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Chapter 1 Preliminaries: 1.1 Real Numbers and The Real Line
Chapter 1 Preliminaries: 1.1 Real Numbers and The Real Line
"
2. Executing long division, 11 œ 0.09, 2
11 œ 0.18, 3
11 œ 0.27, 9
11 œ 0.81, 11
11 œ 0.99
5. 2x 4 Ê x 2
6. 8 3x 5 Ê 3x 3 Ê x Ÿ 1 ïïïïïïïïïñqqqqqqqqp x
1
7. 5x $ Ÿ ( 3x Ê 8x Ÿ 10 Ê x Ÿ 5
4
8. 3(2 x) 2(3 x) Ê 6 3x 6 2x
Ê 0 5x Ê 0 x ïïïïïïïïïðqqqqqqqqp x
0
"
9. 2x # 7x 7
6 Ê "# 7
6 5x
Ê "
5
ˆ 10 ‰
6 x or "
3 x
6 x 3x4
10. 4 2 Ê 12 2x 12x 16
Ê 28 14x Ê 2 x qqqqqqqqqðïïïïïïïïî x
2
2 Chapter 1 Preliminaries
"
11. 4
5 (x 2) 3 (x 6) Ê 12(x 2) 5(x 6)
Ê 12x 24 5x 30 Ê 7x 6 or x 67
13. y œ 3 or y œ 3
14. y 3 œ 7 or y 3 œ 7 Ê y œ 10 or y œ 4
16. 1 t œ 1 or 1 t œ 1 Ê t œ ! or t œ 2 Ê t œ 0 or t œ 2
17. 8 3s œ 9
2 or 8 3s œ #9 Ê 3s œ 7# or 3s œ 25
# Ê sœ
7
6 or s œ 25
6
18. s
# 1 œ 1 or s
# 1 œ 1 Ê s
# œ 2 or s
# œ ! Ê s œ 4 or s œ 0
22. 1 t 2 1 Ê 3 t 1;
solution interval (3ß 1) qqqqðïïïïïïïïðqqqqp t
3 1
23. % 3y 7 4 Ê 3 3y 11 Ê 1 y 11
3 ;
solution interval ˆ1ß 11 ‰
3
25. 1 Ÿ z
5 1Ÿ1 Ê 0Ÿ z
5 Ÿ 2 Ê 0 Ÿ z Ÿ 10;
solution interval [0ß 10]
26. 2 Ÿ 1 Ÿ 2 Ê 1 Ÿ
3z
#
3z
# Ÿ 3 Ê 32 Ÿ z Ÿ 2;
solution interval 23 ß 2‘ qqqqñïïïïïïïïñqqqqp z
2/3 2
Ê 2
7 x 2
5 ; solution interval ˆ 27 ß 25 ‰
"
28. 3 2
x 43 Ê 1 2
x ( Ê 1 x
# 7
Ê 2x 2
7 Ê 2
7 x 2; solution interval ˆ 27 ß 2‰ qqqqðïïïïïïïïðqqqqp x
2/7 2
Section 1.1 Real Numbers and the Real Line 3
" "
30. s 3 # or (s 3) # Ê s 5# or s 7
#
Ê s 5# or s Ÿ 7# ;
solution intervals ˆ_ß 7# ‘ 5# ß _‰ ïïïïïïñqqqqqqñïïïïïïî s
7/2 5/2
31. 1 x 1 or (" x) 1 Ê x 0 or x 2
Ê x 0 or x 2; solution intervals (_ß !) (2ß _)
33. r"
# 1 or ˆ r# 1 ‰ 1 Ê r 1 2 or r 1 Ÿ 2
Ê r 1 or r Ÿ 3; solution intervals (_ß 3] [1ß _)
34. 3r
5 " 2
5 or ˆ 3r5 "‰ 2
5
Ê 3r
5
or 3r5 53 Ê r 37 or r 1
7
5
solution intervals (_ß ") ˆ 73 ß _‰ ïïïïïïðqqqqqqðïïïïïïî r
1 7/3
37. 4 x# 9 Ê 2 kxk 3 Ê 2 x 3 or 2 x 3
Ê 2 x 3 or 3 x 2;
solution intervals (3ß 2) (2ß 3) qqqqðïïïïðqqqqðïïïïðqqqp x
3 2 2 3
39. (x 1)# 4 Ê kx 1k 2 Ê 2 x 1 2
Ê 1 x 3; solution interval ("ß $) qqqqqqðïïïïïïïïðqqqqp x
1 3
40. (x 3)# # Ê kx 3k È2
Ê È2 x 3 È2 or 3 È2 x 3 È2 ;
solution interval Š3 È2ß 3 È2‹ qqqqqqðïïïïïïïïðqqqqp x
3 È # 3 È #
4 Chapter 1 Preliminaries
Ê ˆx 12 ‰ <
2
41. x# x 0 Ê x# x + 1
4 < 1
4
1
4 ʹx 1
2 ¹< 1
2 Ê 12 < x 1
2 < 1
2 Ê 0 < x < 1.
