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Solucionario Grossman
Solucionario Grossman
Ejercicios 3.1
En los problemas del 1 al12 encuentre la magnitud y dirección del vector dado.
𝟏. 𝑽 = (𝟒, 𝟒)
𝑏 4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 45°
𝑎 4
𝟐. 𝑽 = (−𝟒, 𝟒)
𝑏 4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −45°
𝑎 −4
∢𝑅 = 180 − 45 = 135°
𝟑. 𝑽 = (𝟒, −𝟒)
𝑏 −4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −45°
𝑎 4
∢𝑅 = 360 − 45 = 315°
𝟒. 𝑽 = (−𝟒, −𝟒)
𝑏 −4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 45°
𝑎 −4
∢𝑅 = 180 + 45 = 225°
𝟓. 𝑽 = (√𝟑, 𝟏)
𝑏 1
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 30°
𝑎 √𝟑
2
|𝑉| = √𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2 |𝑉| = √(√𝟑 ) + (1)2 = √4 = 2
𝟔. 𝑽 = (𝟏 , √𝟑)
𝑏 √𝟑
Ø= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1 ) = 60°
𝑎
2
|𝑉| = √𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2 |𝑉| = √(1)2 + (√𝟑 ) = √4 = 2
𝟕. 𝑽 = (−𝟏 , √𝟑)
𝑏 √𝟑
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −60°
𝑎 −1
2
|𝑉| = √𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2 |𝑉| = √(−1)2 + (√𝟑 ) = √4 = 2
∢𝑅 = 180 − 60 = 120°
𝟖. 𝑽 = (𝟏 , −√𝟑)
𝑏 −√𝟑
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −60°
𝑎 1
2
|𝑉| = √𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2 |𝑉| = √(1)2 + (−√𝟑 ) = √4 = 2
∢𝑅 = 360 − 60 = 300°
𝟗. 𝑽 = (−𝟏 , −√𝟑)
𝑏 −√𝟑
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 60°
𝑎 −1
2
|𝑉| = √𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2 |𝑉| = √(−1)2 + (−√𝟑 ) = √4 = 2
∢𝑅 = 180 + 60 = 240°
𝟏𝟎. 𝑽 = (𝟏 , 𝟐)
𝑏 2
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 63.43°
𝑎 1
𝟏𝟏. 𝑽 = (−𝟓 , 𝟖)
𝑏 8
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −58°
𝑎 −5
∢𝑅 = 180 − 58 = 122°
𝟏𝟐. 𝑽 = (𝟏𝟏 , −𝟏𝟒)
𝑏 −14
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −51.84°
𝑎 11
= 39𝑖 − 22𝑗
a)
b)
c)
d)
𝟏𝟒 . 𝐒𝐞𝐚 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 𝒚 𝑽 = −𝟒𝒊 + 𝟔𝒋. 𝐄𝐧𝐜𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞: 𝒂) 𝒖 + 𝒗; 𝒃) 𝒖 − 𝒗; 𝒄)𝟑𝒖 ; 𝒅) −
𝟕𝒗; 𝒆) 𝟖𝒖 − 𝟑𝒗; 𝒇)𝟒𝒗 − 𝟔𝒖. 𝐁𝐨𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐣𝐞 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐬 𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐬.
𝑎) 𝑢 + 𝑣 = (2𝑖 − 3𝑗) + (−4𝑖 + 6𝑗) = −2𝑖 + 3𝑗
𝑏) 𝑢 − 𝑣= (2𝑖 − 3𝑗) − (−4𝑖 + 6𝑗) = 6𝑖 − 9𝑗
𝑐)3𝑢 = 3(2𝑖 − 3𝑗) = 6𝑖 − 9𝑗
𝑑) − 7𝑣 = −7(−4𝑖 + 6𝑗) = 28𝑖 − 42𝑗
𝑒)8𝑢 − 3𝑣 = 8(2𝑖 − 3𝑗) − 3(−4𝑖 + 6𝑗) = (16𝑖 − 24𝑗)(12𝑖 − 18𝑗) = 28𝑖 − 42𝑗
𝑓) 4𝑣 − 6𝑢 = 4(−4𝑗 + 6𝑗) − 6(2𝑖 − 3𝑗) = (−16𝑖 + 24𝑗)(−12𝑖 + 18𝑗) = −28𝑖 + 42𝑗
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
15. Muestre que los vectores 𝒊 𝒚 𝒋 son vectores unitarios
𝑉1 = (1,0)
𝑉2 = (0,1)
