Er. Akshay kumar singh (http://awai.

ml)
1. Which layer is immediately below the data link layer?

a. Physical
b. Network
c. Transport
d. Application

2. What does flow control determine?

a. When a device can transmit

b. Whether a device is connection oriented or connectionless
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b

3. Converting data into signals by transforming and encoding the information to produce electromagnetic
signals is the functionality of a ___________.

a. source
b. transmitter
c. receiver
d. destination

4. Which of the following describes stop-and-wait flow control?

a. It is simple
b. It is complex
c. It is best with small frames
d. It is best over long distances

5. What must a sender do before a receiver’s sliding windows buffer can expand?

a. Send an acknowledgment
b. Receive an acknowledgment
c. Either a or b
d. Neither a nor b

6. Controlled access line discipline is used with which type of circuit?

a. Point-to-point
b. Multipoint
c. Either a or b
d. Neither a nor b

7. Which of the following is the simplest error-detection method?

a. Parity
b. Longitudinal redundancy checking
c. Checksum checking
d. Cyclic redundancy checking

8. Which type of error detection uses binary division?

a. Parity
b. Longitudinal redundancy checking
c. Checksum checking
d. Cyclic redundancy checking

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9. Which of the following is also called forward error correction?

a. Simplex
b. Retransmission
c. Detection-error coding
d. Error-correction coding

10. The solution to the problem of scalability of the Internet is to break the network down into manageable
parts, or domains each called ____________.

a. router
b. autonomous system
c. interface
d. bridge

11. For a CSMA/CD network, twice the propagation time between the two most distant stations is called
_________________.

a. slot time
b. transfer time
c. round trip delay time
d. both a and c

12. When a network interface has a failure in its circuitry, it sends a continuous stream of frames causing
the Ethernet LAN to enter a Collapse state. This condition is known as __________.

a. scattering
b. blocking
c. jabbering
d. refreshing

13. The IEEE 802.3 specification divides the data link layer into two sub-layers: the Logical link control sub-
layer and the medium access control sub-layer. An example of one implementation of medium access
control is _______________.

a. TCP protocol
b. CSMA/CD protocol
c. IP protocol
d. UDP protocol

14. In an object-oriented model, when different classes have operations with the same name but different
implementation, they are having the property of ___________.

a. inheritance
b. association
c. polymorphism
d. aggregation

15. Telnet, FTP, SMTP, DNS, HTTP are examples of protocols that are used in ____________________.

a. application layer of OSI reference model

b. presentation layer of OSI reference model
c. session layer of OSI reference model
d. data link layer of OSI reference model

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16. Session control, file and printer are three categories of messages which pass requests and
acknowledgements in a client-server platform. They are used by __________________.

a. TCP/IP protocol
b. Ethernet protocol
c. CSMA/CD protocol
d. SMB protocol

17. ____________________ is a technique which transforms an analogue telephone circuit into a digital
signal, and involves three consecutive processes: sampling, quantization and encoding.

a. Frequency Modulation (FM)

b. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
c. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
d. Phase Modulation (PM)

18. The frame alignment word is a sequence of bits that allows the start of each STM-1 frame to be clearly
identified within SDH network. It is contained within _________________.

a. Regenerator section overhead

b. Multiplex section overhead
c. Synchronous section overhead
d. Sequence section overhead

19. The Star arrangement in the figure below shows how it is used to distribute the timing source within a
telecommunication station in SDH network. This is an example of ___________________.

a. Intra-station synchronization
b. Inter-station synchronization
c. Ultra-station synchronization
d. Multi-station synchronization

20. ____________ is the standard defined by the American National Standard Authority, ANSI T1 for
synchronous operation used in North America.

a. DXC
b. STM-1
c. ADM
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 d. SONET

21. The failure density function, f(t) is used to give the probability of failure during an interval of time. It is
known as ______________.

a. Probability density distribution

b. Cumulative probability distribution
c. Cumulative density distribution
d. Failure probability distribution

