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† Let’s try to visualize the effect of
strength and the geometry that
would correspond to a design for
a specific load.
† Let’s take two very prominent
materials:
„ Steel: E=29000000psi
„ Concrete: E=3600000psi
† It is obvious that in order to
compensate the strength
difference, we will address the
geometric form, i.e. the cross
sectional area. So a Steel column
can be way more slender than a
concrete column, just to bear the
load.
tÜ~í=fë=qÜÉ=bÑÑÉÅí=lÑ=
`çäìãå=päÉåÇÉêåÉëë\
† Imagine the effect of purely axial load applied in
this element.
† What do you think will happen?
† Even if there is no shear or moment applied,
do you believe that it will crush from the axial
load?
† The uniformity and homogeneity of the
material should be challenged. Even with
prefabricated materials that are made under
the strictest of regulations, we can expect
some slight abnormalities. Those will render
the element asymmetrical and stronger on one
direction versus another.
† The formula that determines a column to be
slender or not is the following:
lu  M1 
k⋅ ≤ 34 − 12
r
 M2 
`çäìãåë=Ó=
päÉåÇÉêåÉëë
† This is a general
method that we
can roughly apply
in order to
consider how the
connections can
effect the
strength of the
column.
† More on this will
be addressed
during the next
lecture.

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`çäìãå=päÉåÇÉêåÉëë\
† Also we need to consider the following:
„ ACI 10.12.3. defines Mc as the magnified moment and M2 the larger
factored end moment of a no sway compression member:
Mc δns ⋅ M 2
„ In case our calculations provide minimal result we can apply the
minimum eccentricity formula:
e min 0.6 + 0.03⋅ h

† The moment magnifier δns is used to estimate the lateral

deflection effect. It involves the code modificator Cm which is
also given below:δ Cm M1
ns ≥ 1.0 C 0.6 + 0.4⋅
m ≥ 0.4
 Pu  M2
 1 − .75⋅ P
 c
†
eçï=_ÉåÇáåÖ=fë=^ééäáÉÇ=lå=
`çäìãåë
† Once a slight deflection takes place on an axially
loaded element, there is more eccentricity
generated, which in turn produces a second
generation moment, which will result in further
deflection, one more round of moment and
deflection and so on and so forth, until equilibrium
is reached.
† Looping this process to analyze the deflection and
the applied moment over and over may be
extraordinarily tedious and the result will not vary
tremendously once two or three cycles are
reached.
† Timoshenko resolves this process by multiplying
the primary moment by the following formula,
which can give us a result that is precise enough
for us: M magn := M u ⋅  
1
Pu
1− 
 Pc
 

bñ~ãéäÉ
Calculate the primary moment due to a lateral 20k load and determine th
total moment. bw=1ft, h=1.25ft, k=1.0 and lu=18ft
fy := 60ksi f'c := 3ksi lu := 18ft Plat := 20kip b w := 1ft
Pu := 125kip M uini := 0k' k' Vu := 0kip h := 1.25ft
k := 1
Estimatiing primary moment:
Plat lu
M u := M u = 90 k'
4
Calculating Young's modulus of concrete:
f'c
Ec := 57000⋅ psi Ec = 3122.02 ksi
psi
Using Euler's buckling load formula for secondary moment
:
3
b w⋅ h 4
I := I = 3375 in
12
2
π ⋅ Ec ⋅ I
Pc := Pc = 2228.956 kip
( k⋅lu )2
M magn := M u ⋅  
1
M magn = 95.347 k'
Pu
1− 
 Pc
 
 tÜ~í=^Äçìí=açìÄäÉ=`ìêî~íìêÉ=
^åÇ=líÜÉê=pÅÉå~êáçë\
† What happens in the case of double curvature with
equal but reverse moments, or in the case where we
have no moment on one end? In the first scenario
we have moment and deflection equal to zero and in
the second, we have a deflection that is about half of
what the amplification factor provides, and a very
large moment.
† Therefore, the code addresses the issue by the use of
the modification factor Cm which can vary between
0.4 and 1.0 that is to be used for braced frames
without transverse loads. For other cases the value
to be taken is 1.0
M1
Cm 0.6 + 0.4⋅ ≥ 0.4
M2