|𝑉| = √𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2
|𝑉1| = √12 + 02 = √1 = 1
|𝑉2| = √02 + 12 = √1 = 1
𝟏 𝟏
16. Demuestre que el vector ( ) 𝒊+( ) 𝒋 es un vector unitario.
√𝟐 √𝟐
|𝑢| = √𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2
1 2 1 2
|𝑢| = √( ) + ( ) = √1 = 1
√2 √2
2
17. Demuestre que si 𝒗 = 𝒂𝒊 − 𝒃𝒋 ≠ 𝟎, entonces 𝒖 = (𝒂/√𝑎2 + 𝑏 )𝒊 – (𝒃/
2 2
𝒗 = 𝒂𝒊 − 𝒃𝒋 ≠ 𝟎 𝒖 = (𝒂/√𝑎2 + 𝑏 )𝒊 , (−𝒃/√𝑎2 + 𝑏 )𝒋
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑢 = √( ) + (− ) =√𝑎2+𝑏2 =√1=1
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏
Ø1= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− )
𝑎
𝑏
−
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑏
Ø2= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑎 )=(− )
𝑎
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2
Ø1= Ø2
En los problemas 18 al 21 encuentre un vector unitario que tengo la misma dirección
que el vector dado.
18. 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋
19. 𝒗 = 𝒊 − 𝒋
𝑖 𝑗 1 1
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖− 𝑗
√2 √2
𝑏
Ø= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎
−1
Ø1=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −45°
1
−1/√2
Ø2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )= −45°
1/√2
Ø1= Ø2
20. 𝒗 = −𝟑𝒊 + 𝟒 𝒋
|𝑣| = √𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2 |𝑣| = √(−3)2 + 42 = √25 = 5
𝑖 𝑗 −3 4
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖+ 𝑗
5 5
𝑏
Ø= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎
4
Ø1= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −53.13°
−3
4/5
Ø2= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )= −53.13°
−3/5
Ø1= Ø2
21. 𝒗 = 𝒂𝒊 + 𝒂𝒋 ∶ 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
𝑖 𝑗 𝑎 𝑎
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖+ 𝑗
√2𝑎 √2𝑎
𝑖 𝑗
𝑢= +
√2 √2
𝑖 𝑗 𝑎 𝑏
𝑢 = |𝑣| + 𝑢= +
|𝑣| √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑎
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏
𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
23. Si 𝐯 = 𝟐𝐢 − 𝟑𝐣 encuentre 𝐬𝐞𝐧∅ 𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬∅
𝑖 𝑗 2 3
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖− 𝑗
√13 √13
2
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ =
√13
3
𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ = −
√13
𝑖 𝑗 −3 8
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖+ 𝑗
√73 √73
−3
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ =
√73
8
𝑆𝑒𝑛∅ =
√73
Un vector 𝑣 tiene dirección opuesta a la del vector 𝑢 si dirección de 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑢 + 𝜋. En los problemas 25 al 28 encuentre un vector unitario 𝑣 que tenga
dirección opuesta a la dirección del vector dado 𝑢.
25. 𝒖 = 𝒊 + 𝒋
𝑖 𝑗 1 1
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖+ 𝑗
√2 √2
1 1
𝑣=− 𝑖− 𝑗
√2 √2
26. 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋
𝑖 𝑗 2 3
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖− 𝑗
√13 √13
2 3
𝑣=− 𝑖+ 𝑗
√13 √13
27. 𝒖 = −𝟑𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋
𝑖 𝑗 −3 4
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖+ 𝑗
5 5
3 4
𝑣= 𝑖− 𝑗
5 5
28. 𝒖 = −𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋
𝑖 𝑗 −2 3
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= 𝑖+ 𝑗
√13 √13
2 3
𝑣= 𝑖− 𝑗
√13 √13
𝑢 = 2𝑖 – 3𝑗 𝑣 = −𝑖 + 2𝑗
a) 𝑢 + 𝑣 = (2𝑖 – 3𝑗) + ( −𝑖 + 2𝑗) = 𝑖 – 𝑗
b) 2𝑢 – 3𝑣 = 2( 𝑖 – 3𝑗) − 3 ( −𝑖 + 2)
= 2𝑖 – 6𝑗 + 3𝑖 − 6𝑗
= 5𝑖 − 12𝑗
c) 3𝑢 + 8𝑣 = 3( 2𝑖 − 3𝑗) + 8(−𝑖 + 2𝑗)
= −6𝑖 − 9𝑗 – 8𝑖 + 16𝑗
= −2𝑖 + 7𝑗
𝑎) 𝑣 = 𝑖 – 𝑗
𝑏) 𝑣 = 5𝑖 − 12𝑗
𝑐)𝑣 = −2𝑖 + 7𝑗
𝑖 𝑗 −2 7
𝑢 = |𝑣| + |𝑣|
𝑢= +
√53 √53
𝑃 = (𝑐 ,𝑑 )
𝑄 = ( 𝑐 + 𝑎 ,𝑑 + 𝑏 )
→ =𝑄−𝑃 =𝑐+𝑎+𝑑+𝑏−𝑐−𝑑 =𝑎+𝑏
𝑃𝑄
𝑏
∅ 𝑣2 = tan−1( )
𝑎
𝑏
∅ → = tan−1(𝑎)
𝑝𝑞
Problemas 3.2
En los problemas 1 al 8 calcule el producto escalar de los dos vectores y el coseno del
ángulo entre ellos.
