!"#$%&' &()"*+,-*+. /-0*'"12 3"2&1 4%&-12.

56/ 7&#%-'8
!" #$%&'() (*+ ,-*%&'() .$)/&)0(/-1* .)10'$2,!
! "#$% %&'"$(! )& )$** '(!%$+&, -(.!+/,0 */0&, /!+ 123 "#&(,0 4(, (-"/$!$!5
/%067"("$' %(*."$(!% "( +$8&,&!"$/* &9./"$(!% )#(%& #$5#&%" +&,$:/"$:&% /,& 6.*;
"$7*$&+ -0 / %6/** 7/,/6&"&, ǫ. 1& )$** <!+ "#/" "#& %(*."$(!% '#/!5& ,/7$+*0 $!
"#$! ,&5$(!% /%ǫ → 0= > !"#$%&' ()'*$'+&*!," 7,(-*&6 $% '#/,/'"&,$%&+ -0 "#&
4/'" "#/" "#& ǫ = 0 7,(-*&6 #/% 9.$"& +$8&,&!" %(*."$(! 7,(7&,"$&% /% '(67/,&+
"( "#& 0 < ǫ << 1 7,(-*&6= ! / ')#$%&' ()'*$'+&*!," 7,(-*&6 /% ǫ → 0 "#&
%(*."$(! "&!+% "( "#& %(*."$(! 4(, ǫ = 0. ?#$% $% -&%" $**.%",/"&+ -0 *((@$!5 /"
%(6& %$67*& &A/67*&%=
-.&/(%)
B(!%$+&,
y ′′ + 2ǫy ′ − y = 0, y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1 CD=EF

/!+ 0 < ǫ << 1. ?#& 5&!&,/* %(*."$(! $%

e m1 x − e m2 x
y(x, ǫ) = ,
e m1 − e m2
)#&,& √ √
m1 = −ǫ + 1 + ǫ2 , m2 = −ǫ − 1 + ǫ2 .
>% ǫ→0 )& #/:&
sinh(x)
y(x) → ,
sinh(1)
/!+ &:&,0"#$!5 %&&6% (@=
1& '/! /*%( (-"/$! / %(*."$(! /% 4(**()%G 1,$"&

y = Y0 + ǫY1 + ǫ2 Y2 + . . . .

H.-%"$"."$(! $!"( "#& &9./"$(! CD=EF /!+ &9./"$!5 '(&I'&!"% (4 *$@& 7()&,% (4 ǫ
"( J&,( 5$:&%

Y0′′ − Y0 = 0, Y0 (0) = 0, Y0 (1) = 1 CD=KF

Y1′′ − Y1 = −2Y0′ , Y1 (0) = 0, Y1 (1) = 0.

H(*:$!5 CD=KF 5$:&%

sinh(x) sinh(x)
Y0 = , Y1 = (1 − x) .
sinh(1) sinh(1)
>5/$! "#&,& /,& !( 7,(-*&6% ; )& #/:& / ,&5.*/, 7&,".,-/"$(! 7,(-*&6=
-.&/(%)

LM
 !"#$%&'
ǫy ′′ + 2y ′ − y = 0, y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1, ()*+,
-!' 0 < ǫ << 1. ./& #!012$!" $# 3# 4&-!'&
e m1 x − e m2 x
y(x, ǫ) = ,
e m1 − e m2
5/&'& "!5 √ √
1 1
m1 = (−1 + 1 + ǫ), m2 = (−1 − 1 + ǫ).
ǫ ǫ
6# ǫ → 0 5& /37&
1 2
m1 → , m2 ∼ − .
2 ǫ
8!2& 2/32 3# ǫ → 0
1 x 2x 1 x 2x
y∼ 1
− 2ǫ
(e 2 − e− ǫ ) ∼ e− 2 (e 2 − e− ǫ ).
(e − e
2 )

0&3'09 2/&'& 3'& 25! %$#2$":2 '&;$!"#<

• xǫ = O(1), 3"% 2/&"
1 x 2x
y ∼ e− 2 (e 2 − e− ǫ ).

• x >> ǫ 3"% 2/&" 1 x

y ∼ e− 2 e 2 .

