11.

CELL PLANNING FOR CME 20 CME 20 System Survey

P Preface
Contents
Introduction to GSM
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Subscriber services
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
The hexagon cell shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 System overview
The Cell planning process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Digital radio transmission
System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 – problems and solutions
Traffic calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Mobile Station
Nominal cell plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Coverage and interference predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Digital radio
Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 – air interface
System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
ID Identity numbers
System installation and tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
System growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Switching System

Base Station System

Traffic cases

Cell planning for CME 20

Operation and
Support System
Charging and accounting

T Terms and concepts

IX Index

Next page

Previous page

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Page 204
Objectives CME 20 System Survey

P Preface
After this chapter the student will:
Introduction to GSM
• be acquainted with the basic cell planning concept
Subscriber services
• be able to describe the cell planning process for CME 20

• be able to understand the problems encountered during the cell System overview
planning process
Digital radio transmission
– problems and solutions
Mobile Station
Digital radio
– air interface
ID Identity numbers

Switching System

Base Station System

Traffic cases

Cell planning for CME 20

Operation and
Support System
Charging and accounting

T Terms and concepts

IX Index

Next page

Previous page

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Page 205
Introduction CME 20 System Survey
Every cellular network needs cell planning, in order to ensure coverage
and avoid interference.
P Preface

As can be seen in Figure 100, the cell planning process consists of many Introduction to GSM
different tasks, all together making it possible to achieve a well working
network. Subscriber services

Definitions System overview

Some definitions are important to understand, before going deeper into the Digital radio transmission
cell planning process: – problems and solutions
• Radio coverage Mobile Station
Received signal strength in the MS (from the BTS) above a chosen
value. Digital radio
– air interface
• Cell
ID Identity numbers
The area that is covered from a BTS.

• Omni cell Switching System

A cell with an omnidirectional BTS antenna system.

• Sector cell Base Station System

A cell with a (uni-) directional BTS antenna system.
Traffic cases
• Site
The geographical location where the RBS equipment is stored, Cell planning for CME 20
and the BTS antennas are mounted.
Operation and
• 3–sector–site Support System
A site with equipment for three sector cells.
Charging and accounting
So what is the maximum size of a cell? Well, there are limiting factors for
how big an area a base station can cover. A crucial factor is the ability for
the sent burst from the MS to arrive in the intended time slot at the base T Terms and concepts
station. This depends on the relation between how far away the MS is, and
the timing advance parameter. With 8 time slots per carrier a maximum IX Index
distance between the base station and the cell border is 35 km. 4 time slots
per carrier extends the allowed distance to 72 km. Next page

Previous page

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Page 206
The hexagon cell shape CME 20 System Survey
If we have two BTSs with omniantennas and we require that the border
between the coverage area of each BTS is the set of points where the P Preface
signal strength from both BTSs is the same, we obtain a straight line. If we
repeat the procedure placing 5 more BTSs around the original one, the Introduction to GSM
obtained coverage area, i.e. the cell, has a hexagonal shape, see Figure
99. Subscriber services

System overview
Digital radio transmission
– problems and solutions
Mobile Station
Digital radio
– air interface
ID Identity numbers

Switching System
Figure 99 Borders between omni cells Base Station System
The hexagons have become a symbol for cells in a radio network.
Traffic cases
Real–world planning must, however, consider the fact that radio
propagation is very much dependent on terrain and other factors, and that
hexagons are extremely simplified models of radio coverage patterns. Cell planning for CME 20
Still, the first geometrical plan based on hexagons (the nominal cell plan) Operation and
gives a good view when planning a system. Support System
Charging and accounting

T Terms and concepts

IX Index

Next page

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Page 207
The Cell planning process CME 20 System Survey

P Preface

Introduction to GSM
System growth System Requirements
Subscriber services

System overview
Digital radio transmission
System tuning Nominal cell plan
– problems and solutions
Mobile Station
Digital radio
– air interface
Coverage ID Identity numbers
System installation and interference
predictions
Switching System