1. 𝒖 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 𝒗 = 𝒊 – 𝒋
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 𝑗 1 𝑗2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (1)(1) + (1)(−1) == 1 – 1 = 0
𝑢∙𝑣 =0
𝑢∙𝑣 0 0 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠φ = |𝑢||𝑣| = = = = 0
√12 + 12 √12 + ( −12 ) √2 √2 2
𝟐. 𝒖 = 𝟑 𝒊 𝒗 = −𝟕 𝒋
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 𝑗 1 𝑗2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 3 + (−7) = −4 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = −4
𝑢∙𝑣 −4 −4 −4 −4
𝑐𝑜𝑠φ = |𝑢||𝑣| = = = =
√32 √(−7) 2 √9√49 √441 21
−4 −4
𝑐𝑜𝑠φ = ∅ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 100.98°
21 21
𝟑. 𝒖 = −𝟓 𝒊 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟖𝒋
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 𝑗 1 𝑗2
𝑢 ∙∙ 𝑣 = (−5) + (18) = 13 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 13
𝑢∙𝑣 13 13 13 13
𝑐𝑜𝑠φ = |𝑢||𝑣| = = = =
√(−5)2 √182 √25√324 √8100 90
13 13
∅ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 81.69° 𝑐𝑜𝑠φ =
90 90
4. 𝒖 = 𝜶𝒊 𝒗 = 𝜷𝒋 ∶ 𝜶, 𝜷 reales
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 𝑗 1 𝑗2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 =∝ +𝛽
∝= 2 𝛽=4
5. 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋; 𝒗 = 𝟓𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 𝑗 1 𝑗2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (2)(5) + (5)(2) = 10 + 10 = 20
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 20
𝑢∙v 20 20 20
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = |u||v| = = =
√(2)2 +(5)2 √(5)2 +(2)2 √29√29 29
20 20
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = ∅ = cos−1 ( ) = 46.40°
29 29
6. 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋; 𝒗 = 𝟓𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 𝑗 1 𝑗2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (2)(5) + (5)(−2)= 10 − 10= 0
𝑢∙𝑣 =0
𝑢∙v 0 0 0
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = |u||v| = = = =0
√(2)2 +(5)2 √(5)2 +(−2)2 √29√29 29
−22 −22
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = ∅ = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 127.18°
36.4 36.4
8. 𝒖 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋; 𝒗 = 𝟓𝒊 − 𝟒𝒋
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 𝑗 1 𝑗2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (4)(5) + (5)(−4) = 20 − 20 = 0
𝑢∙𝑣 =0
𝑢∙𝑣 0 0 0 0
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = = = = = =0
|𝑢||𝑣| √(4)2 +(5)2 √(5)2 +(−4)2 √16+25√25+16 √41√41 41
12. 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋; 𝒗 = 𝟔𝒊 − 𝟒𝒋
𝑢∙𝑣 (2)(6)+(3)(−4) 12−12 0 0
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = = = = = =0
|𝑢||𝑣| √(2)2 +(3)2 √(6)2 +(−4)2 √4+9√36+16 √13√52 26
13. 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋; 𝒗 = 𝟔𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋
𝑢∙𝑣 (2)(6)+(3)(4) 12+12 24 240
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = = = = = = 0.9230
|𝑢||𝑣| √(2)2 +(3)2 √(6)2 +(4)2 √4+9√36+16 √13√52 26
𝟏𝟓. 𝒖 = 𝟕𝒊 𝒗 = −𝟐𝟑𝒋
16. 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 – 𝟔𝒋𝒗 = −𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋
Bosquejos 11-16
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
a) u y v son ortogonales
u∙v
Cosφ =
|𝑢||𝑣|
3+4∝
Cos(90°) =
√25√1 +∝2
3+4∝
0=
√25√1 +∝2
3 + 4 ∝= 0
4 ∝= −3
−3
∝=
4
b) u y v son paralelos
u∙v
Cosφ =
|𝑢||𝑣|
3+4∝
Cos(0°) =
√25√1 +∝2
3+4∝
1=
√25√1 +∝2
3 4∝
√1 +∝2 = +
5 5
2 3 4∝ 2
(√1 +∝2 ) = ( + )
5 5
2
16 ∝2 24 ∝ 9
1 +∝ = + +
25 25 25
16 ∝2 25 ∝2 24 ∝ 9 25
− + + − =0
25 25 25 25 25
9 ∝2 24 ∝ 16
− + − =0
25 25 25
−9 ∝2 + 24 ∝ −16 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
−24 ± √(24)2 − 4(−9)(−16)
∝=
18
−24 ± √576 − 576
18
−24
∝=
18
4
∝= −
3
3+4∝
Cos(45°) =
√25√1 +∝2
3+4∝
0.7071 =
(5)√1 +∝2
3+4∝
√1 +∝2 =
(0.7071)(5)
3 4∝
√1 +∝2 = +
3.5355 3.5355
2 4∝ 2
(√1 +∝2 ) = (0.8485 + )
3.5355
2
16 ∝2 6.788 ∝
1 +∝ = + + 0.7199
12.4997 3.5355
16 ∝2 12.4997 ∝2 6.788 ∝
− + + 0.7199 − 1 = 0
12.4997 12.4997 3.5355
3.5003 ∝2 6.788 ∝
+ − 0.2801 = 0
12.4997 3.5355
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
−1.9199 + √3.6862 − 4(0.28)(−0.2801)
∝=
0.56
−1.9199 + √3.6862 + 0.3137
∝=
0.56
−1.9199 + 1.999
∝=
0.56
∝= 0.1412
d) El ángulo entre U y V es /𝟑
= 60°
3
u∙v
Cosφ =
|𝑢||𝑣|
3+4∝
Cos(60°) =
√25√1 +∝2
3+4∝
0.5 =
(5)√1 +∝2
3+4∝
√1 +∝2 =
(0.5)(5)
4∝
√1 +∝2 = 1.2 +
2.5
2 4∝ 2
(√1 +∝2 ) = (1.2 + )
2.5
16 ∝2 9.6 ∝
1 +∝2 = + + 1.44
6.25 2.5
16 ∝2 6.25 ∝2 9.6 ∝
− + + 1.44 − 1 = 0
6.25 6.25 2.5
9.75 ∝2 9.6 ∝
+ + 0.44 = 0
6.25 2.5
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
−3.84 + √(3.84)2 − 4(1.56)(0.44)
∝=
3.12
−3.84 + √14.7456 − 2.7456
∝=
3.12
−3.84 + √12
∝=
3.12
−0.3758
∝=
3.12
∝= −0.1204
−2 ∝ −10
Cos(90°) =
√29√4 +∝2
−2 ∝ −10
0=
√29√4 +∝2
0 = −2 ∝ −10
2 ∝= −10
−10
∝=
2
∝= −5
b) u y v son paralelos
u∙v
Cosφ =
|𝑢||𝑣|
−2 ∝ −10
Cos(0°) =
√29√4 +∝2
−2 ∝ −10
1=
√29√4 +∝2
−2 ∝ 10
√4 +∝2 = −
√29 √29
2
2 −2 ∝ 10
(√4 +∝2 ) = ( − )
√29 √29
2
4 ∝2 40 ∝ 100
4 +∝ = + +
29 29 29
29 ∝2 − 4 ∝2 − 40 ∝ +116 − 100 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
40 + √(−40)2 − 4(25)(16)
∝=
−80
40 + √1600 − 1600
∝=
−80
40
∝=
−80
∝= −0.5
c) El ángulo entre u y v es 𝟐/𝟑
u∙v
Cosφ =
|𝑢||𝑣|
−2 ∝ −10
Cos(120°) =
√29√4 +∝2
−2 ∝ −10
−0.5 =
√29√4 +∝2
−2 ∝ 10
√4 +∝2 = −
√29 −0.5
4 +∝2 = 0.5517 ∝2 + 5.5172 ∝ +13.7931
0.4482 ∝2 − 5.5172 ∝ −9.7931 = 0
∝2 − 12.3077 ∝ +37.8698 = 59.716
(∝ −6.1538)2 = 59.716
∝ −6.1538 = 7.7276
∝= 13.8815
19. En el problema 17 demuestre que no existe un valor de∝ para el que u y v tienen
direcciones opuestas
3+4∝
0=
√25√1 +∝2
3 + 4 ∝= 0
4 ∝= −3
−3
∝=
4
No tiene opuesto.