So the solution is the interval (0ß 1)
42. x# x 2 0 Ê x# x + 1
4 9
4 Ê ¹x 1
2 ¹ 3
2 Ê x 1
2 3
2 or ˆx 12 ‰ 3
2 Ê x 2 or x Ÿ 1.
The solution interval is (_ß 1] [2ß _)
49. Let $ be a real number > 0 and f(x) = 2x + 1. Suppose that | x1 | < $ . Then | x1 | < $ Ê 2| x1 | < 2$ Ê
| 2x # | < 2$ Ê | (2x + 1) 3 | < 2$ Ê | f(x) f(1) | < 2$
50. Let % > 0 be any positive number and f(x) = 2x + 3. Suppose that | x 0 | < % /2. Then 2| x 0 | < % and
| 2x + 3 3 | < %. But f(x) = 2x + 3 and f(0) = 3. Thus | f(x) f(0) | < %.
†
53. a) 1=1 Ê |1|=1 ʹb † "b ¹ œ l bl
lbl Ê ¹ b¹ † ¹ b" ¹ œ lbl
lbl Ê
¹ b ¹ ¹ "b ¹
¹ b¹
œ
¹ b¹
†
¹ b¹ ¹ b¹
Ê ¹ b" ¹ œ "
¹ b¹
b) lal
lbl œ ¹a † "
b ¹ œ ¹ a¹ †¹ "
b ¹ œ ¹ a¹ † l bl
" œ lal
lbl
54. Prove Sn œ kan k œ kakn for any real number a and any positive integer n.
ka" k œ kak " œ a, so S" is true. Now, assume that Sk œ ¸ak ¸ œ kak k is true form some positive integer 5 .
Since ka" k œ kak " and ¸ak ¸ œ kak k , we have ¸ak" ¸ œ ¸ak † a" ¸ œ ¸ak ¸ka" k œ kak k kak " œ kak k+" . Thus,
Sk" œ ¸ak" ¸ œ kak k+" is also true. Thus by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, Sn œ l an l œ l a ln
is true for all n positive integers.
#
4. ?x œ 0 È2 œ È2, ?y œ 1.5 4 œ 2.5; d œ ÊŠÈ2‹ (2.5)# œ È8.25
5. Circle with center (!ß !) and radius 1. 6. Circle with center (!ß !) and radius È2.
7. Disk (i.e., circle together with its interior points) with center (!ß !) and radius È3.
?y 1 2 ?y # "
9. m œ ?x œ 2 (1) œ3 10. m œ ?x œ 2 (2) œ 34
perpendicular slope œ "3 perpendicular slope œ 4
3
6 Chapter 1 Preliminaries
?y 33 ?y # 0
11. m œ ?x œ 1 2 œ0 12. m œ ?x œ # (#) ; no slope
perpendicular slope does not exist perpendicular slope œ 0
?y 54
19. P(3ß 4), Q(2ß 5) Ê m œ ?x œ 2 3 œ "5 Ê y 4 œ "5 (x 3) Ê y œ "5 x 23
5
?y 30
20. P(8ß 0), Q(1ß 3) Ê m œ ?x œ 1 (8) œ 3
7 Ê y0œ 3
7 ax (8)b Ê y œ 3
7 x 24
7
?y 04
25. a œ 1, b œ 4 Ê (0ß 4) and ("ß 0) are on the line Ê m œ ?x œ 1 0 œ 4 Ê y œ 4x 4
?y 6 0
26. a œ 2, b œ 6 Ê (2ß 0) and (!ß 6) are on the line Ê m œ ?x œ 02 œ 3 Ê y œ 3x 6