22. _______________ is one of the Telecommunication management network (TMN) functional blocks that
will convert TMN information into a format that can be easily understood by the user.

a. Operations system function block

b. Workstation function block
c. Reference function block
d. Network element function block

23. In Telecommunication management Network (TMN) system, the role of the manager is to issue
commands and requests to the agent. These commands and requests are known as
________________.

a. notifications
b. feedbacks
c. operations
d. acknowledgements

24. The sequence of the binary digits representing the outcomes of parity checks in Hamming codes is
known as _________________.

a. look-up entry
b. Hamming distance
c. radix
d. syndrome

25. Rather than sending the absolute value of each sample, it is possible to achieve a smaller transmission
bit-rate by sending the difference between consecutive samples. This is known as _______________.

a. delta modulation
b. delta–sigma modulation
c. adaptive delta modulation
d. differential PCM

26. The electron beam in the cathode ray tube (CRT) inside the TV set is made to scan the whole visible
surface of the screen in a zigzag pattern. This is known as ____________.

a. raster
b. picture line
c. frame
d. broadcast

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27. The figure below shows an example of a modulation system used in digital communication. What is
that modulation system?

a. PCM Modulation.
b. Delta Modulation.
c. Sigma Modulation.
d. Differential Modulation.

28. One of the compression techniques in communication uses the fact that in most pictures, there is
considerable correlation between neighboring areas that is a high degree of redundancy in the data to
compress. This type of compression is known as _____________.

a. temporal compression
b. dynamic compression
c. spatial compression
d. random compression

29. Reversible or lossless coding is a type of coding for which the exact data can be recovered after
decoding. This type of coding is used by _________________.

a. PCM encoding
b. Huffman encoding
c. Run-length encoding
d. Both b and c

30. The error represented by the difference between the original and quantized signals set a fundamental
limitation to the performance of PCM systems known as __________________.

a. dynamic range
b. quantization noise
c. Detection
d. PCM encoding
31. Discuss the reason for the 9.6 μs inter-frame gap of network interface card in CSMA/CD.

The reason for the 9.6 μs inter-frame gap is to allow the station that last transmitted to cycle its circuitry
from transmit mode to receive mode. Without the inter-frame gap, such a station might miss a fame that
was destined for it because it had not yet cycled back into receive mode.

32. Compare between a Hub and a Switch.

Hub Switch
Operates at Layer 1 Operates at Layer 2
The transmission medium is shared The transmission medium is dedicated
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Collisions could happen No collisions
33. What is the function of the following devices?
- Repeater
- The repeater regenerates the signal in order to reach longer distances. It operates at Layer 1
of the OSI model.

- Bridge
- The bridge is a device that connects two different or similar LANs and it operates at Layer
2 of the OSI model. The bridge is used to increase the network performance by avoiding
collisions happened in one LAN to affect (propagate) the other LAN.

34. Define briefly the expression Nyquist rate.

The minimum sampling rate, which according to the sampling theorem is
twice the bandwidth, is known as the Nyquist rate.

35. Compare between TCP and UDP.

TCP UDP
Connection Oriented Protocol Connection Less Protocol
Suitable for delay insensitive date such as Suitable for delay sensitive date such as
email and file transfer real time audio and video
Suitable for non-reliable networks Suitable for reliable networks
Packets arrive in order Packets may arrive out of order
36. List the four components that are needed by the network operating system software in order to change
a stand-alone PC to a ‘networked’ PC.

The Redirector, Server message block, NetBIOS, TCP/IP protocol stack

37. What are the basic four functional units of an SDH network?

- Multiplexer
- Regenerator
- Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
- Digital Cross Connect (DXC)
38. Plots of hazard rate against time often take the form of a ‘bath-tub’ curve. Illustrate with diagram.