`lirjkp=Ó=
pqo^fk=afpqof_rqflk=J=
bñ~ãéäÉ
Problem Statement:
Determine whether or not a 16*20 in section with 12#10 bars is adequate for Pu=1080k @ minimum
eccentricity (Code clause 10.12.2) about the minor axis of the column. The Column height Lu=20.7ft
As_10 := 1.27 f'c := 5000 fy := 60000 Lu := 248.4in b w := 16 h := 20 Using inches and lb for consistency

Processing Data:
DL := 680000lbf DL_factored := DL ⋅1.2 DL_factored = 816 kip
LL := 165000lbf LL_factored := LL ⋅1.6 LL_factored = 264 kip
PD := DL
Pu := LL ⋅1.6 + DL ⋅1.2 Pu = 1080 kip PL := LL
Assuming that M1=minM2 to cause compression on the same face such
that M1/M2=1and k factor is for elastic connection on a multi-story building:
k := 0.8
 bñ~ãéäÉ=ÅçåíK
kLu := k ⋅Lu kLu = 198.72 in
Determining the M2min:
M2min := Pu ⋅[ ( 0.6 + 0.03 ⋅h) ⋅( 1 ⋅in) ] M2min = 1296 kip ⋅in OR M2min = 108 k'
Note: As stated in the handed out code (ACI318 10.12.3.2), the units of 0.6 and (h) (or c1) are taken in inches. Also note that in
this case we treat as h (or c1) the short side of the column because we solve for the max moment on the weakest side.
The result can be written in any format the user prefers. As k' are defined above, the k' option is provided.

M2 := M2min & M1 := M2min

Solution:
Determining the Cm (factor relating the actual moment diagram of a slender column to an equivalent uniform
moment diagram:

Cm := 0.6 + 0.4 
 M1  Cm = 1
 M2 
Determining the modulus of elasticity of Concrete:
 ksi 
Ec := 57000 f'c Ec = 4030.509 ksi
 1000 

bñ~ãéäÉ=ÅçåíK
Calculating the (βd) ratio of maximum factored axial Dead Load to the total axial load:
PD
βd := 1.2 ⋅ βd = 0.756
Pu
Determining the (Ig) gross moment of Inertia of the element along the minor axis (see problem statement):
 bw ⋅h3 
Ig :=  ( )
⋅ in
4
Ig = 10666.667 in
4
 12 
Solving for the moment of Inertia of the steel rebars using the Ad^2 formula. There shall be 2.5" cover,
allowing 11" along the short axis, so the distance of the outer bars shall be 5.5" and the distance of the inner
bars shall be 11"/(3*2), or 1.833":
d1 := 5.5 d2 := 1.8333 n1 := 8 n2 := 4 Es := 29000ksi

( 2
Is := As_10 ⋅ n1 ⋅d1 + n2 ⋅d2 ⋅ in
2 ) ( 4) Is = 324.414 in
4

Calculating the EI (stiffness) - See ACI code 10.12.2 & 10.12.3:

( 0.2 ⋅Ec ⋅Ig + Es ⋅Is)
EI := 7 2
( 1 + βd) EI = 1.026 × 10 kip ⋅in
C l l ti th (P ) iti ll d
 bñ~ãéäÉ=ÅçåíK

Calculating the (Pc) critical load:

2
π ⋅EI
Pc := Pc = 2563.477 kip
2
( kLu)

Calculating the δns (moment magnification factor - applied to frame columns that are braced against
sidesway, reflecting effects of member curvature between ends):

Cm
δns := δns = 2.2817
Pu
1−
0.75 ⋅Pc
Considering the ultimate moment (Mu) to be equivalent to the critical Moment (Mc) now we solve for the Mc:

Mc := δns ⋅M2 Mc = 246.4274 k'