./& 3"3092$: #!012$!" -!' %$=&'&"2 7301&# !- ǫ $# #/!5" $" >$;* )*?* 8!2& 2/32
1

x−1
e 2

0.8

0.6 1.0

0.01

0.4

0.1

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

>$;1'& )< @!012$!" y(x, ǫ) -!' %$=&'&"2 7301&# !- ǫ*

AB
!" #$%& '$( )!*(+"# ,*-'.%/ '( !" ,"+'$( x = O(ǫ). 0" !*1" *( "2*3-%" $4 *
#'(+&%*, %'3' *# ǫ → 0. 5!" ,"+'$( x = O(ǫ) '# )*%%". * !"#$%&' (%')&*
6&--$#" 7" ,/ #$%1'(+ !" "8&* '$( *# 9"4$,": ;&

y = Y0 + ǫY1 + . . . .

5!'# +'1"# *4 ", #&9# ' & '$( '( $ <,"4"8=3* )!>?

2Y0′ − Y0 = 0, 2Y1′ − Y1 = Y0′′ , <@:A?

*(. 9$&(.*,/ )$(.' '$(#

Y0 (0) = 0, Y0 (1) = 1,

Y1 (0) = 0, Y1 (1) = 0,
" ): B$7 !"," '# * -,$9%"3C 5!" $,.", $4 !" "8&* '$(# <@:A? '# ,".&)".D '" 7" ($7
!*1" E,# $,.", "8&* '$(# 4$, !" Yi : F$(#"8&"( %/ 7!')! 9$&(.*,/ )$(.' '$(#
.$ 7" )!$$#"G 5!" "2*) #$%& '$( #&++"# # 7" )*( #* '#4/ !" )$(.' '$( * x = 1:
H" &# )$( '(&" 7' ! !" 9$&(.*,/ )$(.' '$( * x = 1:
6$%& '$( $4 E,# $,.", -,$9%"3

2Y0′ − Y0 = 0, Y0 (1) = 1,

+'1"#
x−1
Y0 = e 2 .
F%"*,%/ !'# #$%& '$( '# ($ 1*%'. 4$, *%% x #'()" !" )$(.' '$( * x = 0 '# ($
#* '#E".: 0!"( x '# #3*%% !" #$%& '$( 4*'%# *(. 7" ("". $ "2*3'(" !'# ,"+'$(
'( 3$," ." *'%: 5!" Y0 #$%& '$( '# !" %"*.'(+ $,.", !"+)& ,!("+-!#: B$7 7!"( x
'# #3*%% 7" !*1"
1 x
Y0 ∼ e− 2 (1 + ) = O(1).
2
;& x = ǫn X #*/ 7!"," n > 0 '# $ 9" 4$&(.: 5!" 1*,'*9%" X '# )*%%". !"
'((", 1*,'*9%" *(. '# O(1) '( !" -##)& &).-!# $4 !')I("## n
O(ǫ ): 5!" .'J","( '*%
"8&* '$( <@:>? '( ",3# $4 X '#

d2 y dy
ǫ1−2n 2
+ 2ǫ−n − y = 0. <@:K?
dX dX
L$, n>0 !" .$3'(*( ",3# *," !" E,# 7$ ",3# *(. !"#" 9*%*()" '4

1 − 2n = −n =⇒ n = 1.

M 8&')I )$(#'# "()/ )!")I #!$7# !* !'# '# $ID <$ !", )!$')"# 4$, n "+ n = 1/2
*," ($ ?: N( !" '((", ,"+'$( '4 7" -&

y = y0 (X) + ǫα y1 (X) + . . .

AO
 !"# α > 0 $%& '()'"!"("* !%"+ ,-./0 , !"# n = 10 * 1%& "#$" "#* 2*$&!%3 +4&*4
54+)2*6 !'
d 2 y0 dy0
2
+2 = 0,
dX dX
$%& +%* )+(%&$47 8+%&!"!+% !' y0 (X = 0) = 0.
9#* +"#*4 8+%&!"!+% 6('" 8+6* :4+6 !"#$%&' !"# "#* +("*4 '+2("!+% "$;!%3
X 2$43*. <+2=!%3 7!*2&'
y0 (X) = A + Be−2X
$%& y0(0) = 0 !652!*' "#$" A = −B . 9#('
y0 (X) = A(1 − e−X ).

