ionias-net 05. Biology The branch of natural science under which li their various aspect like morphology, Seoatne es beings (organisms) tion t i undings etc are studied collectively 1 ion, interaction wich the i ays called Biology. ina more distinet and transparent | "The Biology as.a branch was separated by Ari 205) snd that's why Aristotle is called the father Of Biology Ban pe epoca Biology was pronounced by two scientists Lamark (Pane) ts oe (Germany) in 1801. raverens Further Biology was classified into the two br tane- Herbs) and Zoology (Zoon-Animal, loge Das eee Theophrastus described about the varieties of 500 plants inhisbook Elston Plantarum and Theophrastus is called the father of Botany. Also » weal known zoologist Aristotle had discussed about 500 creatures in his book Historia Animalium and he is called the father of Zoology. ° 1. Classification of Organisms The classification of organism got the first scientific exposure by a scientist John Rey, but the main contribution and modern Snapper thesis does not occu the absorption jleted by ‘rasites. The ce ind so cells are | (iv) Fungi : In this kingdom JI walls ofsuch | and the phenomenon of photosy™ | ffauttition in such cells are ComP erotrophic, Thus these are 54PFoP” cells are made from chitin. 415 a) this goes to a Sweden based scientist Carolus Linnaeusin the later halfof 18th b) century. Carolus Linnaeus fully explained aboutitinhisthree books-Genera b) Plantarum, Systema Natural and Philosphia Botanica. Also he classified J the entire organisms into the two kingdoms-Plant kingdom and Animal ) kingdom in his book Systema Natural. First time the classification system. iH in the organisms commensed (begun) and that's why Carolus Linnaeus is , called the father of Taxonomy. i Butlaterin 1969 Linnaeus's bi-kingdomsystem wascompletely iepliond ») by a proposed penta-kingdom system of R-H. Whittaker and according to ) him entire organisms were classified into five kingdoms— _ ) (Moneta: In this kingdom the creatures of prokaryotiecells have been ) ept whose cell nucleusis incipient. Under this kingdom bacteria, bluegreen ) Igae etc. have been kept. sani WRC yj (i) Protista : In this kingdom unicellular creatures spacial ae ; are aquatic ike ‘Amoeba whose cells are eukaryotic an ‘eloped, have been kept ticellular plants Gi) Plantae: In this kingdom usualy all ole ed hse ) Which frequently exhibit the phenomenon of PROVES Cant, algae, ) cells h, been kept. The organism » | Root tt ae cgi ave the examples of plantae. ins are eukaryotic ) plants et the cells of the organiso 2 phe nomenon ) ] hytesor Pa! Compiled By Hemraj Scanned by CamScannerWisionias.net www. General Science 46 imalia :In this kingdom all the multicellular creatures w coer ae Saiasyouccalls and theesan, ‘generally conse Se atowip ieseacncles cael Motazoa. The creatures ice ene Galifish Starfish, reptiles, amphabians, birds, mammaligc” havebeos under this kingdom. Miscellaneous = Mbecause ke had fates is called the fathie? of medicine; because Wien Sera cceay on tha barney iaeee ae exelts x Rh is an organism which exhibits ie aracteri: Plans Eid cries snd has boon kept in Protista ngdooy: \ stistotle is called the father of both Biology and Zoology. ‘As there is a lack of chlorophyll in the fungi and thus a heterotrophic nutrition takes place and food is stored up in the form of glycogen The fungi borns on the gobaur (waste residues of animals) i, called coprophilous fungi ( is Asubstance Aflatoxin which is deadly poisonous (toxic) is obtained from a fungi namely Aspergillus flavus. s Binacy system of the nomenclature of the organism : The binary system of the nomenclature of the organisms (including creatures) became * in practice in 1753 and on the basis of it the name of the organieee had been Pronounced by the help oftwo words-— first word~Genericname an second word-Species name. Ultimately the name of taxonomer (invent of the name) was added and a scientific name (nomenclature) pronounced, n kept Linnaeus), Organisms Scientific Name” | Organisms’ Scientific Name Man Homo Sapiens Frog Rana tigrina Cat Felis domestica BBE Canis familiaris Cow Bos indicus Housefly Musca domestica Mango Mangifera indica {Rice Oryza sativa . Wheat Triticum aestivum | Pea Pisum sativum Gram Cicer artictinum | Mustard Brassica campestris, 2. Cytology (cell, its structure and functions) The structural and functional unit of all the organisms or living beings is called cell and the shape and size of the cell are different. The shape and size of the cells are not only differen ¢ for various organisms but the cells ate of the different organs. Also unicellular The cell was firstly invented by i ienti: Hook in Y an English Scientist Robert 1665 and he asserted that cell has boon meng from a life saving substance. Seep Ee ES amedity Chui SeamneeHiotogy, ee poled thn urkinke potted out that th his tite : physical base of the tive prot be found, oe water Is to be found. Further protoplasm 43,2 toplasm near Bytopiaam ane Nucloo Inv the coll 3 8 84 Of two kyon, yloplasin is 'y cleus and cell membrane, white Neckeet Confined between Me Thus protoplasm which exists, a seplasm is ‘confined inside usle » Insidethenucleus of th Rie the feoplasm. of the eotliseatled Cell theory : The cell theory w. jenand 4 Zoologist Schwann in Scull theory were— “4, Every organism origi “2. The body of every organism is made 2. The body of every organism is made from one oF mone cells, ‘The cell is @ self independent uni 3, unit, although it takes part bolic activities ancl with other celts form an oneameane es Pkt the | 4,Theprocess through which thecellisformedhaacenoloxmoc ithe core of the cell is nucleus. nasa complex mechanism Cellstructure: The cells have various types ofstructurestike liptical, spherical, transverse ete. __ Almostall cellshavethree main components— Cell membrane, Nucleus d Nucleoplasm. " cond nike Components membrane : The cell membrane of the cell isa outer fom Lit is basically a semipermeable membrane. The main function (vork) ware ‘athe cell membrane is to control the molecular activities between the cell sia dits outer medium which interacts with the cell, Gell wall : The-call wall is only found in the plant cells, The cell jade from a non-living substance and in various plant commu: yposition of the cell walls are different. The cell wall of algaes and d green plants are made from the cellulose, while the cell walls of green pl “ , and fungi are made from the carbohydrate. The main function of wall is to protect nucleoplasm and cell membrane from the external (attack). - leus : The nucleus of the cell was invented by Robert Brown in 1831 sphericalorelliptical. The nucleusis confined near thecellularcentre I This is the controlling centre of almost all activities taking place ngs fe the cell. 7 a“ are various components of the nucleus of the cell like nuclear re ane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear network ete. he wo lear membrane : The nuclear membrane is sates Se Biembrane through which ee : ovay sundaes membrane lembrane is made of protein and nucleoplasm exchange in Roles exist through which cytoplast js connected through the I, The outer layer of the nuclear membrane is asmic reticulum of the cell, leoplasm: The nucleoplasm = om Gell. The nucleoplasm is basically mace home icleic acids which are abundantly fo Saving substance nel In prntep estes as jointly propounded Tear ao 4 by a botanist he main points regarding les from a cell, ylindrical, layer of the cell ftheinside nucleus the protoplasm rotein, Phosphorous Compiled By Hemraj a Scanned by CamScanner