Pu = 1080 kip

`lirjkp=Ó=
pqo^fk=afpqof_rqflk
† We see the
interaction Column design
Moment vs Axial load
diagram can 1400
determine the 1200
capacity of stress 1000

that can be 800

applied to a 600
ΦPn (K)

column. 400

200
† Let’s use the 0
Excel sheet -200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

provided for in -400

class exercise. -600

ΦMn (K')
pmfo^i=obfkclo`bjbkq
`lk`obqb=`lirjk=abpfdk
Problem Statement:
Select a cross section for a spirally reinforced column section to support the loads indicated below, using
f'c of 5 ksi and grade 60 steel reinforcement. Try to use ρg of 4%.

Processing Data:
Factorizing Dead and Live load:
Dead load is multiplied by a factor of 1.2 and Live load by a factor of 1.6:

PD := 620 kip PD_factored := PD⋅ 1.2 PD_factored = 744 kip

PL := 328 kip PL_factored := PL⋅ 1.6 PL_factored = 524.8 kip Pu := PD_factored + PL_factored

Pu = 1268.8 kip
MD := 0 k' MD_factored := MD⋅ 1.2 MD_factored = 0 k'

ML := 80k' ML_factored := ML⋅ 1.6 ML_factored = 128 k' Mu := MD_factored + ML_factored

Mu = 128 k'
f'c := 5ksi fy := 60ksi Φ := .75 ACI 318 - 10.3.6: For spiral ϕ=.75, for tied ϕ=.65
Also, the first factor changes from .85 to .80 for tied.
Solution:
The length value that is the result of the division of the applied moment by the applied axial load is the
eccentricity "ecc" of the column.
Almost always, a compression member may assume a moment either because the axial load is not
perfectly centered on the column, or because the column will resist portion of the unbalanced moments
at the ends of the beams it supports. In order not to confuse the term "e" with the base of the natural
logarithm, we can use the term ecc.

Mu Eccentricity should not be higher than 10%, so

ecc := ecc = 1.211 in
Pu we can set a minimum diameter of one foot

For reinforcement of 3% the letter "ρ" that signifies density is used

Ast ρg_max ≤ .08 ρg_min ≥ .01 ρg := .04
ρg =
Ag

The reason we use the ρg is to determine the area of the column.

The ACI code gives the following formula for non prestressed
members w/spiral reinforcements (ACI 318 10.3.6.1)
maxΦPn := Pu
maxΦPn = 0.85⋅ Φ [ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ ( Ag) + ρg⋅ Ag⋅ ( fy − 0.85⋅ f'c) ]
Inversing data:

maxΦPn
Ag := 2
Φ⋅ 0.85⋅ [ 0.85⋅ f'c + ρg⋅ ( fy − 0.85⋅ f'c) ] Ag = 307.141 in
Since the column shall be circular, we can use the formula of the
circle's area to estimate an approximate radius and round it.

Ag
r :=
π r = 9.888 in

Rounding.. r := 10in
2
Therefore: Ag := π r 2
Ag = 314.159 in
Using the following formulas now we can determine the steel
reinforcement

maxΦPn = 0.85⋅ Φ [ 0.85f'c⋅ ( Ag − As) + fy⋅ As]

OR

maxΦPn = 0.85⋅ Φ [ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ ( Ag) + ρg⋅ Ag⋅ ( fy − 0.85⋅ f'c) ]

However, none of the above formulas can be inverted for us to use in terms of As which
is what we are trying to solve for. Therefore, we can use a system called "solve block"
with an initial guess and allow a series of iterations to take place until a solution is found.
maxΦPn := Pu
2
Guess values: As := ρg⋅ Ag As = 12.566 in This seems like a good starting point.