9+ +)"$!% "#* 8+%'"$%" A * 6$"8# "#* !%%*4 '+2("!+% >('" &*4!=*& !"# "#* +("*4
'+2("!+%.
y0 (X) ∼ A :+4 X >> 1,
$%&
Y0 (x) ∼ e− :+4 x → 0.
1
2

9#!' 3!=*' A = e− $%&

1
2

1
y0 (X) = e− 2 (1 − e−2X ).

!""#$% &' (#$) ? "*46 !%%*4 $%& ? "*46 +("*4 *@5$%'!+%'.

'!*+$)
x = O(1), y = Y0 (x) + ǫY1 (x) + . . . ,
1 x
Y0 (x) = e− 2 e 2 .
,--+$)
x = ǫX, y = y0 (X) + ǫα y1 (X) + . . . ,
1
y0 (X) = e− 2 (1 − e−2X ).
9#*'* $4* "#* )$'!8' +: )+(%&$47 2$7*4 "#*+47 $%& 6$"8#*& $'765"+"!8 *@5$%A
'!+%'. 9#* '+2("!+% 8$% )* 8+%"!%(*& "+ #!3#*4 +4&*4. B+"!8* "#$" "#* +("*4
'+2("!+% *@5$%&*& :+4 '6$22 x 3!=*'
1 x
y ∼ e− 2 (1 + + . . . ) + ǫY1 (x) + . . . .
2
C#*% 4!""*% !% "*46' +: x = ǫX "#!' '(33*'"' "#$" "#* !%%*4 '+2("!+% '#+(2&
54+8**& $'
y = y0 + ǫy1 + . . . .
C* #$& $''(6*& "#$" "#* +("*4 *@5$%'!+% 54+8**&*& !% 5+ *4' +: ǫ )(" "#!'
&+*' %+" #$=* "+ )* "#* 8$'*. D%* %**&' "+ 54+8**& +% $ "*46 )7 "*46 )$'!'
6$"8#!%3 "#* !%%*4 $%& +("*4 '+2("!+%' '7'"*6$"!8$227 $%& "#!' !22 !%:+46 #+
E-
 !" #$$ %&'#( ")*+ ,"!#-". /" 0%(( 1&' %'2" & !" '"3 &)$") 4&) ,& ! !" %''")
#'$ &2 ") +&(2 %&'+. 5&0 4&) !" &2 ") +&(2 %&'

y = Y0 + ǫY1 + . . . ,
#'$ !" 6)&,("* 4&) Y1 %+
1 x−1
2Y1′ − Y1 = Y0′′ = e 2 , Y1 (1) = 0.
4
7&(-%'8 8%-"+
(x − 1) x−1
Y1 = e 2 .
8
9&) !" %''") 6)&,("*: 0" !#-" x = ǫX #'$
y = y0 (X) + ǫy1 (X) + . . . .
;!" 6)&,("* 4&) y1 %+

d 2 y1 dy1 1

2
+2 = y0 = e− 2 (1 − e−2X ), y1 (X = 0) = 0. <=.>?
dX dX
;!" +&(2 %&' &4 <=.>? 8%-"+
1 1
y1 = A(1 − e−2X ) + X(1 + e−2X )e− 2 ,
2
0!")" 0" !#-" %'1&)6&)# "$ !" ,&2'$#)@ 1&'$% %&' #'$ A %+ #' #),% )#)@ 1&'A
+ #' & ," $" ")*%'"$ 4)&* *# 1!%'8 0% ! !" &2 ") +&(2 %&'. ;!" &2 ") +&(2 %&'
"36#'$"$ 4&) +*#(( x 8%-"+
1
x−1 x−1
youter = e+ ǫ (x − 1)e 2 + . . . ,
2
8
1 x 1 (x − 1) x
∼ e− 2 (1 + + . . . ) + ǫe− 2 ( (1 + + . . . )).
2 8 2
/)% "' %' ")*+ &4 %''") -#)%#,("+ !%+ %+
1 1 X 1
youter ∼ e− 2 + ǫe− 2 ( − ) + ....
2 8
;!" 0& ")* %''") +&(2 %&' %+
1 1 1
yinn = e− 2 (1 − e−2X ) + ǫ[A(1 − e−2X ) + X(e−2X + 1)e− 2 ] + . . . ,
2
1 1 1
∼ e− 2 + ǫ(A + Xe− 2 ) + . . . , <=.B?
2
#+ X → ∞. ;!%+ !#+ & *# 1! 0% ! !" 0& ")* &2 ") +&(2 %&' 0)% "' %' ")*+
&4 %''") -#)%#,("+: %.".:
1 1 X 1
youter ∼ e− 2 + ǫe− 2 ( − ) + .... <=.=?
2 8
1
C *# 1! %+ &'(@ 6&++%,(" %4 A = − 81 e− 2 . ;!2+