39. List the five management functions of TMN.

- Planning Management
- Configuration Management
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 - Accounting Management
- Performance Management
- Security Management

40. List functional blocks used in TMN.

- Network Element Function (NEF)
- WorkStation Function (WSF)
- Operations System Function (OSF)
- Q Adapter Function (QAF)
- Mediation Function (MF)

41. Briefly define the following terms:

- A state transition diagram represents states by symbols and transitions by directed lines.
- A class is a collection of same type objects. For example, a model of a graphical user interface will
contain several different ‘window’ objects.
- Different classes have operations with the same name but in another way is called polymorphism.
For example, a system may need ‘scaleable windows’ whose contents shrink or grow when the
window is resized. The ‘Scaleable window’ class would be a subclass of the ‘Window’ class but the
resize operation for the scaleable window would have different implementation.

42. State the four categories of message which SMB peer-to-peer protocol defines for passing requests
and acknowledgements.
o session control
o file
o printer
o message.

Numerical problems

43. What is the minimum frame size necessary to ensure the correct operation of the CSMA/CD protocol at
a bit-rate of 1500 Mbit/s in a star topology with a maximum segment length of 200 m and two repeaters?
Solution:

The worst-case cable distance between two stations is 2 x 200 m = 400 m.

The propagation delay through the cable is:

Delay= 400/ (1.77 x108 ) = 2.26  s.

So the round-trip delay is 2 x 2.26 = 4.52  s.

The total repeater delay is 4 x 0.75 = 3  s.

Therefore, the total round-trip delay (slot time) is: 4.52 + 3 = 7.52  s.

The number of bits that can be transmitted during the slot time is:

# of bits =1500 x 106 x 7.52 x 10-6 = 11280 bits.

44. Two computers A and B are connected through an Ethernet link having a bit-rate of 10 Mbit/s. The
Round-Trip Time (RTT) between the two computers is assumed to be 2 milliseconds. Computer A is
sending messages containing 250 octets to computer B and waits for an ACK after each message.

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 a- What is the percentage utilization of the channel capacity by computer A in this scenario?
b- If a sliding window algorithm with a window width of seven messages is used, what would be then,
the percentage utilization?
Solution:
a- Channel Capacity= bit-rate Duration X (<5) Y(≥ 5) x RTT = (10 x 106 ) x (2x 10-
3
) = 2x 104 bits L (Local-calls) 11358 4365
O (Overseas calls) 3124 1153
A message of 250 octets transports 8 x 250 = 2000 bits.

The percentage utilization of the channel = the ratio between the number of bits sent within an
RTT period and the number of bits that could be sent (i.e. the channel capacity) x 100:

Percentage utilization= (2000 / (2x 104 )) x 100= 10 %

b- Using a sliding window algorithm with a window width of 10 messages, the number of bits
that is actually sent is given by:

7 x 2000 = 14000 bits

The new Percentage utilization= (14000 / (2x 104 )) x 100= 70 %

45. The table below gives information on 20000 telephone calls. Calls are classified by distance and
duration and the table gives the number of calls of each type. Category X represents calls lasting less
than five minutes and Y represents calls lasting five minutes or longer. L represents local calls, and O
represents overseas calls.

a- What is the probability that an Overseas call lasts less than 5 minutes?
b- What is the probability that a Local call lasts 5 minutes or more?
c- What is the probability that a call would be a local call?
Solution:
a- The total number of overseas calls= 3124+1153= 4277 and 3124 of these lasted less
than five minutes. So, the probability that an overseas call lasts less than five minutes=
3124/4277=0.73.

b- The total number of local calls=11358+4365=15723 and 4365 of these lasted 5

minutes or more. So, the probability that a local call lasts five minutes or more
=4365/15723=0.277.

C- The total number of local calls=15723 and the total number of calls = 20000 calls. So,
the probability that a call would be a local call = 15723/20000=0.786.
46. A network contains eight switches. Each has a probability of 0.85 of being in operation at any given
time.

a- What is the probability of all the switches being in operation?

b- What is the probability of all the switches being out of operation?
c- What is the probability of five of the switches being in operation?
Solution:
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a- The probability of one switch being in operation=0.85. So, the probability of one switch
being out of operation is: = 1-0.85=0.15

Therefore, the probability of all switches being in operation is= (0.85) 8 = 0.272

b- The probability of all switches being out of operation is= (0.15) 8 = 2.56x10-7

c-The probability of five of the eight switches being in operation is given by Formula of
the binomial distribution:

P(r) = nCr pr (1-p) n-r & nCr = n! / (r! x (n-r)!)

