Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NURSING RESEARCH
Nursing Research
Kerlinger - the systematic, empirical, controlled and critical investigation of a
hypothetical proposition in relation to a natural phenomena/ problem
Conducted to affirm or deny a hypothesis
Phenomenon.
everyday phenomenon that affects the nurse (eg. bacteria, drugs, physician)
Florence Nightingale
Birthplace – Italy
Training Ground – Germany
Greatest Contribution – environmental Theory, training RNs in Crimean
War
School – Saint Thomas School of Nursing
Jomar Anthony D. Maxion, BSN, RN PLM College of Nursing Batch 2006
Pentagon Professional Adjustment, Legal Management, Ethics & Research in Nursing
Ethics of a Researcher
S – Scientific Objective – conductive research for a good purpose or object for
your pt
C – Cooperation and Consent. Do not conduct data/experiment w/o a consent
(legally the patient owns the chart. However the hospital owns the chart)
I – Integrity – worked hard on the research
E – Equitable – acknowledging works or contribution of others
N – Nobility – protect the rights of your subjects
o Right not to be harmed
(physical, mental, moral harm) usually done during experimental
research
Physical Harm/ Negligence - undeliberate physical harm
Commission – done outside the standard practice of
nursing (eg. urinary catheter placed on the nose of the pt)
Omission – from the very start, you did not do something
about it.
Moral Harm
Assault – mental fear/threat without physical harm
Battery – physically you harm the pt
Restraint is never an independent nursing order
physical restraint – eg. Jacket
chemical restraint – eg. use of psychotropic drug
Moral harm
Slander – oral defamation
Libel – published or placed in the newspaper
o Right to self-determination
o Right to privacy
Anonymity – identity of subject may not be disclosed. Privacy of
the Informant (pt) eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants
his name to be written in the newspaper as Mr. X, Mr. Y or Mr. W
Confidentiality – information acquired must be disclosed. Privacy
of the information eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants
the nurse should only know
T – Truthfulness – put only the data you have collected
I – Importance – importance to the nursing profession
F – Factual – facts or data
I – Ideal (follow the 11 steps of research)
C – Courage
Research:
1. Identify the Problem
2. Purpose – objective using SMART (Systematic, Measurable, Attainable,
Realistic, Time Bounded)
3. Define Terms
a. Conceptual Definition – dictionary definition
b. Operational Definition – defined in accordance on how the researcher
used the word
4. Revision of Terms
Non-experimental
o No manipulation is done. Only observation,
describe and record down the result.
o Types of non-experimental research design
base on time element
Retrospective (Ex Post Facto)
Getting actual experience
Studies a group of people after its
occurrence, experience or facts.
Experience of people in the past
Descriptive
Observe, describe & record.
Study of current events.
Prospective
Study of research about future
occurrence or future events.
Historical
Past that is written, documented,
published and recorded
Primary Data
o Observe
o 1st hand information
o person himself
Secondary Data
o 2nd Hand Information
About the past using records,
journals, books.
Study of the dead people thru his
written materials, facts
o according to data
quantitative
data base on numerical
interpretation, datas that are
measurable, using your senses, data
that are observable.
qualitative
subjective data, feelings, perception,
beliefs, culture, attitude
o Survey Research Design
Group
Small
Face to face
Large – not good result
Methods
Mailed survey
Face to face
Telephone survey
o According to Time Orientation
Cross Sectional
o types :
questionnaires – use of pen and paper method
dichotomous – divided into two. Eg. true orfalse. Yes or no
rating scale – poor 1, good 2, better 3, best 4
multiple choice
Interview – use of oral method of collection of data. Use of active
listening
Structured – with checklist, formal talk, list of question
Unstructured – informal talk, no pattern, anything goes
records – pre existing data
observation – use of ocular method using your senses
participant observation
non-participant observation
Problems :
o Hawthorne’s effects
The data you get from your sample is not
accurate.
The sample has a problem
Solution : double blind research – they
should not be conscious that they are being
studied
o Halo effect
The researcher has a problem.