Base Station System

System Design Surveys Traffic cases

Cell planning for CME 20

The cellplanning work never ends Operation and
Support System
Charging and accounting
Figure 100 Cell planning Process
T Terms and concepts
System Requirements
The cell planning process will start with some sort of traffic and coverage
IX Index
analysis, for example by the operator, showing that a cellular network (in Next page
our case, a CME 20 system) is needed. The analysis should also produce
information about the geographical area of interest, and the expected
capacity (traffic load.) Previous page

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Page 208
 Collection of input data CME 20 System Survey
The next task, after the analysis has been made, is to start collecting input
data. P Preface
The traffic demand - that is, how many subscribers will join the system and
how much traffic will they generate - will provide the basis for all the cellular Introduction to GSM
network engineering.
Examples of important input data are: Subscriber services
• Cost
System overview
• Capacity
Digital radio transmission
• Coverage – problems and solutions

• Grade Of Service (GOS) Mobile Station

• Available frequencies Digital radio

– air interface
• Speech quality
ID Identity numbers
• System growth capability
Geographical distribution of traffic demand can be calculated by the use of Switching System
demographical data, such as:
Base Station System
• Population distribution

• Car usage distribution Traffic cases

• Income level distribution Cell planning for CME 20

• Land usage data Operation and
• Telephone usage statistics Support System

• Other factors, like subscription/call charge and price of mobile stations Charging and accounting

Traffic calculations
T Terms and concepts

The input for the traffic calculations is mentioned above. The output should IX Index
be information about how many sites and cells are needed.
In order to be able to decide this, the available number of frequencies per
Next page
cell, as well as the Grade Of Service (GOS), have to be known.
Previous page
Available number of frequencies per cell can only be decided when
knowing which cell pattern should be used; (see Figure 104 and Figure
105). Then, the total number of available frequencies are evenly divided ? Help
into frequency groups.
Page 209
Which cell pattern to choose depends on the type of system, as it is based CME 20 System Survey
upon frequency re–use distance. This will be explained below
(see Frequency re–use).
P Preface
GOS is defined as allowed percentage of unsuccessful call set–ups due to
congestion. Normally, a value between 2% and 5% is applicable in mobile Introduction to GSM
telephone systems.
The Erlang table can be seen in Figure 101. It is used when wanting to Subscriber services
find out the third factor, when knowing two of the three factors: number of
traffic channels, traffic (in Erlang) and GOS. System overview
Traffic per subscriber is calculated with the Erlang formula, as below:
Digital radio transmission
– problems and solutions
A = n • T [Erlang]
3600 Mobile Station
where n = number of calls per hour Digital radio
T = average conversation time – air interface
A = offered traffic from one or several users in the system
ID Identity numbers
If n = 1 and T = 90 s:

A = 1 • 90 = 25 mE Switching System
3600
Base Station System
Example of traffic calculation
Input data: Traffic cases
Traffic per subscriber: 25 mE
Cell planning for CME 20
Number of subscribers: 10 000
Number of available frequencies: 24 Operation and
Support System
Cell pattern: 4/12 (12 frequency groups)
GOS: 2% Charging and accounting
How many 3–sector-sites are needed?
T Terms and concepts
• frequencies per cell = 24/12 = 2 frequencies

• traffic channels per cell = 2 x 8 - 2 (control channels) = 14 TCH IX Index

• traffic per cell = 14 TCH, 2% GOS Æ 8.2 E/cell Next page

(use the Erlang table, Figure 101)
Previous page
• subscribers per cell = 8.2 E / 0.025 E = 328 subscribers per cell

• needed number of cells = 10 000 / 328 = 30 cells ? Help

• needed number of 3–sector–sites = 30 / 3 = 10
Page 210
 CME 20 System Survey
Grade of Service (GOS)
Ch 1% 2% 3% 5% 10% 20% 40% Ch

1 .01010 .02041 .03093 .05263 .11111 .25000 .66667 1

P Preface
2 .15259 .22347 .28155 .38132 .59543 1.0000 2.0000 2
3
4
.45549
.86942
.60221
1.0923
.71513
1.2589
.89940
1.5246
1.2708
2.0454
1.9299
2.9452
3.4798
5.0210
3
4
Introduction to GSM
5 1.3608 1.6571 1.8752 2.2185 2.8811 4.0104 6.5955 5

