a2 Open ngs eres pete some ed tame Reh nany focal othe met cynics nt mes ened asane ci woul roe hema ieee cre ot ages Se neiocean ah Faced hepa vee ‘Sr nrhing fo tmprove 208 expan theorist were fomary ome for a Seping ale tof concern flughed Inthe Grows Bac cna Hi spt teoy een Eis oot uns PRS Se td RD Goce he 2 Sning tow ‘eoser The ses open to al/aprocien then "ning wore he ‘themed me ch wei ope hat emcourngs ol at ‘Eort maint epore the casos bles Ungar and ey ed fre nd terry ate Si ap tn Ble Fach ets td Einguage polo Ope ini Si ir Robin FFavee, Univer of Wales Coegeof Crit {TatondYegua Rene Peso Ey ©. Pe Te Set Cn Laven oka ae MA. Hay Sey Ire i ngs nt Lan Dept Cr Ptr “a Seto Seal ran hp ppc Set of Eres, Ba Vena iy A.) Gra day Pad Fron an ak Cin ete erg emer Newari ne Lingus Vole Thay ond Define MAK. {iil Foe Ve Thy ene an lu ond Pe Te of Language Stns and Standen Langu os ar ‘Rott Sy ee Dvd Rich and Micha! O“Tele Aoi of te Enis Staton! Fac and Linge Pt, Mobeen an Pramas, Dour an Ted ch Sener and Rober Vela The Comat Ses Rai Scone, ‘Moa range Rant Rayon Pac Marin Des a ‘Sst Si Phonby Pal Tench ‘rings: Tar a Ne Pri fr Sic Language, Ada) Maa ‘Trae Deven in Bish Tet Mohsen Chases Ways of Saying: Ways of Meaning Selected Papers of Ruqaiya Hasan Edited by Carmel Cloran, David Butt and Geofirey Williams3. The nursery tale as a genre’ For those occasions of talk where several slo codes act coavergent, {he role of language i acllary and the environment pragma It ponte to ste a srucire potatal for an ian of tex capable of | curing appropiayn that enronment This ra diet consquence of the fct thatthe relevant facto of the endroament ~ be the cones oniguration ~ are cau elated to the element of the ext stuctare; the text het, a vetblexprenion of the salary, and vo by reference to ‘he socal sexy 2 generaiaed statement of tex structure canbe acct How far are thee general watements applicable tothe nuscy te? A doubt about their applalty ares becre tle in one important respect the nursery tale difers markedly fom those caegories of texts ‘bedded in pragmatic environments inthe cate of the nue te, the Foleo language i constitute precy beeaset pas such aerial ole | i the determination ofthe tale's genre dat it may be regarded as the limary source ofits defnion. Tir true whether we examine from the point of view of text consrucuon or frm that of text recounting or ception. We observe that a ghen text mayor may not be sgn to ths {genre onlyon he bas ofthe presence or alnence af eran properties Dut Sete propertesthemacher become aceaible to the audience only ‘rough language. While itmaybe tu that the rite for the evaluation of ‘alr wil ary over centres (Eagleton 1983), doub the bai for whats brlsnoca al can be provided independent of nguage None ofthe oer ‘emioic eodes may substiue the role of anguage in he realation ofthe ‘ements of ta stracture.Parainguisic coder sch a tho of ges and ‘ce quali, inoduced~as naively recounting ~are total parse ‘on the language ofthe text. Their appropriacy is judged not by anything Tying ouside the tat inthe actual esronmentoffext constriction ‘expton bu primary by reference to dhe language ofthe tx ive thse features athe direct consequence ofthe roe of language in the definition af the gene. To ay that he role x conasre iraneamont to the claim that, unite texts embeded in pragmatic environment te language a the tle ot responsive to factors of the material sional seting within which the creauon or the recounting ofthe tale aks place.5 PART ONE: TEXT AND CONTEXT So the menages of the txt present theses (Els 1968) the experiential ‘content of which as 2 rule, unrelated to the immediate surtoundigs. ‘Therefore, the extrvlingutie characterzaons of tis genre re mth tweaker dha the linguist ones. nth eapect the rer tle very euch lke the other genres of erature, on whore periphery ic lee Vygothy tiggt) This oo can ha tx ofthe Uuernty genres are suspen & satu hasing nothing wo do with dhe Ife ofthe communi. Rather to Argue that fr ths entire range of genres we mus recognize at lest hee Alsunct order of content it, we must ecognie the conte of reaon, hereby the arise conventions ofthe authors community ae reflected ~ “recy or indirecty= inthe crested tex: the author's conception ofthe dlence finds an expresion tere and the authors own inal pre ‘ccupations are bait ino the text Secondly, thee s the context of the {fdience’s contact ith the text, wherein espontes to the meanings ofthe teat atone and the tame dee reflect communal attides aad pesonal ‘ovientations. Thirdly, and mor relent to arguments here, there the Feconsated content which ir pec to tha one text wha tr abot, in ‘what relation the character and events are placed rdoareach cher, ow ‘do the sere ang togeter and what ae the sratogies through which the teat achcns 2 general recopezabe generic shape (for 4 more detailed {he growth of conseton forthe conection of he tl, which would go soimeway towards upholding the general approach Ihave favoured. ‘etu turn now tthe fe question: are there any properes hata text must ponest in order oe seen ar an netance ofthe gente mete? Inorder to sve space, 1 mun sume familiarity th Une framework have presented in eter wong (Haran 1978 1979: Haliday and Hasan 980), though most of grew orginally fom my efoto grapple with he notion of tories for and/or by elven. The most relevant notion here Is {he Generic Structare Potental (SP oF GSP for shor). The GSP is 3n shurnct category it is descriptive ofthe toa rane of text stsctares Sralable win a gente Git designed to highlight che variant and lnvaranproperiet of textual ercturer within the limit of one genre; 2nd to achieve th, the OSP mat be capac of speciving the follwing facts shout exe stnctre 1 ikmmst spec ll hoe elements of structure whote presence obliga tory fhe text Isto be regarded ae complete instance of given genre bythe members of some subeommniy, {@ adaluon, it must enumerate all hose elements whose presence is ‘ptonal otha the fact of their prerenceorabeene, whe secng ‘ected stsctural shape ofa particular et does notalfethatexts severe sats tay the GSP mst lo specify the obigatory and optional ordering of the ‘lemeat sedis eachother, Incudng the posi of teralon, Meeting thee requirement a GSP woud represent the total potential of structures fora genre G wl the actual or seematie structure of any one Instaner of Gweuld epreent a paricuar configuration permiued by the (SP ld The GSPis thus analogous taste, while the actual sructre ‘of some individual text just oe pose insanation of some particular pth allowed by che GSP Its nnpartant to underline dhe fc that the CSP Featatement othe srictralresoutes salable within agen gente. ast {rs leniogrsmmatial network tuelf cares no implications about which of isoption would be selected in any given cause or groupe the GSP carries ‘no implications about which ofthe permited configurations wil be nase