È È È
28. P ŠÈ2ß 2‹ , L: È2x 5y œ È3 Ê mL œ 52 Ê parallel line is y 2 œ 52 Šx ŠÈ2‹‹ Ê y œ 52 x 8
5
37. New position œ axold ?xß yold ?yb œ (# &ß 3 (6)) œ ($ß 3).
38. New position œ axold ?xß yold ?yb œ (6 (6)ß 0 0) œ (0ß 0).
#
45. C ŠÈ3ß 2‹ , a œ 2 Ê Šx È3‹ (y 2)# œ 4,
#
x œ 0 Ê Š0 È3‹ (y 2)# œ 4 Ê (y 2)# œ 1
Ê y 2 œ „ 1 Ê y œ 1 or y œ 3. Also, y œ 0
# #
Ê Šx È3‹ (0 2)# œ 4 Ê Šx È3‹ œ 0
Ê x œ È 3
#
46. C ˆ3ß "# ‰, a œ 5 Ê (x 3)# ˆy "# ‰ œ 25, so
#
x œ 0 Ê (0 3)# ˆy "# ‰ œ 25
#
Ê ˆy "# ‰ œ 16 Ê y "
# œ „4 Ê yœ 9
#
#
or y œ 7# . Also, y œ 0 Ê (x 3)# ˆ0 "# ‰ œ 25
3È11
Ê (x 3)# œ 99
4 Ê x3œ „ #
3È11
Ê xœ3„ #
Section 1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas 9
47. x# y# 4x 4y % œ 0
Ê x# %B y# 4y œ 4
Ê x# 4x 4 y# 4y 4 œ 4
Ê (x 2)# (y 2)# œ 4 Ê C œ (2ß 2), a œ 2.
48. x# y# 8x 4y 16 œ 0
Ê x# 8x y# 4y œ 16
Ê x# 8x 16 y# 4y 4 œ 4
Ê (x 4)# (y 2)# œ 4
Ê C œ (%ß 2), a œ 2.
49. x# y# 3y 4 œ 0 Ê x# y# 3y œ 4
Ê x# y# 3y 94 œ 25
4
#
Ê x# ˆy 3# ‰ œ 25
4 Ê C œ ˆ0ß 3# ‰ ,
a œ 5# .
50. x# y# 4x 9
4 œ0
# #
Ê x 4x y œ 9
4
Ê x# 4x 4 y œ # 25
4
Ê (x 2)# y# œ 25
4
Ê C œ (2ß 0), a œ 5# .
51. x# y# 4x 4y œ 0
Ê x# 4x y# 4y œ 0
Ê x# 4x 4 y# 4y 4 œ 8
Ê (x 2)# (y 2)# œ 8
Ê C(2ß 2), a œ È8.
10 Chapter 1 Preliminaries
52. x# y# 2x œ 3
Ê x# 2x 1 y# œ 4
Ê (x 1)# y# œ 4
Ê C œ (1ß 0), a œ 2.
2
53. x œ #ba œ 2(1) œ1
Ê y œ (1)# 2(1) 3 œ 4
Ê V œ ("ß 4). If x œ 0 then y œ 3.
Also, y œ 0 Ê x# 2x 3 œ 0
Ê (x 3)(x 1) œ 0 Ê x œ 3 or
x œ 1. Axis of parabola is x œ 1.
1 "
58. x œ #ba œ 2(2) œ 4
#
Ê y œ 2 ˆ "4 ‰ 4" 3 œ 23 8
Ê V œ ˆ "4 ß 23
8
‰ . If x œ 0 then y œ 3.
Also, y œ 0 Ê 2x# x 3 œ 0
1„È23
Ê xœ 4 Ê no x intercepts.
Axis of parabola is x œ "4 .
61. The points that lie outside the circle with center (!ß 0) and radius È7.
62. The points that lie inside the circle with center (!ß 0) and radius È5.
63. The points that lie on or inside the circle with center ("ß 0) and radius 2.
64. The points lying on or outside the circle with center (!ß 2) and radius 2.
65. The points lying outside the circle with center (!ß 0) and radius 1, but inside the circle with center (!ß 0),
and radius 2 (i.e., a washer).