1153-Article Text-4924-1-10-20160401

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol.
09 2016 31-56
Global Distribution of Grid-connected Electrical Energy Storage

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ABSTRACT Keywords:
This article gives an overview of grid-connected energy storage systems for electricity worldwide, Electrical energy storage;
based on public available data. Technologies considered in this study are pumped hydroelectric grid-connected energy storage;
energy storage (PHES), compressed air energy storage (CAES), sodium-sulfur batteries (NaS), pumped hydroelectric energy storage;
lead-acid batteries, redox-flow batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries (NiCd) and lithium-ion batteries. compressed air energy storage;
As the research indicates, the worldwide installed capacity of grid-connected electrical energy sodium-sulfur battery;
storage systems is approximately 154 GW. This corresponds to a share of 5.5 % of the worldwide lead-acid battery;
installed generation capacity. Furthermore, the article gives an overview of the historical redox-flow battery;
development of installed and used storage systems worldwide. Subsequently, the focus is on each nickel-cadmium battery;
considered technology concerning the current storage size, number of plants and location. lithium-ion battery;
In summary it can be stated, PHES is the most commonly used technology worldwide, whereas URL:
electrochemical technologies are increasingly gaining in importance. Regarding the distribution dx.doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2016.9.4
of grid-connected storage systems for electricity reveals the share of installed storage capacity is
in Europe and Eastern Asia twice as high as in North America.
1. Introduction – the need for grid-connected generation and consumption and thus an increase in
energy storage for electricity energy balancing demand when increasing fluctuating
capacities. In addition, a methodology has been
Consumption and generation of electricity have to be developed and applied in [1] to estimate flexibility
balanced at any point of time. Due to this fact different required to integrate fluctuating renewables in selected
technologies for generating and balancing with their regions. As Germany pushes the energy transition until
own special technological abilities and restrictions are 2050 [2], within this scope there are several studies
used for diverse applications. investigating future scenarios and resulting effects.
Base load power plants (e.g. nuclear power, lignite, Hence [3] gives in that context a survey and an analysis
coal) should be used constantly with a high amount of of current studies regarding national and European level.
full load hours. Intermediate and peak load power As well, [4] carried out a meta-analysis of studies
plants operate to compensate and cover fluctuations in evaluating energy storages. One focus is on studies
demand. Photovoltaic (PV) and wind power present an analyzing the technical need of energy balancing
exception in conventional electricity systems, because capacities regarding Germany and Europe.
their power feed-in depends on weather conditions and According to energy balancing technologies, energy
is less projectable and controllable so that imbalances - storages for electricity are one option to balance
between generation and consumption - could increase. disparity by charging or discharging. In the grid-
[1] investigate an increasing disparity between connected case storage systems have to compete with
* Corresponding author - e-mail: katja.buss@umsicht.fraunhofer.de
International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 31