6 1.9090 2.2759 2.5431 2.9603 3.7584 5.1086 8.1907 6 Subscriber services

7 2.5009 2.9354 3.2497 3.7378 .6662 6.2302 9.7998 7
8 3.1276 3.6271 3.9865 4.5430 5.5971 7.3692 11.419 8
9
10
3.7825
4.4612
4.3447
5.0840
4.7479
5.5294
5.3702
6.2157
6.5464
7.5106
8.5217
9.6850
13.045
14.677
9
10
System overview
11 5.1599 5.8415 6.3280 7.0764 8.4871 10.857 16.314 11 Digital radio transmission
12 5.8760 6.6147 7.1410 7.9501 9.4740 12.036 17.954 12
13 6.6072 7.4015 7.9667 8.8349 10.470 13.222 19.598 13 – problems and solutions
14 7.3517 8.2003 8.8035 9.7295 11.473 14.413 21.243 14
15 8.1080 9.0096 9.6500 10.633 12.484 15.608 22.891 15 Mobile Station
16 8.8750 9.8284 10.505 11.544 13.500 16.807 24.541 16
17 9.6516 10.656 11.368 12.461 14.522 18.010 26.192 17 Digital radio
18 10.437 11.491 12.238 13.385 15.548 19.216 27.844 18
19 11.230 12.333 13.115 14.315 16.579 20.424 29.498 19 – air interface
20 12.031 13.182 13.997 15.249 17.613 21.635 31.152 20
ID Identity numbers
21 12.838 14.036 14.885 16.189 18.651 22.848 32.808 21
22 13.651 14.896 15.778 17.132 19.692 24.064 34.464 22
23 14.470 15.761 16.675 18.080 20.737 25.281 36.121 23
24 15.295 16.631 17.577 19.031 21.784 26.499 37.779 23 Switching System
25 16.125 17.505 18.483 19.985 22.833 27.720 39.437 25

26
27
16.959
17.797
18.383
19.265
19.392
20.305
20.943
21.904
23.885
24.939
28.941
30.164
41.096
42.755
26
27
Base Station System
28 18.640 20.150 21.221 22.867 25.995 31.388 44.414 28
29 19.487 21.039 22.140 23.833 27.053 32.614 46.074 29
30 20.337 21.932 23.062 24.802 28.113 33.840 47.735 30 Traffic cases
31 21.191 22.827 23.987 25.773 29.174 35.067 49.395 31
32 22.048 23.725 24.914 26.746 30.237 36.295 51.056 32
33 22.909 24.626 25.844 27.721 31.301 37.524 52.718 33
Cell planning for CME 20
34 23.772 25.529 26.776 28.698 32.367 38.754 54.379 34
35 24.638 26.435 27.711 29.677 33.434 39.985 56.041 35 Operation and
36 25.507 27.343 28.647 30.657 34.503 41.216 57.703 36 Support System
37 26.378 28.254 29.585 31.640 35.572 42.448 59.365 37
38 27.252 29.166 30.526 32.624 36.643 43.680 61.028 38
39 28.129 30.081 31.468 33.609 37.715 44.913 62.690 39
Charging and accounting
40 29.007 30.997 32.412 34.596 38.787 46.147 64.353 40

41
42
29.888
30.771
31.916
32.836
33.357
34.305
35.584
36.574
39.861
40.936
47.381
48.616
66.016
67.679
41
42
T Terms and concepts
43 31.656 33.758 35.253 37.565 42.011 49.851 69.342 43
44
45
32.543
33.432
34.682
35.607
36.203
37.155
38.557
39.550
43.088
44.165
51.086
52.322
71.006
72.669
44
45 IX Index
46 34.322 36.534 38.108 40.545 45.243 53.559 74.333 46
47 35.215 37.462 39.062 41.540 46.322 54.796 75.997 47 Next page
48 36.109 38.392 40.018 42.537 47.401 56.033 77.660 48
49 37.004 39.323 40.975 43.534 48.481 57.270 79.324 49
50 37.901 40.255 41.933 44.533 49.562 58.508 80.988 50
Previous page
51 38.800 41.189 42.892 45.533 50.644 59.746 82.652 51