1 1 X 1
y1 = − e− 2 (1 − e−2X ) + e− 2 (1 + e−2X ).
8 2

DE
 !" #$%&'() *++(',%)*-%'$.
!"#$%&' ())&%*#'(+#%" +% +,- .%/!+#%" 0(/#1 #" +,- 2,%/- &-3#%" #. 1-4"-1 56
yunif = Youter + yinn − ymatch

2,-&- ymatch #. +,- ())&%*#'(+#%" +% y(x) #" +,- '(+7,#"3 &-3#%"8

9%& +,- (5%0- )&%5/-' 2- ,(1
1
− 12 x e− 2 x
Youter = e e +ǫ
2 (x − 1)e− 2 + O(ǫ2 ).
8
1
− 12 1 −1
− 2x − 2x e− 2 x 2x
yinn = e (1 − e ) + ǫ[− e (1 − e ) +
2 ǫ ǫ (1 + e− ǫ )] + . . . .
8 2 ǫ
:,- '(+7,#"3 &-3#%" #. X(= x/ǫ) >> 1 ("1 x << 1; #-;
ǫ << x << 1.

:,!. ( %"-<+-&' !"#$%&' ())&%*#'(+#%" #.

1 x 1 2x 1
yunif = e− 2 e 2 + e− 2 (1 − e− ǫ ) − e− 2

#- 1 x 2x
yunif = e− 2 [e 2 − e− ǫ ].
+2% +-&' !"#$%&' ())&%*#'(+#%" #.
1
− 12 x e− 2 x
yunif = e e +ǫ
2 (x − 1)e− 2
8
1
− 21 − 2x 1 1 2x e− 2 x 2x
+e (1 − e ǫ ) + ǫ[− e− 2 (1 − e− ǫ ) + (1 + e− ǫ )]
8 2 ǫ
1 1 x 1
−[e− 2 + ǫ(− + )e− 2 ].
8 2ǫ
#- 1 1
− 21 x
− 2x x 2x e− 2 x e− 2 − 2x
yunif = e (e − e
2 ǫ + e− ǫ ) + ǫ( (x − 1)e− 2 + e ǫ ).
2 8 8

!/ 0'(1 '$ )*-23%$4 *$5 %$-1()15%*-1 6*(%*781.

=" +,- )&-0#%!. -*(')/- 2- 7%".+&!7+-1 (" %!+-& .%/!+#%" 2#+, x 4*-1 ("1 ǫ
+-"1#"3 +% >-&%; ("1 (" #""-& -*)(".#%" 2#+, X = x/ǫ 4*-1 ("1 ǫ 3%#"3 +%
>-&%8 ?&()#7(//6 +,- )&%7-.. '(6 5- &-)&-.-"+-1 (. #" 438 @ 2#+, +,- &-3#%"
&-)&-.-"+#"3 +,- %!+-& .%/!+#%" ("1 &-3#%" A +,- #""-& .%/!+#%"8 :,- 43!&-
(/.% .,%2. (" %0-&/() &-3#%" 2,-&- +,- +2% .%/!+#%". (3&--8 B%2-0-& 7/%.-&
-*('#"(+#%" %$ +,- 43!&- '#3,+ .!33-.+ +,(+ +,-&- #. ( )%..#5#/#+6 %$ ( &-3#%"
CD
 ǫ

ǫ0
B

A
C

x
!"#$% &' (#)%$ *+,#)!+- $%.$%*%-)%/ 01 $%"!+- 2!)3 ǫ → 0 x 45%/6 7-/ !--%$
*+,#)!+- 01 ! 2!)3 ǫ → 0 2!)3 X = x/ǫ 45%/8