Global Distribution of Grid-connected Electrical Energy Storage Systems
other balancing options e.g. demand side management, Table 1: References assigned to technologies
curtailment or grid extension. [5] gives an overview and Technology References
classification of balancing technologies, [6] takes a
PHES [12] to [447]
closer look on storage technologies and their
Lead acid [448] to [455]
development according to their role in the energy system, Redox-flow [456] to [483]
whereas [7] provides a comprehensive survey of NAS [484] to [498]
technologies in 2050. Lithium [499] to [511]
In addition to technical reasons profitability plays an Flywheel [512]
important role for the use of energy storages. Supplied Capacitor [513]
CAES [514] to [515]
areas which have a well-developed power grid are
central markets like different kind of spot markets or
balancing energy markets. These areas are particularly
affected and interesting for electric energy storage appendix. Subsequently, the focus is on a survey of
applications. Apart from this, storage systems can be systems that can be characterized by power and energy
deployed near to consumers, e.g. to reduce system usage capacity from existing data base. Exception is the
fee or to increase share of PV self-consumption. analysis of pumped hydroelectric energy storage,
Extensive overviews of several storage applications and because in practice and in the literature as an indication
its economic frame conditions are given in [8], [9], [10], solely power capacity is common.
[11] or [4], for instance.
3. Worldwide distribution of electrical energy
2. Methodology storage systems
This article focusses on the current worldwide situation The Worldwide capacity of grid-connected energy
of grid-connected energy storage systems for electricity storage systems for electricity nearly amounts to
– not considering demonstration or research plants - and 154 GW. This accounts for approximately 5.5 % of the
offers a detailed reference list based on public available installed generation capacity. Eastern Asia (meaning the
data (see references). The main technologies will be countries Japan, China, Korea and Taiwan) dominates
analyzed with respect to storage size and the number of with an amount of grid-connected storage systems of
installed systems in all corresponding regions. 54 GW (accordingly more than 30 % of global storage
The technologies discussed here are pumped capacity), following Europe1 with 51 GW and North
hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), compressed air America (considering the countries Canada, USA and
energy storage (CAES), sodium-sulfur batteries (NaS), Mexico) with 33 GW. The remaining 16 GW are
lead-acid batteries, redox-flow batteries, nickel- installed in Australia, South America and Africa. The
cadmium batteries (NiCd) and lithium-ion batteries, all largest amount of storage in the European context is
with a minimum size of 10 kW. After an introductory located in Spain, France, Austria, Germany and
historical overview, the respective technologies will be Switzerland due to installed pumped hydroelectric
discussed in relation to installed system size power plants.
worldwide.
The methodology developed and used in this study is
4. Historical development
an analysis and evaluation of information obtained from
literature. For each technology literature data were To discuss current installed energy storage for
researched, selected and evaluated. Thereby the data electricity, it is useful to have a look at the historical
base includes all systems up to January 2014. development of installed systems. The installation of
Subsequently, the data were analyzed and classified into the first storage system for electricity was in 1923
regions, and consequently relations were developed and when a PHES plant with a capacity of 2.3 MW
considered. A short survey of references used is found in commenced operations in Hessen, Germany. Until
Table 1, whereas a detailed list of literature is found in 1978 PHES was the only technology used worldwide.
1Database includes the countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Switzerland, Slovenia, Spain, Ukraine, United Kingdom
32 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

Katja Buß, Patrick Wrobel and Christian Doetsch
North America Europe

Eastern Asia*
3% 7%
6%
51 700
54 875
30 1200
Installed capacity (GW)
Storage systems *Japan, China,

Total generating capacity Korea, Taiwan
Figure 1: Worldwide distribution of electrical energy storage systems
It was not until then that CAES systems were operated. parallel, the installed capacity of the plants increased by
In 1980 the first lead-acid battery system was eight times.
established. It is located in the city Selters in the west However, in the past pumped hydroelectric energy
of Germany. CAES started with a plant size of storage was and still is today by far and globally the
321 MW and the first lead-acid battery system was most widely installed technology with the highest
equipped with a capacity of 0.4 MW. installed capacity.
In 1987, the first 0.01 MW system using a redox-flow
battery was set up in Alaska, USA. At that time, in 1994, 5. Technologies
a 5 MW power system with a lithium-ion battery was
put into operation in New Jersey, USA. Since 1995 NaS The dominant technology in the energy storage market
batteries for grid connection are manufactured. with regard to capacity is pumped hydroelectric storage
However, in the initial phase a system size of only power. More than 99 % of the globally installed storage
0.5 MW was installed. capacity is provided by pumped hydro plants.
From 1960 to 1980, the number of PHES systems has
tripled to 95 systems worldwide, with a doubling of 180
PHES
capacity to 1,400 MW. There is a strong correlation to 160 CAES
Number of installed energy storage
the development of nuclear power plants in this period 140

Lead acid battery
NaS battery
of time. This increase is due to the fact that the 120 NiCd battery
awareness of nuclear energy and safe energy had grown Redox flow battery
systems
100 Lithiom battery

due to the oil crisis in the beginning of the 1970s. 80
Another rapid increase is observed in NaS battery 60
systems: from 2000 to 2006 the number of systems 40
increased from 7 to 62. This is almost a tenfold increase. 20
Accordingly the installed capacity grew from 18 MW to 0
119 MW during this period. 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Redox-flow systems show a huge increase in number
of installations from 2001 to 2012. Here, the installed Figure 2: Development of installed electric, grid-connected storage
base rose from 10 in 2001 to 31 plants in 2012. In systems