Ch 1% 2% 3% 5% 10% 20% 40% Ch ? Help

Published by courtesy of Ericsson Telecom, Sweden

Figure 101 Erlang table Page 211

Frequency re–use CME 20 System Survey
A fundamental principle in the design of cellular systems is the frequency
re–use patterns. P Preface
Frequency re–use is defined as the use of radio channels on the same
carrier frequency, covering geographically different areas. These areas Introduction to GSM
must be separated from one another by a sufficient distance, in order to
avoid co–channel interference. Subscriber services
Based on the traffic calculations, the cell pattern and frequency plan are
worked out. Not only for the initial network but with the possibility to adapt System overview
smoothly to the demands of traffic growth.
Digital radio transmission
Interference – problems and solutions
Mobile Station
• C/I
The carrier–to–interference ratio (C/I) is defined as the ratio of the level of Digital radio
the received desired signal to the level of the received undesired signal; – air interface
see Figure 102. This C/I ratio is dependent on the instantaneous position of ID Identity numbers
the mobile and is due to irregular terrain and various shapes, types and
numbers of local scatterers. Other factors such as antenna type,
Switching System
directionality and height, site elevations and positions, and the number of
local sources of interference also affect the distribution of the C/I ratio in a
system. Base Station System
GSM states C/I > 9dB, with frequency hopping implemented. Ericsson
Traffic cases
recommends C/I > 12dB when frequency hopping is not employed.
Cell planning for CME 20
Operation and
Carrier, f1 Interferer, f1 Support System
dB
Charging and accounting
C
> 0dB
I T Terms and concepts
C
IX Index
I Next page

Previous page
Distance
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Figure 102 Carrier–to–interference ratio
Page 212
• C/A CME 20 System Survey
The carrier–to–adjacent ratio (C/A) is defined as the relation in dB
in signal strength between the serving and an adjacent frequency. In GSM, P Preface
a multiple of 200 kHz away, as in Figure 103.
GSM specifies C/A > -9dB.
Introduction to GSM

Subscriber services
Carrier, f1 Adjacent, f2
dB f2=f1 + 200kHz System overview
C Digital radio transmission
< 0dB
A – problems and solutions
A Mobile Station
Digital radio
C – air interface
ID Identity numbers

Distance Switching System

Base Station System

Figure 103 Carrier–to–adjacent ratio
Traffic cases
Cell patterns
The distribution of the C/I ratio desired in a system determines the number Cell planning for CME 20
of frequency groups, F, which may be used. If the total allocation of N
channels is partitioned into F groups, then each group will contain N/F Operation and
channels. Since the total number of channels (N) is fixed, a smaller number Support System
of frequency groups (F) would result in more channels per set and per cell. Charging and accounting
Therefore, a reduction in the number of frequency groups would allow each
site to carry more traffic, reducing the total number of sites needed for a
given traffic load. However, decreasing the number of frequency groups T Terms and concepts
and reducing the frequency re–use distance will result in a lower average
C/I distribution in the system. IX Index
Ericsson uses three types of frequency re–use patterns: 7/21, 4/12 and 3/
Next page
9. Only 4/12 and 3/9 are interesting for CME 20. In all three cases the site
geometry has the following features:
Previous page
• Three cells (sectors) at each site. The antenna pointing azimuths of the
cells are separated by 120 degrees and the cells are arranged with
antennas pointing at one of the nearest site locations thus forming cells
? Help

in a cloverleaf fashion, see Figure 104 and Figure 105.

Page 213
• Each cell uses one 60–degree transmitting antenna and two 60–degree CME 20 System Survey
diversity receiving antennas with the same pointing azimuths.