Where r=5; n=8; p=0.85

P( r ) = 8C5 (0.85)5 (0.15) 8-5; 8C =8!/(

5 5!x3!) = 56

P(r) = 56 x (0.85)5 x (0.15)3 = 56x0.4437x0.003375=0.08386.

47. There are five companies sharing an internet connection through a leased line with an Internet Service
provider (ISP). Each company needs to use the internet connectivity for 20% of the time, on the
average.

a- What is the probability that, at a give time, only one company wants to use the Internet?
b- What is that probability that, at a given time, no companies wants to use the Internet?
c- What is the probability that, at a given time, more than one company wants to use the Internet?

The probability of a company wants to use the internet link at any given time is 0.2. So,
the probability of a company not wanting to use the internet link is: 0.8.

a- The probability P (1) that, one company wants to use the Internet link at a given time is
given by:

P (1) = 5x (0.8)4 x (0.2) = 0.4096

b- The probability P (0) that, no companies wants to use the Internet link at a given time is
given by:

P (0) = (0.8)5 = 0.32768

c- The probability P (>1) that more than one company wants to use the Internet link at a
given time is given by:

P (>1) = 1- [P (0) + P (1)] = 1- (0.32768+0.4096) =0.26272.

48. A subsystem of a communication system has the reliability diagram shown in the figure below that
shows the individual components reliability.
0.6

0.7 0.6 9 0.8 0.8

 Calculate the overall reliability of the system to three significant figures.
Solution:

There are six components shown in the diagram above three of which are connected in
parallel.

R1=0.7; R2=R3=R4=0.6; R5=0.8; R6=0.8;

The reliability for the three components in parallel = [1-(1-0.6)3 ] = 0.936

Therefore, Rp= 0.936

The reliability for the overall system is given by:

RT= R1 x Rp xR5xR6= 0.7x0.936x0.8x0.8=0.419.

49. A coding scheme has to transmit five distinct messages, with probabilities and code words as given in
the table below:
Message Probability Code
A 0.2 11
B 0.3 101
C 0.25 110
D 0.1 111
E 0.15 10

a- What is the average length of a code word transmitted using this system?
b- What is the entropy of the source?
c- What is the efficiency of the code?
Solution:
Given the probabilities and the codes, the following table can be constructed:
Message Probability Code Word Average code word Source entropy
(symbol) P B=? bits Length L= P x B H= -p x log2p
A 0.2 11 B=2 bits = 0.2x2 =0.4 =-0.2xlog20.2= 0.464
B 0.3 101 B=3 bits = 0.3x3 =0.9 =-0.3x log20.3=0.521
C 0.25 110 B=3 bits =0.25x3=0.75 =-0.25x log20.25=0.5
D 0.1 111 B=3 bits =0.1x3 =0.3 =-0.1x log20.1=0.332
E 0.15 10 B=2 bits =0.15x2=0.3 =-0.15x log20.15=0.41
Total: 1.00 L= 2.65 (bits) H= 2.227

a- Based on the above table, the average length of the code word, L= 2.65 bits.
b- Based on the above table, the source entropy, H=2.227 bits.
c- The efficiency of the code E= H/L=2.227/2.65=0.84037 ≈ 84 %.

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50. In tests of a certain type of component, it is found that approximately one-sixth of the surviving
components fail each day. The table shown below predicted results for the first two days of a 5-day test of
600 of these components.

a- Complete the missing fields in the above table (round your answers to the nearest integer).
b- Calculate the value of the reliability R (t) at the end of day 4.
c- Calculate the value of the failure function Q (t) at the end of the test period.
Solution:

a- The completed table is shown below with taking into consideration the rounding to the
nearest integer.

b- The reliability function R(t) at a time t = Ns(t)/No where Ns(t) is the number of
components surviving at time t & No is the number of components under test.

