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 Valid alphabets, digits, special symbols used

in C programs
 Alphabets: A-Z, a-z
 Digits: 0-9
 Special symbols: ~ ; : ? | \ / “ ‘
 % & * ( ) - _ + =
[ ] { } < > , .
Alphabets, numbers, and special symbols combined
form constants

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 Refers to values that do not change
throughout the execution of the program
◦ Integer constants
◦ Real (floating point) constants
◦ Character constants
◦ String constants

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 Integer valued number
 Ex: 123 -456 0 +5
 Can be written in decimal[base 10], octal
[base 8], or hexadecimal [base 16]
◦ Octal: first digit must be 0 (ex: 037)
◦ Hexadecimal: first digit must be 0x or 0X
(ex: 0x2, 0X2, 0xB)

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 Numbers with fractional parts
 Ex: 3.1416
 Must have at least one digit
 Must have a decimal point
 Can either be positive or negative
 Default sign is positive
 No commas or blank spaces allowed

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 The mantissa part and the exponential part
must be separated by a letter e.
 Mantissa part may be positive or negative
 Default sign is positive
 Exponent part must contain at least one digit
 Ex: 0.65e4 1.5e+5

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 Single character enclosed in single quotes
 Represent integer values known as ASCII
values hence it is also possible to perform
arithmetic operations on character constants
 Ex: ‘a’ ‘6’ ‘.’

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 Sequence of characters enclosed in double
quotes
 Characters may be letters, numbers, special
characters, or blank space
 Ex: “hello” “1986” “…Hi”
“1+1”

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 Words which carry a specific meaning and
serve as a specific building block for program
statements
 Cannot be used as variable names
 Ex: auto break case char const
continue default do double else
enum float for goto if
int

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 Used in C programs to declare variables,
functions, and constants to handle storage
representations and machine instructions
◦ int integer; a whole number
◦ float floating point number; number with
fractional part
◦ double a double-precision floating point value
◦ char a single character

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 Has data type and a name
 Can either be local variable or global variable
 Local variables : can be used inside the
function it is declared starting
from the point where it is
declared
 Global variables: known throughout the entire
program

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 Refer to fixed values that may not be altered
by the program
 All the previous data types can be defined as
constant data types
 Must be defined before the main function

 Use #define directive

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 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Conditional Operators

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 Addition (+)
◦ a+b adds a and b
 Subtraction (-)
◦ a–b subtracts b from a
 Multiplication (*)
◦ a*b multiplies a and b
 Division (/)
◦ a/b divides a by b
 Modulo (%)
◦ a%b returns the remainder when dividing a by b

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Symbol Meaning
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to

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 Basic expression for a logical expression is:
X1 op X2
Where x1, x2 can be boolean expressions,
variables, or constants and op is an
operator
 The following truth tables summarize the
result for each operation for all possible
combinations of x1 and x2.

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 x1 x2 result
TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE FALSE
FALSE FALSE FALSE

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 x1 x2 result
TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
FALSE FALSE FALSE

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 x1 result
TRUE FALSE
FALSE TRUE

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 Used to assign values of an expression to a
variable
 Ex: number = 10;

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 Used for incrementing or decrementing a
value of a variable by 1
 Ex: a++ b—
Operator Function

Prefix First increments/increments and then assigns

the value
Postfix First assigns the value and then
increments/decrements
Prefix ++variable --variable

Postfix Variable++ variable--

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 The following are equal:

a=a+1
a++
a += 1

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 Syntax: expr1?expr2:expr3

 expr1 must return true or false

 if expr1 is true return expr2 else return
expr3
 Ex:
int a = 10;
int b = 5;
max = ( a > b ) ? a: b; // max is equal to 10

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end

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