9 -+) 7::%**!0,% 01 )3% !--%$ +$ +#)%$ *+,#)!+-*8 ;- $%7,!)1 )3% 7:)#7, /+<7!-* +=
>7,!/!)1 += )3% )2+ *+,#)!+-* <71 0% ,7$"%$ )37- )3% 70+>% ,!<!)!-" .$+:%** 7,,+2*8
?3% /!@:#,)1 3%$% !* 7$!*%* =$+< )3% 271 )3% <7):3!-" !* /+-%8
A /!B%$%-) 271 )+ <7):3 )3% )2+ *+,#)!+-* !* )+ !-)$+/#:% 7- !-)%$<%/!7)%
>7$!70,%6 *71 x = ǫα ξ 2!)3 C!- )3% 70+>% %57<.,%D 0 < α < 18 E% 37>% X =
x/ǫ = ǫ−1+α ξ 7-/ *+ 7* ǫ → 0 2!)3 ξ 45%/ "!>%* X → ∞ 7-/ ǫ → 0 2!)3 ξ 45%/
7,*+ "!>%* x → 08 ?3#* ξ !* 7- !"#$%#& '"# >7$!70,% 7-/ !) !* !- )3!* >7$!70,%
)37) 2% 7))%<.) )+ <7):3 )3% !--%$ 7-/ +#)%$ *+,#)!+-*8 ?3% $%"!+- /%4-%/ 01
ξ = O(1) !* '! ()#$*'+ $#, (! =+$ )3% )2+ *+,#)!+-*6 7* *3+2- *:3%<7)!:7,,1 !- 4"8
FG8
E% 2!,, *3+2 3+2 )3!* 2+$H* 2!)3 7-+)3%$ %57<.,% !- 23!:3 )3% /!B%$%-)!7,
%I#7)!+- !* -+-,!-%7$8
"#$%&'( 9+-*!/%$
ǫy ′′ + y ′ + y 2 = 0, y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1/2. CJ8&D
K#..+*% 2% ,++H =+$ 7- +#)%$ *+,#)!+- += )3% =+$<
y = y0 + ǫy1 + . . . .

?3%- =$+< CJ8&D 2% +0)7!-

y0′ + y02 = 0, y0′′ + y1′ + 2y0 y1 = 0. CJ8FGD
LF
 ǫ

ǫ0

x
!"#$% &'( )*%$+,- $%"!./ 012,3%34 5.$6!/" !/ 7%$81 .9 !/7%$8%3!,7% *,$!,:+%1
x = ǫα ξ ,/3 X = ǫ−1+α ξ 5!72 0 < α < 1; ,/3 ǫ → 0+<

=2% 1.+#7!./ .9 72% .#7%$ -$.:+%8 12.51 72,7

y0′ 1
− = 1, = x + k,
y02 y0
,/3 1.
1
y0 = .
x+k
=2% :.#/3,$> +,>%$ .??#$1 ,7 x = 0 052>@4 ,/3 1. 5% /%%3 7. #1% 72% ?./3!7!./
y0 (1) = 1/2 "!*!/" k = 1, ,/3 1.
1
y0 = .
x+1
A7 /%B7 .$3%$
y1′ + 2y0 y1 + y0′′ = 0, y1 (1) = 0.
C#:17!7#7!/" 9.$ y0 = 1/(x + 1) "!*%1
2 −2
y1′ + y1 = .
x+1 (1 + x)3
D%/?%
2
((1 + x)2 y1 )′ = − ,
1+x
(1 + x)2 y1 + k1 = −2 log(x + 1).

EF
 !!"#$%& '() *+%,$'$+% y1(1) = 0 &$-). k1 = −2 log 2 /%, '(0.
2
2 log( 1+x )
y1 = .
(1 + x)2

1+2 '() $%%)2 .+"0'$+% 3) %)), '+ .))4 / .+"0'$+% $% ')25. +6 /% $%%)2 -/2$/7")
./# x = ǫnX /%, .07.'$'0'$+% $% 89:;< .(+3. '(/' n = 1 6+2 / ,$.'$%&0$.(), "$5$':
=() $%%)2 .+"0'$+% 5/# 7) )>!/%,), /.
y = Y0 (X) + ǫY1 (X) + . . . .