Pumped hydro Compressed air energy storage A closer look at the distribution of storage systems in
various countries shows that the majority of the installed
Sodium-sulfu battery capacity of PHES is located in the USA, China and
Japan. In Europe the capacity is nearly equally divided
Lead-acid battery between Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, France
153,000 MW
and Italy. Here the contrast between the USA and
Redox-flow battery
Germany is remarkable. Although the number of plants
is in the same order of magnitude – in Germany there are
Lithium-ion battery
32 and in the USA 42 plants – the average size of plants
Over 99% of Nickel-cadmium battery differs considerably. In the USA the plants have an
total storage capacity
average size of approximate 774 MW and in Germany
Figure 3: Proportion of installed capacity of various electric storage
they have 204 MW on average.
systems
5.2. Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
On a global view there are just two Compressed-Air-
5.1. Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) Energy-Storage plants in operation. In Europe, more
As far as worldwide capacities are concerned a total of precisely in Huntdorf Germany, there is a plant that has
153 GW are connected to the grid today. In Europe been in operation since 1978 with a currently net electric
currently approximately 50.7 GW of pumped hydro power output of 321 MW [501]. The second active
plants are installed. In Eastern Asia there is a capacity of facility is in McIntosh, USA, running with an installed
54.1 GW with 61 plants installed. In North America the capacity of 110 MW and a storable amount of energy of
USA is the front-runner with 42 PHES-plants 2,860 MWh. In Eastern Asia a grid-connected plant of
comprising an installed capacity of 32.5 GW. CAES-technology is neither in operation nor envisaged.
In North America there are currently eight units with a
35,000
32,532
30,000
Total electric power capacity (MW)
25,499
25,000
22,010
20,000
15,000
10,000
6,524
4,733 5,689
5,000 3,610
2,714 3,265 2,620
1,370 1,406 900
822 655
282
0
<30 20-30 10-20 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Number of installed systems
Figure 4: Total electric power capacity and number of installed electric, grid-connected PHES in various countries.

Installed power capacity (MW) Number of plants
Installed
Planned
Figure 5: CAES plants installed or planned worldwide (number of installations and total capacity).
total capacity of 5,175 MW in the planning phase. In battery systems installed with a power capacity of 334
Europe the capacity of planned CEAS-plants is at 1,100 MW. Here, Japan is the market leader due to their island
MW, distributed on five plants. grid which requires more options to balance electricity
at any point of time than for example in the trans-
5.3. Sodium-sulfur batteries (NaS) European grid. This grid is coordinated by the European
Sodium-Sulfur electric storage systems are largely Network of Transmission System Operators for
distributed over Eastern Asia. There are more than 180 Electricity (ENTSO-E) has the advantage of balancing
Installed power capacity (MW) Number of plants Installed energy capacity (MWh)
NaS
Figure 6: NaS-batteries installed worldwide (number of installations and total capacity).

fluctuations between a range of countries and regions. systems. The best known of these energy storages will
Besides Japan, there are also 12 grid-connected NaS be discussed in the following: redox-flow batteries,
battery systems with an overall capacity of lithium-ion batteries and flywheels (see Figure 8).
approximately 23.5 MW in North America. These 12 In the USA there is the largest number of redox-flow
systems can store 300 MWh of energy. systems with 13 batteries and a total capacity of 19 MW
and 110 MWh. In Japan a total of 11 redox-flow systems
5.4. Lead-acid batteries are in operation, hence there is an installed capacity of
Figure 7 shows the number, the capacity and the 13 MW and 29 MWh energy capacity. In Australia and
worldwide distribution of lead-acid battery systems. The China are 1.5 MW (8 MWh) and 6 MW (15 MWh)
USA has the largest share of installed capacity – 37 MW overall installed, in each country separated into four
and eight plants which can store 31 MWh of energy. systems.
Three of these eight installed systems are stationed in Most of the lithium-ion battery systems are installed
California, two in Alaska and one each in Hawaii, in the USA and Chile. The USA has seven systems
Indiana and Wisconsin. The lead-acid systems in the with an installed capacity of 60 MW (51 MWh) and
USA were constructed between 1987 and 2000. Chile has two systems with a total capacity of 32 MW
In Germany there are three plants with an installed and energy capacity of 8 MWh. In the UK a lithium-
power capacity of 1.63 MW and 4.8 MWh energy Ion system with a capacity of 2.9 MW is in the
capacity in operation. The systems in Germany are planning phase.
located in Herne-Sodingen, Selters and Stuttgart. The The USA has five plants using flywheel systems, so
lead-acid systems in Germany were built between 1980 the amount of installed storage power in this sector is up
and 1999. Both, South Africa and Japan also have one to 6 MW. This is the only region with a remarkable
installed lead-acid battery system. In South Africa a flywheel system. There is only one NiCd system with a
system with 4 MW and 7 MWh is available and Japan's power capacity of 27 MW which can store 7 MWh of
system has a total power storage capacity of 1 MW with energy in the USA, namely in Alaska (see Figure 7).
4 MWh energy storage capacity. Ten hydrogen storage systems exist worldwide. Four
of them are located in Germany, two in Spain, one in
5.5. Various technologies France, two in the UK and one in Canada. Thus, there is
Apart from bulk storage technologies such as CAES or a global capacity of 1.7 MW in hydrogen storage
PHES, there is a minor number of small scale storage systems.
Installed power capacity (MW) Number of plants Installed energy capacity (MWh)
Lead-acid
NiCd
Figure 7: Lead-acid and NiCd-batteries installed worldwide (number of installations and total capacity).

