Communication

Systems

Introduction

By
Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad
1
 Today’s Goal
 Introduction of Communication Systems

 Major Parts of Communication Systems

 Impairments of Channel

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 2

 BASIC CONCEPT OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Communication
 Communication is a process of sharing thoughts, feelings,
ideas etc between two or more entities.

 Communication System
 Transmission, reception and processing of information
through a communication link between two or more
locations using electronics means is called communication
system.
 A communication system conveys information from its
source to a destination some distance away.
 Communication systems are responsible for producing an
“acceptable” replica of message at the destination.
Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 3
Block Diagram

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 BASIC CONCEPT OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 INFORMATION
 Information is a word that is too generic for different
purposes.
 Collection of data (collection of facts and figures or raw
information) in meaningful form is called Information.
 Processed data is called information.
 Uncertainty of any event is called information.
{Information Theory Perspective}

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 5

 BASIC CONCEPT OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 MESSAGE
 Just like information, signal is also a generic word derived
directly from information.
 The physical manifestation of information as produced by
the source is called message.

 SOURCE
 The source originates a message such as a human voice, a
picture, video, text etc

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Block Diagram

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 BASIC CONCEPT OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 BASEBAND SIGNAL OR MESSAGE SIGNAL
 If the message is non-electrical, it must be converted by an
input transducer into an electrical waveform referred to as
the Baseband signal or Message signal or Intelligent signal.
 PASSBAND SIGNAL
 The modulated signal or frequency shifted Baseband signal
is called Passband Signal. Sometime it also referred to as
radiofrequency (RF) signal.

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 BASIC CONCEPT OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 TRANSMITTER
 It modifies the Baseband signal according to the
characteristics of the Channel for efficient transmission as a
Passband signal.
 It may consist of one or more of the following subsystem:
modulator(s), sampler(s), quantizer(s), coder(s), Oscillator(s)
and Amplifier(s).

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 BASIC CONCEPT OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 CHANNEL
 The channel is a medium, through which the transmitter
output is sent, such as wire, coaxial cable, waveguide, optical
fiber, or a radio-link.

 RECEIVER
 The receiver reprocesses the signal received from the
channel by undoing the signal modifications made at the
transmitter and impairments introduced by the channel.

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 BASIC CONCEPT OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 RECEIVER
 The receiver may consist of demodulator(s), decoder(s),
filter(s) and amplifier(s).

 DESTINATION
 It is an entity to which the message is communicated.

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Block Diagram

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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 The channel acts partly as a filter to attenuate the signal, distort
its waveform and add some noise to the signal.

 Attenuation
 Gradual degradation in the strength of signal over the
course of the channel is called Attenuation.

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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 Distortion
 Deformation of the signal is called Distortion.
 A square pulse is rounded or “spread out” during the
transmission and can be corrected by an equalizer, such
distortion is known as Linear Distortion.

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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 Distortion
 The deformation that varies with the signal amplitude is
known as Nonlinear Distortion and can be corrected by a
complementary equalizer.

Remember the signal distortion

increases with the length of the
channel.

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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 Noise
 Random and undesirable additive effect of the channel on
the signal is called Noise.

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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 Noise
 Noise generated by the intrusion of nearby channel,
automobile ignition radiation, human made noise or natural
noises are the example of external noise.
 Thermal motion of electrons in conductors, random
emission, diffusion or recombination of charged carriers in
electronic devices are the types of internal noise.

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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 Interference
 Interference is contamination by extraneous signals from
Human Sources like other transmitter, power lines and
machinery, switching circuit, and so on.
 Interference occurs most often in radio system whose
receiving antennas usually intercept several signals at the
same time. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) also appears
in the cable systems if the transmission wires or receiver
circuitry pickup signals radiated from nearby sources.
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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 Interference
 Appropriate filtering removes interference to the extent that
the interference signals occupy different frequency bands
that the desired signals.

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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR)
 The ratio of signal power to noise power is called Signal to
Noise Ratio.
 The channel distorts the signal while the noise accumulates
along the path, thus the signal strength decreases while the
noise level increases with distance from the transmitter, so the
SNR is continuously decreasing along the length of the
channel.

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 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR)
 Linear Amplification of the
received signal is of no avail
because the noise will be amplified
in the same proportion and the
SNR remains unchanged.

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Block Diagram

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Thank you

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 23