No = 600; the number of surviving components at the end of day 4= Ns (t) = 289.
Therefore, reliability R(t) at the end of day 4 = 289/600=0.481

c- The failure function Q(t) at a time t = Nf(t)/No where Nf(t) is the number of components
which have failed by Day Survivors at the start of day Failures during day time t & No
is the number of 1 600 100 components
under test 2 500 83
3
4
From the table, the 5
number of
components that have survived by
the end of day 5 is: 289-48= 241. Then, the total number of components which have
failed by the end of day 5 = Nf(t)= 600-241=359.

Therefore, the failure function Q(t) at the end of the test period= 359/600=0.598

51. The components in a new communication system are known to have a constant hazard rate. It is a
requirement of Day Survivors at the start of day Failures during day the system
that exactly 4% of the
components 1 600 100 should fail in
the first 2000 2 500 83 hours of
operation. 3 417 70
4 347 58
What is the MTTF that
corresponds to such 5 289 48 a system?
Solution:

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We have: 4% of the components failing during the first 2000 hour. This means that after,
2000 hours R(t)= 0.96.

Because components have a constant hazard rate, h, the reliability function R(t) is given
by: R(t)= exp(-ht). So, R(2000)=exp(-hx2000)=0.96.

To find the value of h, take natural logarithms of both sides, this gives:

-hx2000=ln(0.96). This implies: h=-ln (0.96)/ 2000 = 0.0000204.

The MTTF for components with a constant hazard rate h is 1/h.

so, the corresponding MTTF = 1/h=1/0.0000204= 48993.2 hours.

52. A picture is stored electronically in a space probe as an array 600 by 600 pixels which can each have
one of 32 equally probable brightness levels. The picture is sent to earth using a 150 Hz channel with a
signal-to-noise ratio of 0.5.

Assuming that the information rate for the channel is one-fifth of its ideal capacity, how long will the
picture take to transmit?
Solution:

Signal-to-noise ratio, S/N=0.5; Bandwidth= 150 Hz.

Applying Shannon’s second theorem, the channel capacity, C, of a channel of Bandwidth

W Hz, is given by: C=W log2 (1+S/N) where S/N is the signal-to-noise power ratio.

Therefore, ideal channel capacity, C= 150 log2 (1+0.5) =87.74 bit/s

The channel’s actual rate, which is one-fifth of the ideal capacity=17.548 bit/s.

There are 32 equally probable brightness levels per pixel, so five bits are needed per
pixel. The total picture therefore requires:

600x600x5=1800000 bits.

The time needed to transmit this data =1800000/17.548 ≈102576 seconds.

53.
a- V.32bis modems can send data at 14400 bit/s. The modems operate on the assumption that the
bandwidth of the telephone line is 2400 Hz. Using this bandwidth and a signal-to-noise ratio of 1500,
calculate the theoretical channel capacity of the telephone line. What percentage of the theoretical
channel capacity is achieved by a V.32bis modem?

b- V.34 modems can send data at 28800 bit/s. These modems operate on the initial assumption that the
telephone line bandwidth is 3429 Hz. What is the theoretical channel capacity corresponding to this
increased bandwidth and the same signal-to-noise ratio 1500? What percentage of the theoretical
channel capacity can a V.34 modem achieve?
Solution:

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a- S/N=1500 ; W=2400;

Shannon’s equation for the theoretical channel capacity, C= W log2 (1+S/N)

C=2400 log2 (1+1500) =2400x10.552=25324 bit/s.

A modem operating at 14400 bit/s will then, achieve a percentage of the theoretical
capacity = 14400/25324 x 100%= 56.86 %.

b- Using the new value of 3429 Hz for the bandwidth W gives an increased theoretical
capacity: 3429 log2 (1+1500) =3429x10.552=36183 bit/s.

A modem operating at 28800 bit/s will achieve a percentage of the theoretical capacity
equal to= (28800/36183) x 100%= 79.6 %

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