceurrent
p otentiometer.
the eplacewith
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w ith
ndRl
ometer 1/4
a 10,000hm, hen
w att esistor a
using
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ower
ransistor.
lPl10
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n his
case.
oWhatsarheostat?
nd
uncommon
Science pplications:
oYoucanusehis ocontrolrightness
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fmicroscope
sources. ampcan o r hat ask
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circuit
wired
between a6Vpower
he ampand he6Vregulated
upply.
power n his
upplyescribedbook orhis
s deal application.
oExperiments
n electroplating
electrolysis
nd anbecurrent-f
controlled his
yusing circuit.
a This
circuitbean motors
control
usedo mall in
nrobotics
physics
xperiments.
tl
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ffi|m n
mllmDllmmei
oTheamount n
ofcurrent
current can
ields
becontrolledyus
this
circuit
andaDC power
supply.
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nvolving
lectrotr
pism
c anbeattempted.put
ryplants
o withinacoilo he
observe
influence
fthemagnetic
ield growth
ontheir and e-
development.
member sa magneticaround
hatthere ield a coil wire
of is
that
carrying current.
Figure3
shows
howhisexperiment
anbearranged.
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sformed
by10to
50turns
ofcommonNo.1 to 22wire
around
a
cardboard
or
ox
woodAnorm. n
ammeter with
series hecoil
circuit
bean
usedocontrolhe ofamount n
current
used theexperiment.
Figure
3
t5
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Piilcctsfuh
Iun scilmmu
AUDrO E)
OSCILLATOR
Thisow-power generate
scillator
xperimental an udible nthe
ignals
00and
range etween 2,000
Hz, small
d riving ralow-im-
oudspeaker
pedance
arphone.hecircuitbepowered
an y2two
or AAcells
o ur ora
fixed power
6volt upply. or his
equirements
u rrent epend
circuit pon
power
the upplyoltagend mpedance
oudspeaker
he ndr angeypi-
10o300
rom
cally mA.
heoperating
1adjusts
Potentiometer nd within
canbeset
requency
largeange
values.
f otentiometers
angeowerpo
o1,000,000
imit hms
10Hz.
about can
beused,
herequency
changing
C1cana lso and
valuesetween
nd
bealtered, .01 re
O.22uF or
s uitable
arge
experimentation. produce
ill
C1values art
n heower
requencies
ofhe ange.
bean
Thecircuit aspart
used ames,
ofalarms,oys
ando more
l earn
scillators.
ransistorized
about
shows
Figure fthe
iagram
heschematic 1andQ2
Audio-Oscillator.
form Rl/Cl is
mplifier
adirected-couplednd closed akes
he oophat he
signalrom
ack he
output nput.
othe ,
.
heayout
Figure2shows terminal
sing
fhecomponents, aschas-
trip
All he
sis. ndpower
components upplyan
behoused plastic
nasmall
box.
The
keys atelegraph
slide
toggle r oromemade-type
witch,
continuous
witch utyou also
anuse
an SPST
fyou
keysrecommended
peration.
wantouse saMorse
heoscillator Code prac-
r
ndemonstration
e nder
You
tice.can points
wirehe Btothecontacts
Aand o
f usehe
arelay
part
circuit of
s analarm.
tt
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Pf.lcct8 ftllroso
B1
cl 3TO6V
0.047pF
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Figure
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2
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mFmf0cilsffmHrulmdu
Parts - Audio
List Oscillator
Q1 -8C548 eneralurpose
PN ransistor
-
Q2 8C558 eneral
urpose
NP ransistor
SPKR4 or8ohm oudspeaker
small
K -Telegraphic
ey Seeext
81 -3to two
6voltsor our
AAcells
Ri -10,000hm,
114w,5 esistor
R2 -1,000
hm,
1 14W,5 esistor
Cl -0.047metal
F ilm orceramic
apacitor
ldeasoExplore
Toearn
more get
boutcircuit
he rbo erformance:
etter
oChange 1 or nhe ange
acapacitor etween and
. 01 0.22
uF.