20. En el problema 18 demuestre que no existe valor de ∝ para el que u y v tienen la
misma dirección.
−2 ∝ −10
1=
√29√4 +∝2
−2 ∝ 10
√4 +∝2 = −
√29 √29
2
2 −2 ∝ 10
(√4 +∝2 ) = ( − )
√29 √29
4 ∝2 40 ∝ 100
4 +∝2 = + +
29 29 29
29 ∝2 − 4 ∝2 − 40 ∝ +116 − 100 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
40 + √(−40)2 − 4(25)(16)
∝=
−80
40 + √1600 − 1600
∝=
−80
40
∝=
−80
∝= −0.5
En los problemas 21 al 30 calcule la proyección Proy𝑣 U
21. 𝒖 = 𝟑𝒊𝒗 = −𝒊 + 𝒋
u∙v (3)(1) + (0)(1) 3 3 3
Proy𝑣 U = 2
𝑣= 2
(𝑖 + 𝑗) = (𝑖 + 𝑗) = 𝑖 + 𝑗
|𝑣| (√(1)2 +(1)2 ) 2 2 2
22. 𝒖 =– 𝟓𝒋𝒗 = 𝒊 + 𝒋
u∙v (−5)(1) + (0)(1) −5 −5 −5
Proy𝑣 U = 2
𝑣= 2
(𝑖 + 𝑗) = (𝑖 + 𝑗) = 𝑖+ 𝑗
|𝑣| (√(1)2 +(1)2 ) 2 2 2
23. 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋𝒗 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋
u∙v (2)(1) + (1)(−2) 0
Proy𝑣 U = 𝑣 = 2
(𝑖 + 𝑗) = (𝑖 + 𝑗) 𝑁𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
|𝑣|2 2
(√(1) +(−2) )2 5
24. 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋𝒗 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝒋
u∙v (2)(4) + (3)(1) 11 44 11
Proy𝑣 U = 𝑣 = 2
(4𝑖 + 𝑗) = (4𝑖 + 𝑗) = 𝑖 + 𝑗
|𝑣|2 2
(√(4) +(1) )2 17 17 17
25. 𝒖 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒊 – 𝟑𝒋
u∙v (1)(2) + (1)(−3) −1 2 3
Proy𝑣 U = 2
𝑣= 2
(2𝑖 − 3𝑗) = (2𝑖 + 3𝑗) = − 𝑖 + 𝑗
|𝑣| (√(2)2 +(−3)2 ) 13 13 13
26. 𝒖 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋
u∙v (1)(2) + (1)(3) 5 10 15
Proy𝑣 U = 2
𝑣= 2
(2𝑖 + 3𝑗) = (2𝑖 + 3𝑗) = 𝑖+ 𝑗
|𝑣| (√(2)2 +(3)2 ) 13 13 13
28. 𝒖 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 𝒗 = 𝜶𝒊 + 𝜷𝒋
u∙v (1)(𝛼) + (1)(𝛽) 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼2 𝛽2
Proy𝑣 U = 𝑣 = 2
(𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽𝑗) = (𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽𝑗) = 𝑖 + 𝑗
|𝑣|2 (√(𝛼)2 +(𝛽)2 ) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2
33. Sean 𝑷 = (𝟐, 𝟑), 𝑸 = (𝟓, 𝟕), 𝑹 = (𝟐, −𝟑), 𝑺 = (𝟏, 𝟐). Calcule la 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒚𝑷𝑸 𝑹𝑺 y
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒚𝑹𝑺 𝑷𝑸.
