New Zealand: Maori Maori culture and tattoos Have you noticed that tatoos have emerged asa fashion statement? They have become form of body art that is ved or hated depending on your age culture, rbot, Some work environments ban attoos and some cultures deem them to be socially snacceprable while in others they ae considered an integral part of thle identi, However they are viewed the history of tattoos and tttoing sa long and fscinating one. Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand and they represent a fascinating and mysterious culture, with origins thought to be traceable to the islands of Eastern Polynesia. An important part of the Maori culture is the application of tattoos - each tattoo having a traditional design and representing a specific event in the life of the wearer, recognizable as such by all Mao! Tamoko The tattoo, oF ta meko as itis named inthe Mace languages the permanent marking of the body and face, and is appledto both men andwomen at various tage in their ie Although ition fered tw ac a Macti tatoo itis diferent from Western ‘artoos because the skin isnot puncturedvwith nsedies, buts chiseled with a sharp instrument (ah) betore being fledwith ile The results that ifyourun Your hand over a Macti tattoo there are grooves that You can fea - tattoo done ith a needles, on the ‘other hand, perfectly flat. The moto isan oubrardand Viable damonstvation -itshows the comment and respect that the wearer hasfor his or her culture, and has designated areas whereit may be placed for men, thes include the face lips arms, highs, and buttocks, ‘while women vastionaly wear tatons on tel chin and ips A Maori ritual Theadelescent Macriwould receive aft tattoo tomarkther’coming of agen a ritual attended by members of is or her family and ibe Other tattoos ‘would be symbok of courage or status andas such ‘were far more than mere decoration The tattoo proces: was painful wth tattoos cone ta the face particularly lable to cause intial swaling and make ‘eating and inking agonizing, Thus, many ofthe ‘tual would be accomparied not ony by music and dane bt alo by pring of ating European influence realizing ther significance, The past wo decades The arrival of European setters in New Zealand had an influence on the Maori and thelr culture, with the general consensus being that twas a negative one. The new settles had lite appreciation or respect for the traditions and customs ofthe Maori and imposed their own on the native people, As resut,in the 19th have not only broughta revival ofthe traditional ‘hiselled tatoos ~ an interest inthe Mao language has reawakened and the cultural heritage has flourished, finding expression ina range of courses that have been offered to help the Maori access their own traditions century the tradition of tattooing ost is atvaction It 'sonly since the 1980s that there has been a revival ‘ofthe Maor culture and a sense of pride restored, bringing with ita renewed interest inthe olé-raditions, Cuttural renaissance Ir can besaid thatthe Maori culture has undergone a renaissance since the 1980s. The popularity of the ‘Mazon tattoo has extended far beyond New Zealand to Western Europeand America where, with the tribakstyl tattoo increasingly popular, young people wear ta moko designs, sometimes without even New Zealand is home to the Maori people According to the text, where did they come from? 2. Inthe firstsentence ofthe tet, which word tale you that Maow are the eriginal inhabitarts of New Zealand? 3 The Mace culture has undergone a renaissance! What is the meaning ofthe word tenaissance”? What implications dows this have for Mani cultuce? 4 Accontingto tre tac, Macil tatoos have always been more than merely Gecoration. Whats thet significance? 5 Whatwae the effect ofthe European setters on the Macri? 6 What parcof the ritual of tattooing was determined by a physical necessity?Text handling Match the beginnings of the sentences with the most suitable endings 1 The history of the Maori people. A. ..isalong and fascinating one 2 The migration of the Maori people B _.isnow popular with non-Maoris, from Polynesia. C _..were originally made by carving into 3° Maoris must have had. the skin 4 Inthe past fifty years. D_.. probably did not occur in one journey. 5 The traditional Maori tattoos. E excellent navigation stills 6 Important events in life F .adecline in many Maori traditions 7 European settlers in the 19th century caused. G_. were commemorated by adding tattoos to 8 The typical design of Maori tattoos. different parts of the body. H__. there has been a re-awakening of interest in Maori culture. Zoom in on grammar Present perfect or past simple? In the above teat there are a number of sentences containing the present perfect tense or the past simple, Let us examine the difference in usage. The following sentences contain the present perfect form of the verb: The Maori culture has undergone a renaissance since the 1980s. ‘An interest in the Maori language has reawakened. The past two decades have not only brought a revival of the tattoo. The present perfect is used because the writer is talking about an event in an unfinished period ‘Since the 1980s’ and ‘In the past two decades’ are perlods that continue up to the present and are not finished. The present perfect aways has a connectian with the present Now look at this example from the text in the past simple. In the 19th century the tradition of tattooing lost its attraction. The past simple is used because the writer's talking about the 19th century ~ a period which is finished. The past simple tells us only about the past. CTE T IER eeglce Present perfect or past simple? Put the verb in the correct form, present perfect (I have done} or past simple (! did) Example: | didr't play (not/play) tennis last year. My grandfather died 15 years ago. | (never/meet) him. Qurdirector____(be) at this school since 2014. Susan___{live) in France before she came here. We _______ (eat) a lot of cake at the school picnic: Since the 1960s there. (not/be) a band as good as The Beatles. The carnival celebrations at school (start) after the first break at ten o'clock, There ____ (be) three accidents in the gym this week. lan loves London; he ___{live) there for sic years and does not intend to retum to his home country, 9 When! (live) in London | went to the theatre as often as possible. 10 | don't know the new PE teacher; | (nat/meet) him yet. evyauswna