Therequency
angeftheproducedwill
one bealtered.
With
0.01
uFor
loweralues
or
Cl,t he produce
c ircuit
will ltrasounds.
sea
rapiezoelectric
tweeter ransducer
n his
case.
. Replace
1with
aTlP32 poqer
orTlP42
nd hecircuit
with
a12
volt etmuch
supply.You'll power
m ore n heo utput.
. Explain
whyoscillators
aclosed
eed
oopothe
signal
owork.
rojects
Science ndother pplications:
oExperiments
nacoustics
anbemade
w ithhis hecircuit
device.
p
can roduce
nyone 0and
between 20,000
Hz,
a nd
even igher.
tt
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;nlrcrl3
|latr
Iscffia.
oAtelegraph
tation
an
besimulatedith
his ou
circuit.
anind
Morse
Codenany
book
aboutelegraphy.
oBy eplacinga
with
reedwich points
wired
o B,he
and c ircuit
will
operate
sanalarm.
oExperiments
nvolving
onductivity
fmaterials
an
bemade
with
probes
lugged
opointsB.
and
oConnect
esistive
ransducers NTCstpoints
sLDRs nd and
get
Bto alight-dependent
r emperature-dependent
scillator.
a Using
wometal
odsassensors,
hecircuit
bean
usea salie
detectorrbio-feedback
evice. eplace
with
capacitor
nd
adjust g et
Pl to ulses
l
s eparated a0.22
sor
tthe 0.47
uF
he
peaker.
pulse
ate
will
bealteredhen heonductivity
skin fhenterroga
person
hangeshile
nastateofstrain
ueoalie
or
stress.
oA117V+V x250mA ransformer PKRoproduce
an eplace
ulses
high-voltagennerve
timulation hegenerated
xperiments.
pulses
an each
oltages
shigh
as400Vpp.
oExperiments
n hysiology
animal an
beconducted
singound
or
high
voltage
sdescribed
n other
projects.
rowthplants
f ub-
mitted
ohigh-power
ounds
rhigh-voltage
ields
anbeobserve
using
his practical
circuit
with xperiments.
oACields begenerated
an y eplacing
hespeakera
ith
2O-turn
Theplants
coil. ranimalsbepositioned
an ithin
hecoil's
lectric
field.
Seehesameexperiment
sing
heDCDimmer
orcoil
and
ex-
periment
etails.
tl
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AUDIO E/P)
SWTTCH
This
audioontrolled
elayas snterest
alarge umberfapplications
nd
ingoexperimenter
he ho
wishes
o heworking
explore frelays
niverse
and
audiorsoundontrolled
ircuits.
An ignal
audio n he angeetween
amplitude and
Vpp
5Vppriggers
he
owering
relay, nhedevice,
ired oints
etween andB.
Relayalue ypower
sdetermined upplyoltage. power
a12volt
or up-
ply
youmust
usea12voltelay. rain
urrent epends ponpower
he up-
ply
voltage
ndalsoelay
he s ed. x 38 mA Radio
Using 12Y 75-
hack
248'1relay,
hecurrentsrain
ow
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heuseofcommon n
ells
the
p ower
upply.
ange
Clcan etween
.01
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and
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n he
circuitaudio ive
ange.argealuesmore r equen-
t ow
ensitivity
cies.
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circuit nput
ahigh-impedance
andneeds o ig
strongudio
operate.
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heartshows
he heschematic
fcircuit
s iagramfAudio
he PN
Switch.
eneral-purpose
acommon bserve
hat
ransistor
hat he
acts
as
aDCamplifier.
Figure
ln 2weshowayout or
fcomponentsproject.
his hecomponen
can
besoldered
naterminal
trip
usedc
shassis.The
erminal
tripbe
an
flxed nawoodenoard.
polarized
Position
fthe omponents,
uch
as he ower
d iodes, upplynd
capacitor
must
2,
beobserved.