6')2 .07.'$'0'$+% $%'+ 89:;< /%, 0.$%& x = ǫX 3) +7'/$%

Y0′′ + Y0′ = 0, Y1′′ + Y1′ + Y02 = 0.

=() 7+0%,/2# *+%,$'$+%. /2)

Y0 (0) = 0, Y1 (0) = 0.

?+"-$%& 6+2 Y0 #$)",.

Y0 = A0 + B0 e−X , /%, A0 + B0 = 0.

=(0.
Y0 = A0 (1 − e−X ).
=+ @%, A0 3) 5/'*( 3$'( $%')25),$/') -/2$/7"). /%, !0' x = ǫαξ, X = ǫ−1+αξ,
/%, 0 < α < 1 3$'( ξ = O(1): =() +%) ')25 +0')2 .+"0'$+% 32$'')% $% ')25. +6 ξ
$. 1
y = y0 (x) + · · · ∼
1 + ǫα ξ
∼ 1 − ǫα ξ + . . . . 89:AA<
?$5$"/2"# '() +0')2 .+"0'$+% $% ')25. +6 ξ $.
−1+α ξ
y = Y0 (X) + · · · ∼ A0 (1 − e−ǫ ) ∼ A0 .

=(0. 5/'*($%& 3$'( 89:AA< .(+3. '(/' A0 = 1 3$'( )22+2 O(ǫα):

B)6+2) 3) 5/'*( '+ .)*+%, +2,)2 3) %)), '+ @%, Y1 3($*( ./'$.@).
Y1′′ + Y1′ + Y02 = 0, Y1 (0) = 0.

=(0.
Y1′′ + Y1′ = −(1 − e−X )2 .
?+"-$%& /%, /!!"#$%& '() *+%,$'$+% +% X = 0 &$-). 8*()*4<
1
Y1 (X) = A1 (1 − e−X ) + (1 − e−2X ) − X(1 + 2e−X ).
2

CD
 !"# $! $%&#! #'! ()#!% *+, &++!% !"-*+.&(+. &+ #!%/. (0 #'! &+#!%/!,&*#!
1*%&*23!. *+, ,( #'! /*#4'&+56 7'! ()#!% !"-*+.&(+ $%&##!+ &+ #!%/. (0 ξ &.
1 1 2
yout = +ǫ 2
2 log( ) + ...,
1+x (1 + x) 1+x
1 1 2
= + ǫ 2 log( ) + ...,
1 + ǫα ξ (1 + ǫα ξ)2 1 + ǫα ξ
∼ 1 − ǫα ξ + ǫ2α ξ 2 + · · · + 2 log 2(ǫ − 2ǫα+1 ξ + O(ǫ2α )) − 2ǫ(1 − 2ǫα ξ)(ǫα ξ − O(ǫ2α )).
896:;<
!"# #'! &++!% .(3)#&(+ $%&##!+ &+ #!%/. (0 ξ &.
1
yinn = (1 − e−X ) + ǫ(A1 (1 − e−X ) + (1 − e−2X ) − X(1 + 2e−X )) + . . . ,
2
 
−ǫα−1 ξ −ǫα−1 ξ 1 −2ǫα−1 ξ α−1 −ǫα−1 ξ
= (1−e )+ǫ A1 (1 − e ) + (1 − e ) − ǫ ξ(1 + 2e ) +. . . ,
2
ǫ
∼ 1 + ǫA1 + − ǫα ξ + . . .
2
896:=<
>+ 896:;< &0 $! ?!!- #!%/. #( (%,!% ǫ *+, *..)/&+5 #'*# #'! #!%/. O(ǫ2α) *%!
./*33!% #'*+ #!%/. (0 O(ǫ) $! %!@)&%! 0 < α < 1/26 7'&. 5&1!.
yout ∼ 1 − ǫα ξ + ǫ2 log 2 + O(ǫ2 , ǫ1+α , ǫ2α ).896:A<
B(/-*%&+5 896:A< *+, 896:=< $! .!! #'*# #'! #!%/. (0 O(ǫα) /*#4' *)#(/*#&4*33C
*+, #( /*#4' #'! O(ǫ) #!%/. $! %!@)&%!
ǫ
ǫA1 + = 2ǫ log 2,
2
5&1&+5
1
A1 = − + 2 log 2.
2
D# #'! +!"# (%,!% (0 /*#4'&+5 #'! #!%/. (0 O(ǫ2α) /*#4' *)#(/*#&4*33C6
7'! 4(/-(.&#! .(3)#&(+ #( O(ǫ2) &.
ycomp = yout + yinn − ymatch .
>+ #'! *2(1! !"*/-3! $! E+,
1 2ǫ 2 − xǫ
ycomp = + log + (1 − e )+
x + 1 (x + 1)2 x+1
 