𝑃𝑄 = (𝑋2 − 𝑋1 ) + (𝑌2 − 𝑌1 ) = (5 − 2) + (7 − 3) = 𝑃𝑄 = (3,5)
𝑅𝑆 = (𝑋2 − 𝑋1 ) + (𝑌2 − 𝑌1 ) = (1 − 2) + (2 + 3) = 𝑅𝑆 = (−1,5)
𝑃𝑄 ∙ 𝑅𝑆 (3)(−1) + (5)(5) 22 11 33 55
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑃𝑄 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑃𝑄 = 2
(3,5) = (3,5) = (3,5) = ( , )
|𝑃𝑄|2 34 17 17 17
(√(3)2 + (5)2 )
33 55
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑃𝑄 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑖+ 𝑗
17 17
𝑃𝑄 ∙ 𝑅𝑆 (3)(−1) + (5)(5) 22 11 −11 55
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑅𝑆 𝑃𝑄 = 2
𝑅𝑆 = 2
(−1,5) = (−1,5) = (−1,5) = ( , )
|𝑅𝑆| 2 2 26 13 13 13
(√(−1) + (5) )
−11 55
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑃𝑄 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑖+ 𝑗
13 13
34. Sean 𝑷 = (−𝟏, 𝟑), 𝑸 = (𝟐, 𝟒), 𝑹 = (−𝟔, −𝟐), 𝑺 = (𝟑, 𝟎). Calcule la 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒚𝑷𝑸 𝑹𝑺 y
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒚𝑹𝑺 𝑷𝑸.
𝑃𝑄 = (𝑋2 − 𝑋1 ) + (𝑌2 − 𝑌1 ) = (2 + 1) + (4 − 3) = 𝑃𝑄 = (3,1)
𝑅𝑆 = (𝑋2 − 𝑋1 ) + (𝑌2 − 𝑌1 ) = (3 + 6) + (0 + 2) = 𝑅𝑆 = (9,2)
𝑃𝑄 ∙ 𝑅𝑆 (3)(9) + (1)(2) 29 87 29
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑃𝑄 𝑅𝑆 = 2
𝑃𝑄 = 2
(3,1) = (3,1) = ( , )
|𝑃𝑄| 10 10 10
(√(3)2 + (1)2 )
87 29
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑃𝑄 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑖+ 𝑗
10 10
261 58
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑃𝑄 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑖+ 𝑗
13 13
39. Un triángulo tiene vértices (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟒, −𝟐) 𝒚 (−𝟑, 𝟔). Encuentre el coseno de cada
ángulo.
𝑩(𝟏, 𝟑) 𝑪 (𝟒, −𝟐)𝒚 𝑨(−𝟑, 𝟔).
𝑃𝑄 = (𝑋2 − 𝑋1 ) + (𝑌2 − 𝑌1 )
𝑨𝑩 = [(𝟏) − (−𝟑)] + (𝟑 − 𝟔) = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋
𝑨𝑪 = [(𝟒) − (−𝟑)] + (−𝟐 − 𝟔) = 𝟕𝒊 − 𝟖𝒋
u∙v 28 + 24 52
Cosφ = = =
|𝑢||𝑣| √42 +(−3)2 √(7)2 +(−8)2 √25√113
52 52
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑(𝛼) = ∅𝛼 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 11.94
√25√113 √25√113
𝑪𝑩 = (𝟏 − 𝟒) + [𝟑 − (−𝟐)] = −𝟑𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋
𝑪𝑨 = (−𝟑 − 𝟒) + [𝟔 − (−𝟐)] = −𝟕𝒊 + 𝟖𝒋
u∙v 21 + 40 61
Cosφ = = =
|𝑢||𝑣| √42 +(−3)2 √(7)2 +(−8)2 √34√113
61 61
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑(𝛽) = ∅𝛽 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 10.22°
√34√113 √34√113
𝑩𝑨 = (−𝟑 − 𝟏) + (𝟔 − 𝟑) = −𝟒𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋
𝑩𝑪 = (𝟒 − 𝟏) + (−𝟐 − 𝟑) = 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟓𝒋
u∙v −12 − 15 −27
Cosφ = = =
|𝑢||𝑣| √(−4)2 +32 √(7)2 +(−8)2 √34√113
−27 −27
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑(𝛽) = ∅𝛽 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 157.83°
√25√34 √25√34