Given maxΦPn = 0.85Φ⋅ [ 0.85f'c⋅ ( Ag − As) + fy⋅ As] (ACI 10.3.5.1)

Ast_value := Find ( As)

2
As := Ast_value As = 11.751 in

For rebars smaller than #9 a formula can be used to define the As:
Try 12 #9 rebars. The formula will yield slightly imprecise result As should be 12 sq. inches

BarSize1 := 11 n1 := 8 BarSize2 := 14 n2 := 0
1.56⋅ 8 = 12.48
 BarSize1  2  BarSize2 
2

As :=  ⋅ n2 π⋅ in
2 2
⋅ n1 +  As = 11.879 in
 16   16  
2
As := 12.48 in
Verifying.....
maxΦPn := 0.85Φ⋅ [ 0.85f'c⋅ ( Ag − As) + fy⋅ As] maxΦPn = 1294.722 kip
As
ρg :=
Ag ρg = 0.0397
This is a very good result. We are only very slightly above our ρg ratio is as we initially aimed for.
o`=qfba=`lirjk=aÉëáÖå
Design a tied column cross section to support an axial load of 350 kips, a
moment load of 110kip feet, and a shear load of 14kips. All of the above are
factorized. The column is in a braced frame with an unsupported length of
10 ft 6 inches.
fy := 60ksi f'c := 4ksi l u := 10.5ft Clearcover := 1.5in
Pu := 300kip M u := 110k' Vu := 14kip
ϕ := .65
Estimatiing an initial ratio of steel for tied columns ρt:

Based on the most efficient ratio that would be between 1% and 2%, we select an initial ratio of 1.5%
ρt := .015

Estimating the initial dimensios of the column:

The cross sectional area for a tied column is given by the following formula: ACI 318: 10.3.6.2
5 ⋅ Pu
Ag_ini := 2
2.21⋅ f'c + 2.6⋅ fy ⋅ ρt − 2.21⋅ f'c⋅ ρt Ag_ini = 135.8 in

Given the option that we may design a square base column.....we estimate an initial base value:

b ini := Ag_ini
b ini = 11.65 in

Given the fact that there are significant moments applied on this column, it would be wise to
override the initial calculation that takes only direct loads into account. Let's round it up about
10 -15% on each side:

 b ini 
b trial := trunc ⋅ 1.25 in b trial = 14 in b := b trial
 in 
2 h := b
Ag := b ⋅ h Ag = 196 in
Determining the bar arrangement:
To determine the preferable bar arrangement
we compute the ratio of eccentricity to the
height "h" of the column: Note: This is "h" in
cross section, not the actual column height.

Mu
ecc := ecc = 4.4 in
Pu
According to the figure indicated it will
ecc
be more appropriate to apply re-bars on = 0.31
both sides of this column: h
Column slenderness can be neglected if:
lu  M1 
k⋅ ≤ 34 − 12⋅ 
r
 M2 
According to ACI code 10.11.2, the radius of gyration of rectangular columns is 0.3h and .25D for
circular columns. Since this is a braced frame k is lesser or equal to1.0 and the ratio of M1 to M2
can vary between +/- 0.5. We can assume that k=1.0 and M1/M2=0.5. Therefore the above
relations yield the following results:
M1
lu  M1  r := .3⋅ h k := 1 = 0.5
k⋅ = 30 34 − 12 = 28 M2
r
 M2 
 lu  M1  
Slendernesscond := if k ⋅ ≤ 34 − 12⋅  , "Neglect column slenderness" , "Design slender column"
r M2
   
Slendernesscond = "Design slender column"
3
b⋅ h 4
I := I = 3201.33 in
12
f'c
Ec := 57000 ⋅ psi Ec = 3605 ksi
psi
2
π ⋅ Ec ⋅ I
Pc := Pc = 7174.55 kip
( k⋅ lu ) 2

M magn := M u ⋅  
1
M magn = 114.8 k'
Pu
1 − 
 Pc
 

Computing the "γ" ratio :

At this point we need to compute the value gamma (γ) which is the ratio of distance of centroids of
outer rows of bars and column dimension perpendicular to the bending axis: We shall assume that
the ties are #3 rebars and the longitudinal bars are #7:

d lbar := .875in d tbar := .375in

  d lbar 
h − 2  Clearcover + dtbar + 
γ :=
  2 
h γ = 0.6696

We need to point out that the assumption we make about the #7 rebars may prove imprecise, in
which case we shall need to reiterate this process. Given the gamma value above we will refer to
the ACI interaction diagrams (or use our own system!!!) to define again the ratio of steel ρt.
 Pu
= 0.589
ϕ⋅ f'c⋅ Ag