1 x 1 2x x x
ǫ (− + 2 log 2)(1 − e− ǫ ) + (1 − e− ǫ ) − (1 + 2e− ǫ )
2 2 ǫ
1 1 x
−(1 + ǫ(− + 2 log 2 + − )).
2 2 ǫ
896:F<
D 4(/-*%&.(+ (0 #'! +)/!%&4*3 .(3)#&(+ (0 896G< $&#' #'! 4(/-(.&#! .(3)#&(+
&. .'($+ &+ H&56 8::< *+, .'($. !"4!33!+# *5%!!/!+# 0(% ǫ ./*336
FA
 0.6

0.5

0.4

u
0.3

0.2

0.1

x O
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1 x

!" #"

!"#$% &&' ( )*+,-$!.*/ *0 12% /#+%$!)-3 .*3#1!*/ *0 45678 4.*3!9 3!/%.8 :!12
12% )*+,*.!1% .*3#1!*/ "!;%/ <= 456&>8 49-.2%9 3!/%8 1-?!/" 4-8 ǫ = 0.2@ -/9 4<8
ǫ = 0.1

!" #$%&'()' *+,&'-

A*/.!9%$
ǫy ′′ + a(x)y ′ + b(x)y = 0, y(0) = A, y(1) = B. 456&B8
C2% *#1%$ ,$*<3%+ 4.%1 ǫ = 08 !. D#.1
a(x)y ′ + b(x)y = 0.

C-?% a(x) > 0 -/9 12%/

Rx
b(x) −
b(s)
ds
y′ = − y, y = Ce x0 a(s)
.
a(x)
("-!/ 12%$% -$% 1:* <*#/9-$= )*/9!1!*/. 1* .-1!.0= -/9 .* 12%$% +#.1 <% - <*#/9E
-$= 3-=%$@ <#1 :2%$% !. 12% <*#/9-$= 3*)-1%9F G#,,*.% 12-1 :% 2-;% - <*#/9-$=
3-=%$ -1 x = x̄ *0 12!)?/%.. γ(ǫ). H% :$!1%
x = x̄ + γ(ǫ)X, :2%$% X = O(1).

C2%/ .#<.1!1#1!/" !/1* 456&B8 :!12 y = Y "!;%.

ǫ d2 Y a(x̄ + γX) dY
2 2
+ + b(x̄ + γX)Y = 0.
γ dX γ dX
I*: %J,-/9 a, b -.
a(x̄ + γX) = a(x̄) + γXa′ (x̄) + . . . , b(x̄ + γX) = b(x̄) + γXb′ (x̄) + . . . ,

1* "%1
ǫ d2 Y a(x̄) dY
2 2
+ + b(x̄)Y + · · · = 0. 456&K8
γ dX γ dX

>>
 !" |γ| << 1 #$% &!'()*)# #%"'+ *"%
ǫ d2 Y a dY
, .
γ 2 dX 2 γ dX
!" * ,*-*).% /% "%01("%
ǫ 1
2
∼ =⇒ γ = O(ǫ).
γ γ