• Each cell approximates the shape of a hexagon. P Preface

We assume that the traffic is homogeneously distributed within the cells. Introduction to GSM
The cell size is normally given in terms of the distance between two
neighboring sites. The cell radius R (= the side of the hexagon) is always Subscriber services
one–third of the site–to–site distance when 3–sector sites are used.
A group of neighboring cells using all the channels in the system, but not System overview
re–using them, according to the patterns described below is called a
cluster. Digital radio transmission
– problems and solutions
The 4/12 cell pattern uses 12 frequency groups in a 4 site re–use pattern;
see Figure 104. Mobile Station
Digital radio
– air interface
B3 B2 A1 C3 C2 D3 B3 B2 A
ID Identity numbers
C1 A3 A2 B1 D1 D2 C1 A3 A2
Switching System
C3 C2 D3 B2 B2 A1 C3 C2 D3
Base Station System
B1 D1 D2 C1 A3 A2 B1 D1 D2
Traffic cases
B3 B2 A1 C3 C2 D3 B3 B2 A
Cell planning for CME 20
C1 A3 A2 B1 D1 D2 C1 A3 A2
Operation and
Support System
C3 C2 D3 B2 B2 A1 C3 C2 D3
Charging and accounting
B1 D1 D2 C1 A3 A2 B1 D1 D2
T Terms and concepts
B3 B2 A1 C3 C2 D3 B3 B2 A
IX Index
C1 A3 A2 B1 D1 D2 C1 A3 A2
Next page
C3 C2 D3 B3 B2 A1 C3 C2 D3
Previous page
Figure 104 4/12 Cell Pattern
? Help
The 3/9 cell pattern uses 9 frequency groups in a 3 site re–use pattern;
see Figure 105. Page 214
Example of how to divide the available frequencies into CME 20 System Survey
frequency groups:
24 frequencies in a 3/9 cell pattern P Preface

Introduction to GSM

Subscriber services

System overview
Digital radio transmission
It should be noted, that when using 3/9, there will be adjacent channels in – problems and solutions
neighboring cells, which gives lower C/A values.
Mobile Station
To see this, the example above can be compared with Figure 105. Cells
with frequency groups A1 and C3 are neighbors, as well as A2–C1, and Digital radio
A3–C2. – air interface
ID Identity numbers

C1 A3 A2 C1 A3 A2 C1 A3 A2 Switching System

C3 C2 B1 C3 C2 B1 C3 C2 B1 Base Station System

A1 B3 B2 A1 B3 B2 A1 B3 B2 Traffic cases

A3 A2 C1 A3 A2 C1 A3 A2 C1 Cell planning for CME 20

Operation and
B1 C3 C2 B1 C1 C2 B1 C3 C2
Support System
B3 B2 A1 B3 B2 A1 B3 B2 A1 Charging and accounting

C1 A3 A2 C1 A3 A2 C1 A3 A2 T Terms and concepts

C3 C2 B1 C3 C2 B1 C3 C2 B1 IX Index

A1 B3 B2 A1 B3 B2 A1 B3 B2 Next page

A3 A2 C1 A3 A2 C1 A3 A2 C1 Previous page

? Help

Figure 105 3/9 Cell Pattern

Page 215
In CME 20 R5 the hierarchical cell structure allows building the cell CME 20 System Survey
network in a two– or three–layered structure. The higher layers can be
used for larger cells, the lower for small cells and the possibility to pass
between the layers in a controlled way is introduced. This feature will P Preface
ensure good coverage, by covering up holes in the cell plan and, will also
provide extra ”hot spot” capacity. Introduction to GSM

Subscriber services

System overview
Digital radio transmission
– problems and solutions
Mobile Station
Digital radio
– air interface
ID Identity numbers

Switching System

Base Station System

Traffic cases

Cell planning for CME 20

Operation and
Support System
Charging and accounting

T Terms and concepts

IX Index

Next page

Previous page

? Help

Page 216
Nominal cell plan CME 20 System Survey
Having come this far in the cell planning process, it is time to produce the
nominal cell plan. This is a theoretical first cell plan, which is produced P Preface
without the help of advanced planning tools or computers.
Introduction to GSM
The nominal cell plan looks simply as a cell pattern on a map, but as
described above, a lot of work lies behind it.
Subscriber services
Quite often, a nominal cell plan, together with one or two examples of
coverage predictions, is included in tenders. System overview
Digital radio transmission
– problems and solutions
Mobile Station
Digital radio
– air interface
ID Identity numbers