70
60 Lithium-Ion
60
Total electric storage power capacity (MW)

50 Redox-Flow
40 Flywheel
32
30
20 19
13 15
10
7
6 6
6
5
4
3
2
2 1,5
1 1
1 0,6 0,21
0,04 0,1 0,1
0
USA Japan AustraliaChina Chile Spain UK Ireland Italy Germany Korea
Figure 8: Redox-flow, lithium-ion and flywheel systems installed worldwide (total capacity).
6. Executive summary less fluctuation are mostly connected to huge storage

Since there is a strong need to store electrical energy, devices such as PHES or CAES. Therefore fields of
this article gives an overview and detailed data basis application for those systems are among others ancillary
(references) on the current situation of worldwide services for power plants. Battery systems are often used
energy storage for electricity. The main technologies are in small grids, whereas applications are providing
analyzed with respect to storage size and the number of balancing power, warranty of power quality and
installed systems in all corresponding regions. The uninterruptible power supply.
technologies treated in this article are PHES, CAES, The pioneer of installed battery systems is the USA.
NaS batteries, lead-acid batteries, redox-flow batteries, Most of the existing lead-acid battery systems are
lithium-ion batteries and flywheels. It can be noted that installed there. Together with Chile the USA has the
the worldwide distribution is divided between Europe, highest installed capacity of lithium-ion battery systems
Asia and North America. Europe is the pioneer followed worldwide. The USA has seven systems with an
by Eastern Asia and North America. installed capacity of 60 MW and Chile has two systems
The historical course of the development of storage with a total capacity of 32 MW. Furthermore, plenty of
devices for electricity shows that the numbers of storage redox-flow systems can be found in the USA, besides
devices grow strongly. Especially in the last 15 years the UK, Japan and China. The main area where sodium-
there has been a huge increase of electrochemical sulfur batteries are in operation is Eastern Asia. In this
storage systems. region most of the plants and the highest capacity are in
However, pumped hydroelectric energy storage operation.
systems have in the past been by far and globally the
most widely installed technology with the highest
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International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol.

Global Distribution of Grid-connected Electrical Energy Storage

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 31

32 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

North America Europe

Installed capacity (GW)

Storage systems *Japan, China,

Figure 1: Worldwide distribution of electrical energy storage systems

the development of nuclear power plants in this period 140

100 Lithiom battery

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 33

Number of installed systems

34 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

Installed power capacity (MW) Number of plants

Figure 6: NaS-batteries installed worldwide (number of installations and total capacity).

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 35

36 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

Total electric storage power capacity (MW)

6. Executive summary less fluctuation are mostly connected to huge storage

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 37

38 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

richte/bund/ bund_2010_05/Bund_2010_05_3.pdf [pdf] Belgium

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 39

40 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 41

[125] CEDREN Conference (2012). Montézic. URL: Germany

42 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

images/Brosch%C3%BCre_Erzhausen_tcm21-12485.pdf [167] Vattenfall Europe Generation AG (2012). Pumpspeicherwerk

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016 43

[179] Trianel GmbH (2014). Speicherkraftwerk Sorpe. URL: http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/476

44 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

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46 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

[270] Global Energy Observatory (2014). Solina Pumped Storage Russia

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48 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

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50 International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol. 09 2016

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/ batteriespeicheranlage.html [24.04.2014] http://www.pdenergy.com/pdfs/SampleProjectReferences-

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