Tousehis
audio ohave
elay u o ponts
wire A and
Btotheoutput
fan
audio minimum
amplifier ower
equired nd hevolume
s5watts)adjust
or
control
best
operation.
Asmall
ransistor
ransformer
utput houlde o
used with
heelay
operate
low-impedance
ignals,
uchashe
onesrom
heoutputfaudiompli
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Fofeotf
lullr ilftG
D2
1N914
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sEE
D1 R1 TEXT
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05
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mrilffi||rrhsll|mmr
Figure how
3shows ousehisransformer.
he
R,dependsn ower
output fthe sgiven
amplifier
nd elow:
Power
Output
I
0to1watt
1to
10watts 47ohms,
1/4
watt
10o25
watts 100
o hms,'ll4watI
25to
50watts 220
ohms,ll2watt
Parts - Audio
List Switch
Q1 -8C548 general-purpose
PNsiliconransistor
D1 -1N914eneral-purpose
ilicon iode
D2 -1N4002 ectifieriode
i licon
Kl -6Vor12V
relay
see ext
R1 -10,000
hm,1/4W,5%esistor
Cl -metalilm apacitor
orceramic seeext
C2 -100uF,
12WVDC
electrolytic
apacitor
81 -6Vor
12V power
cells, supply
orbattery
t0
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hecircuit
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othe
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rto
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ith
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FROM12V
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Withhis
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uch
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erminal.
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fthe 6Vx1Aconverter
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omponent a 6Vvoltageegulator
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o perates
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heAll
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ircuit anbechanged
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Parts - 6Volts
List From12V
Batteries
lC1 -7806ntegrated
ircuit
C1 -1,000
uF,16WVDCelectrolytic
apacitor
C2 -100 WVDCelectrolytic
uF,12 apacitor
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ldeas
oExplore
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roget
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erformance:
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ircuitwith or7809get
a7805 oo ut-
put
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etween
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egulator
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o
aregulated
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olt'spossible
oget
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egulated upplyyreplacin
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asearch
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rojects
Science nduncommon
ses:
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xperiments.
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ormicroscopes
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RANSMITTER
oNE-COMPONENT
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Heresa hat with
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heschematic
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ircuit.
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WIRELESS E/P)
M TRANSMITTER
These ave
ircuits popular
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escribed
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o
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requency
fthe n
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ther ange
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erminal.
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R2
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Parts- Wireless
List FMTransmitter
Q1 -8F494RFsiliconransistor
MIC -two-terminal
lectret
microphone
L1 -coil
-seeext
CV -trimmer apacitor
20o50pF)
3 -4,00
R1, 114W,5%
ohm, esistor
R2 -10,000
hm,114W,5%
esistor
-
R4 47ohm,1l4W,5%esistor
C1 -10uF,
6WVDC
electrolytic
apacitor
C2 -0.01uFceramic
apacitor
Cg -4.7
pFceramicapacitor
C4 -0.1uFceramicapacitor
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-SPST lide
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witch
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or AAcells
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ransistor
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andpower
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ignals
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Ffdcct
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are waves
orelectromagnetic
aves?
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rojects
Science singhis ransmitter:
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ounds.can ix
ensa ils
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omonitor
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ssuggested4.An nteres
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HIGH-POWER
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This
high-power
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fan
audio
scillator
roduces
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udible
one
a piezoelectric
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ransducer.
llfourexisting
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are
project
usedn his o agood
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ith audio
ignal.
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anbeusedn
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oys, roject
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oteach
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pecifically,
rin
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singontinuous
ounds
n
therequency
ange
etween
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iezoelectric
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ange
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he upplyoltage,
anging
rom
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omponents
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weeter.
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romnside
t.
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heoutput
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econnected
irectly
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iezo-
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ransducer.