He is manipulating the data collection.
It is affected by special feelings/treatment
between the researcher and the sample.
Analysis of Data
o part of research when the researcher is forming a body of knowledge out
of data collected for the purpose of affirming or denying your hypothesis
o Methods
Nominal method
get data by means of categories.
eg. male, female, income
Ordinal method – base on rank eg. mild, moderate, severe
Interval
base on the distance between 2 numerical values
eg. BP – 150/100 – 120/80, wt, circumference, ht
ratio – 3:10 children are malnourish
Interpretation of Data
o 2 Methods
quantitative method – base on numerical or graphical standards
qualitative method – use of narrative words
Communicating your conclusion
o Explaining the results of your work to the public
o Conclusion – final answer to your research
o Recommendation – suggestion to others
o Dissemination of Information
Methods :
thesis/book – written form
LEADERSHIP
Nursing Leadership
style or process whereby a person is called by a nurse leader were influence of
group of people called his followers for the purpose of attaining only one
goal/objective.
Leadership styles
Authocratic/Authoritarian/dictatorial/”hard” leader
o unilateral style of leadership. Only the leader here performs the decision
making without getting the inputs from his members.
o One sided style of leadership Behavior :
A – apathy – insensitive to others
B – Boisterous speech
C – consistency
D – Dominating
E – Exploitative behavior
F – ferocious behavior, to coerce or compel the group to follow him
o not a good style of leadership but only best style during emergency or
intensive crisis
Permissive, ultra-liberal, laissez faire, free-rein
o Loose style of nursing leadership.
o Giving excess freedom or liberality towards your subordinates if to lenient
in your subordinates, there will be ↓ control and power = ↑ negligence
Democratic/participative
o best style of leadership. Mutual style of nursing leadership
C – Crimes
o Child Abuse 48 hours, Baranggay, NGO
E – ethics
C – Communication skill
o transfer of information with understanding
o Communication barriers/communication backlog – eg. Dialect differences,
noise, deaf, high level of anxiety, hallucinating
D – Decision making skills
o Steps
identify the problem
identify person affected
gather options/alternative
brainstorming
delphitechnique – gathering solutions outside the group
(eg. specialized nurse)
choose and implement
Evaluation
E – Ethics
o Principles
o Principle of Autonomy
independent judgment or decision making
in all situation the pt himself is the one who should decide for his
own care
Consent
respect the decision of the pt
explain the risk to the patient/SO
waiver - a legal doc when the pt refuse for treatment.
o Principle of Veracity
telling the truth to the patient
#1 the patient has the right to know from the PHYSICIAN (not the
nurse)
o Principle of Double Effects
if the pt is made to choose between 2 equal danger and he only
needs to choose one, choose the one that will produce one good
effect and less evil effect.
o Principle of Beneficence
doing good to the patient (eg. providing therapeutic
communication, providing privacy)
o Principle of Non-Maleficence
do no harm
3 types of Harm
Physical – negligence by commission
Mental – assault and battery
Moral – slander and libel
o Principle of Justice
NURSING MANAGEMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
choosing the right person and giving them the appropriate task for the purpose of
achieving their goal/objective in achieving total care
Capital
long term use equipment (MRI, CT
Scan, hospital beds, hospital
buildings)
Organizing
o 4 stages
Organize your team RN Subordinates
Duties of the RN
Only assessment can perform the nurse
Only the nurse can perform HT
Only the nurse should explain the procedure to the patient
Preparation, administration, treatment of drugs to the
patient
The nurse can only perform evaluation
The nurse can only do judgment
Delegate Task
They can only delegate to subordinates the Routinary task
(standard, unchanging procedure) eg. monitoring of I&O,
bathing, ambulating, toileting, shampooing, transporting,
feeding, clothing, wiping
Stable patient - predictable outcome (eg. postmortem care
with direct supervision of the nurse only)
Supervision – need guidance
Staff Schedule/ Staffing
Schedules (How many hours)
o Traditional – 8hrs a day/40hrs/wk
o Ten hour shift/4 days a week
o Baylor plan – it consist of two shifting nurses
traditional – mon-fri 8hrs
2nd shift – 12hr shift during weekends
o Part-time work – fewer working hours per day and
may choose the day or work. Less than 8hrs job
o On – call – during shortage of nurses/staff but
increase in the number of patients.