M magn
= 0.193
ϕ⋅ f'c⋅ Ag ⋅ h

For the above values the interaction diagram for gamma 0.6 gives a rho value of 0.03. The diagram
for a gamma value of 0.7 gives a rho value of 0.025. We shall apply linear interpolation to compute
the value of rho at gamma found. ACI code defines that rho should lie between 0.01 and 0.08.
ρt is the ratio of total reonforcement area divided by the cross sectional area of a column
( γ − .6)
ρt := 0.03 − ( 0.03 − 0.025 ) ⋅ ρt = 0.0265
( .7 − .6)

(
Rholo_condition := if ρt < .01 , "Low value" , "OK" ) Rholo_condition = "OK"

Rhohi_condition := if ( ρt > .08 , "High value" , "OK" ) Rhohi_condition = "OK"

Selecting reinforcement:
2 As
As := ρt⋅ Ag As = 5.1975 in
= 11.8
We can select twelve 6 bars, six on each face but let's verify 2
.44in
that spacing will be approved:.
 2
n lbar := 6 d lbar := .75in Albar := 0.44in

s :=
(b − 2⋅ Clearcover − 2dtbar − nlbar⋅ dlbar) s = 1.15 in
n lbar − 1

( ( )
Spacing := if s < max d lbar , 1in , "Redesign" , "OK" ) Spacing = "OK"

Design the lap splices:

fy Bar Designation Weight per
1.3d lbar Number foot (lbf) Diameter db Area As Perimeter
psi 3 0.376 0.375 0.11 1.178
l d6 := l d6 = 36.99865 in 4 0.668 0.500 0.20 1.571
f'c 5 1.043 0.625 0.31 1.963
25 l d6 = 3.08322 ft 6 1.502 0.750 0.44 2.356
psi 7 2.044 0.875 0.60 2.749
8 2.670 1.000 0.79 3.142
So let's reevaluate our rho value: 9 3.400 1.128 1.00 3.544
10 4.318 1.270 1.27 3.990
As_fin := 2n lbar⋅ Albar 2 11 5.304 1.410 1.56 4.430
As_fin = 5.28 in 14 7.650 1.693 2.25 5.319
18 13.600 2.257 4.00 7.091
As_fin
ρ := ρ = 0.02694
Ag

Selecting the ties:

Based on ACI 7.10.5.2, the least of the following three conditions determines the spacing of the
ties:
colleast_dim := if ( b < h , b , h ) colleast_dim = 14 in 48⋅ d tbar = 18 in 16⋅ d lbar = 12 in

(
TieSpacing := min colleast_dim , 48⋅ d tbar , 16⋅ d lbar ) TieSpacing = 12 in

We need to make reference to the subject we addressed on principal stresses to visualize the effect
of the following formula. The factor "Nu" represents an axial tension force resulting from the
compression. The angle theta "θ" to be used is the critical 45 degrees.
θ := 45deg
ϕ := .85
 d lbar 
d := b − 2 ⋅  Clearcover + d tbar + d = 9.5 in
 2 
Pu
Nu := Nu = 300 kip
tan( θ)
  Nu  
f'c   
ΦVc := ϕ⋅ 2 ⋅ ⋅ psi⋅ b ⋅ d ⋅ 1 +
 lbf   ΦV = 25.2 kip
c
psi  Ag 
 2000
2
 in 

Check ACI sections 7.10.5, 11.4.5.1 and 11.4.6.3.

If Vc<Vu<Vc, the ACI code section 7.10.5 governs.
The end result...#3 ties @ 12 inches o.c.
 oÉ~ÇáåÖ

† Reading:
„ Required: Furlong, Chapt 7.3 through 7.6 incl.
„ Recommended: McCormac & Nelson, Chapter 11 (pp. 317-333) for this
week’s lectures.