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Ptrhct0 lbhPmllulh0scl
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Parts- High-Power
List udio
Oscillator
lOl -40938CMOSntegrated
ircuit
BZ -Piezoelectric
ransducer
(Radio
hack73-090
requivalent)
P1 -100,000
hmpotentiometer
Rl -10,000
hm,1 14W,5%
esistor
C1 -1200
pF o0.047ceramic
F rmetal
ilm
capacitor
ldeas
oExplore
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more
aboutomponents
nd
devices:
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also
an ound
nheultrasound
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F
a 1,200capacitor
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z.
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perates.
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uncommon
pplications:
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ounds.
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lwith uchsLDRsLight
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rNTCsNegative-Temperature
sistors) oefficient
esistors),
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frequencybeill
ight-dependent
rtemperature-dependen
- oByreplacingouch
lwith
ensors
relectrodes,
ecan
usehe
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slie
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rbio-feedback pitch
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fl2
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Pnfccr
E lllti-'lrdlilllr
oThecircuit
canalsobeasafish
used rin
attractor experiments
involving
animals
ater nd eplacing
sounds. with mmersed
Zwires
into
water generate
will or
urrentields
lectric orks
experimental
involving
he nfluencefields
f ish
these
on orother
beings.
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uch
asmice
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re
s cared
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ff
Thecircuit n
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etfectiveorthistask.
projects
Seeother or
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ounds o
explore.
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ItnP10l0ct3
uhaEuoilmomcr
TIMERE/P)
Smallomeppliances
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circuits
anbeurned n
atter time ang-
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ominutes
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experiments
anbeime-controlled
yusing
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circuit.
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aconstant-current
ource
ochargeCl
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he
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elay can
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w atts
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ohe
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ime
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ime.
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ontrolledectifier).
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iews
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aschassis
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hecomponents
nd upplyan
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n asmalllastic
ox.
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omponents,
uch
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Ftdoct
1g llnFl
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ow
drains when
o nly herelay
snot
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Eofccts
orn trnel|mcmcr
Parts Timer
List
Q1 -8C548NPNgeneral-purpose
ilicon
ransistor
Q2 -2N2646
nijunction
ransistor
SCR -TlC106
ilicon
ontrolled
ectifier
-1N4002
D1,2 i licon
iodes
R1 -47,OOO
hm,
1/4W,5%
esistor
R2 -Lz}ohm,
1/4W,5%
esistor
R3 -100
ohm,
1/4W,
%resistor
P1 -100,000
hmpotentiometer
C1,2-100
uF,12WVDC
lectrolytic
apacitors
K1 -Relays ee ext
51 -SPST lide
toggle
or witch
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pen
momentary
witch
81 -9V-six
AAcells
ldeas
oExplore
To earn
much
a bout ircuit
nd
devices
rtog et erformance:
b etter
a Explain
ow
aconstant-current
ource
operates.
o Explain
owaUJTand
S CRoperate.
o Alter
C1 oget
h igher
ime
d elays.
values
ry p o1,000
F.
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?rutctg fhtr
rojects
Science nd or
ses
uncommon h is
device:
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hat
n eedime-delay usean
ontrol his
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as ong delay
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tween
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nd seacommon asrefer.
atch
ence
omake scale orhepotentiometer.
a Thecircuit ith
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xperiments
an oactivateangerous
beused
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heexperimenter
llowing afe
oTrapsan
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theexperimenter
avoid himself.
herap
oChemical
rocessesanbecontrolled nyaudio
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oscillator
escribed
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ircuit
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- Liquids
List
Parts Shaker
D1,2-1N4002ilicon
iodes
- -
T1 Transformer:
17VAC:
6+6V
x500mA seeext
S1 -SPSTslide switch
toggle
or
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List
Parts
Ql -8C548 eneral-purpose
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Ploiects
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Parts Generator
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Parts - Experimental
List hmmeter
81 -3V-twoMcells
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