Methods of Nursing care Delivery
Different Methods
o Primary – 24hrs a day
Primary nurse is the only nurse who is
responsible to make a care plan of the
patient from the moment of admission till the
moment of discharge. (eg. private duty
nurse or special nurse)
o Functional Method
DOH format/government hospitals
Assign nurse :
Duty/task
One nurse, one task
Professional
A calling in which its members profess to have acquired special values,
knowledge, training or by experience so that they may guide others in that
special field.
Nursing is a profession
Calling – service oriented
Others – patients
Characteristics by profession
A – accountability/liability for the result
C – caring profession Central Focus
C – competent
E – ethics
S – service oriented
S – specialized scientific body of knowledge and skills
A doctor’s order is valid when giving medication is when it is put into writing and signed
by the physician. Whatever is not put into writing is considered not ordered by the
physician.
4. Clinical Instructor
o Qualifications :
A – accredited nursing Org
M – MAN in nursing or other health courses
O – One yr clinical experience
R – R.N.
Advance Directives
Respectful death
Direction/ instruction of the patient in advance
DNR, donate organ, cremation
Professional Negligence
Negligence
failure to do something which are reasonable and prudent nurse should have
done something under a particular situation. (eg. failure to raise side rales when
the pt is unconscious)
3 elements of negligence
o duty on part of the nurse
o failure to do said duty
o injury, harm, death – most important negligence
Malpractice
injury, harm or death is not important in malpractice
The nurse is allowed to perform episiorrhapy
with proper training but not episiotomy
The nurse is allowed to perform IE but with 2 conditions :
o fetal aberration/ abnormal delivery
o prior to complete delivery
committed by any person who exercises authority. (eg. teacher to student, head
nurse to staff nurse).
That person who is in authority is asking for a sexual favor in an exchange of
another favor.
Types of Rape
Ordinary rape
o a forcible penetration of an organ for copulation to another organ for
copulation. (eg. women are only the victim)
sexual assault
o anything that is forcible inserted to a body orifice with sexual malice.
o Also form of rape (eg. hand or an object is being inserted in the anal.
Committed in both female or male)
o Intervention :
S – safety (emotional or physical safety)
R – report (↓ 18 – report to brgy.)
R – referral (if father is the rapist, refer to DSWD)
Abortion
is the expulsion or termination of a product of conception before the stage of
viability. (3-6month/12-24weeks)
Infanticide
kill the person in less than 3days or 72hrs of life.
Parricide
killing another person to whom you have a relationship (mother, father, husband)
Homicide
unintentionally killing another person without any relationship (eg. negligence in
giving meds)
Murder
intentionally killing another person without any relationship
Simulation of birth
committed by any person who shall substitute one child to another child or alter
his identities for the purpose of losing his civil status. (eg. the midwife failed to
report the birth of the baby, giving wrong information of the gender of the baby)
PD 651 (Birth registration act)
law any person who assist in giving birth to report within 30 days to the Local
Civil Registration Office
M – member of PNA
O – 1 yr experience
R – R.N.
o Nursing Administrator
B – BSN RN
A – Accredited Org
N – 9 units
T – 2 yrs
Chief/Director
RN + MAN + Add only MAN +
5 yrs supervisor master’s in GSC
experience PHN or (Gen.
(N.B. if primary CHN Staffing
hosp) Course)
o Examinees
CGM (Good Moral Character)
Proofs of Valid Holder of Filipino Citizenship
Proofs of valid holder of a BSN Degree only from schools whose
curriculum is approved by the CHED
3 docs sub to PRC
RLE certificate
TOR with Scanned picture
List of cases
Examination fee is P900
Last day Is :