Switching System

Base Station System

Traffic cases

Cell planning for CME 20

Operation and
Support System
Charging and accounting

T Terms and concepts

IX Index

Next page

Previous page

? Help

Figure 106 Nominal cell plan for Singapore Page 217

Coverage and interference predictions CME 20 System Survey
Nominal plans are only a theoretical first basis for further planning.
Successive planning must take into account the radio propagation P Preface
properties of the actual environment. Such planning needs powerful
measurement facilities and computer–aided analysis tools for radio Introduction to GSM
propagation studies. The Ericsson concept is to establish an interactive
relationship between survey measurements and theoretical propagation Subscriber services
models.
Ericsson’s planning tool EET (Ericsson Engineering Tool) includes a System overview
prediction package capable of:
Digital radio transmission
• Coverage predictions – problems and solutions

• Composite coverage synthesis Mobile Station

• Co–channel interference predictions Digital radio

– air interface
• Adjacent– channel interference predictions.
ID Identity numbers
The propagation model is an improved version of the Okumura–Hata
model and takes among other things into account:
Switching System
• Terrain profile
Base Station System
• Carrier frequency

• Base station antenna height Traffic cases

and also:
Cell planning for CME 20
• Edge diffractions through the analysis of elevation contours
Operation and
• Land usage factors that identify different type of surfaces. Support System
The theoretical predictions are supplemented with measurements which Charging and accounting
are used to optimize the parameters in the propagation model.
If there are doubts about the risks of time dispersion, the proposed site T Terms and concepts
location should be changed or measured with respect to time dispersion or,
as a second theoretical analysis step, it should be analyzed with a “C/R IX Index
(Carrier–to–reflection ratio) prediction” tool.
Next page

Previous page

? Help

Page 218
Surveys CME 20 System Survey
Having produced a nominal cell plan, and roughly verified it with coverage
and interference predictions, it is time to visit the area of interest. P Preface

Site surveys Introduction to GSM

Site surveys are performed for all proposed site locations. Many issues
have to be checked and verified, such as: Subscriber services

• Exact location System overview

• Space for equipment, including antennas Digital radio transmission
• Cable runs – problems and solutions

• Power facilities
Mobile Station

• Contract with owner Digital radio

– air interface
Also, the radio environment has to be checked, so that there is no other
ID Identity numbers
radio equipment on the site that will cause intermodulation problems, or too
high buildings surrounding the possible site.
Switching System
Radio measurements
Radio measurements are performed to be able to adjust the parameters Base Station System
used in the planning tool to reality, to the specific climate and terrain in the
area of interest. Parameters used in Sweden, would be different to the Traffic cases
ones to be used in a tropical country, for example.
A test transmitter is mounted, and then the signal strength is measured Cell planning for CME 20
while driving around in the area.
Back in the office, the results from the measurements can be compared Operation and
with the values the planning tool produces when simulating the same type Support System
of transmitter, and the parameters for the planning are adjusted to match Charging and accounting
reality.
T Terms and concepts
System Design
Now, when we know that the predictions run by the planning tool can be IX Index
trusted, the dimensioning of the RBS equipment, BSC and MSC is
adjusted and the final cell plan is produced. As the name says, this plan is Next page
then used when installing the system.
Previous page
New predictions, both on coverage and interference, are run. Also, a
document called CDD, Cell Design Data, is filled out, containing all cell
parameters for each cell. ? Help

Page 219
System installation and tuning CME 20 System Survey
Some time after the system has been installed and started up, it is time to
once again look at how well the system is adjusted to reality. This is called P Preface
system tuning.
Introduction to GSM
The tasks include:

• Checking that the final cell plan was realized Subscriber services
• Evaluating possible customer complaints System overview
• Checking that the network performance is acceptable
Digital radio transmission
• Changing parameters and performing other measures, if needed. – problems and solutions
Mobile Station
System growth
Digital radio
Most CME 20 networks that have been installed up till know, have grown – air interface
significantly. When adding more and more subscribers, getting more and
ID Identity numbers
more traffic in the network and possibly also wanting to increase the
coverage area, a new traffic and coverage analysis has to be performed.
This leads to that we have to ”start all over again” and that the cell planning Switching System
work never ends.
Base Station System

Traffic cases

Cell planning for CME 20

Operation and
Support System
Charging and accounting

T Terms and concepts

IX Index

Next page

Previous page

? Help

Page 220