2%).% +%# γ = ǫ (% x = x̄ + ǫX. "!' 345678 #$% "%&1.%& ())%" %01*#(!) (+

d2 Y
 
dY
ǫ −1
+ a(x̄) + b(x̄)Y + · · · = 0. 345648
dX 2 dX

9$% -%*&(): !"&%" ())%" ;"!,-%' (+

d2 Y dY
2
+ a(x̄) = 0,
dX dX
:(<():
Y = C0 + C1 e−a(x̄)X .
=!/ /% $*<% *++1'%& #$*# a(x̄) > 05 >? x̄ > 0 /% )%%& #! '*#.$ *+ /% :! !1# !?
#$% ,!1)&*"@ -*@%"A (% /% )%%& -('(#+ X → ±∞.
B+ X → ∞ %<%"@#$(): (+ !CA ,1# *+ X → −∞ (# +1::%+#+ #$*# C1 '1+# ,%
D%"! #! *<!(& %E;!)%)#(*- :"!/#$5
F1# C1 = 0 (';-(%+ )! ,!1)&*"@ -*@%"5 2%).% x̄ = 0 *)& #$% ,!1)&*"@ -*@%"
(+ *# x = 0 (? a(x) > 05
G('(-*"-@ (? a(x) < 0 #$%) /% $*<% * ,!1)&*@ -*@%" *# x = 1. >? a(x) = 0
()+(&% #$% "%:(!) /% $*<% *) ()#%")*- ,!1)&*"@ -*@%"5 9$% *,!<% *)*-@+(+ *-+!
,"%*C+ &!/)5

!" #$%&'(% )*+,-.(/0 12&(%13% .+4(%/

H!)+(&%"
ǫy ′′ + xy ′ − (ǫ2 x3 + 1)y = 0, y(−1) = 1, y(1) = 2
*)& −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 < ǫ << 1. 9$% *,!<% &(+.1++(!) +1::%+#+ *) ()#%"(!" -*@%"
*# x = 05
!" #$% !1#%" +!-1#(!) ;1#
y = y0 + ǫy1 + . . . ,

#! :%#
xy0′ − y0 = 0.

IJ
 !"#
y0 = Ax.
$%&% '% !()% ( *%' +,-."/012 3!,.! 45"*+(&1 .5*+,0,5* +5 '% .!55#%6 3% .(*
#!5' 0!(0 0!%&% (&% *5 45"*+(&1 /(1%&# *%(& x = ±12 3% '&,0%
y = A± x

'!%&% 0!% + #0(*+# 75& x > 0 (*+ − 75& x < 02

8&59 0!% 45"*+(&1 .5*+,0,5*# ,0 #"::%#0# 0!(0
A+ = 2, A− = −1.

3!%* x ,# #9(// 0!% ǫy′′ 0%&9 ,# *50 *%:/,:4/%; (*+ !%*.% '% /55< 75& (* ,*0%&,5&
/(1%& (0 x = 0 (*+ '&,0%
x = γ(ǫ)X, γ(ǫ) << 1.

!,# :,)%# ',0! y = Y

ǫ d2 Y γX dY
2 2
+ − Y + · · · = 0.
γ dX γ dX
85& ( +59,*(*0 4(/(*.% 0!,# #"::%#0# 0!(0
ǫ 1
∼ O(1) =⇒ γ = O(ǫ 2 ).
γ2

$%*.% #%0 x = ǫ X (*+ 7&59 0!% 5"0%& #5/"0,5* ,0 #"::%#0# 0!(0 '% %=>(*+ 0!%
1
2

,**%& #5/"0,5* (# 1
y = ǫ 2 Y0 + ǫY1 + . . . .
?"4#0,0"0,*: ,*05 0!% %@"(0,5* :,)%#
d 2 Y0
   
−1 1 1
− 21 1dY0 1
ǫǫ ǫ2 + ... + ǫ Xǫ
2 ǫ2 + ... − ǫ 2 Y0 + · · · = 0.
dX 2 dX
$%*.% 0!% /%(+,*: 5&+%& >&54/%9 ,#
d 2 Y0 dY0
dX 2
+X
dX
− Y0 = 0. AB2CDE
!% 45"*+(&1 .5*+,0,5*# #"::%#0 0!(0 '% 9"#0 9(0.! ',0! 0!% 5"0%& #5/"0,5* (#
X → ±∞. !,# #"::%#0# 0!(0
Y0 ∼ A± X (# X → ±∞. AB2FGE
!% %@"(0,5* AB2CDE .(* 4% #5/)%+ ,* 0%&9# 57 >(&(45/,. .1/,*+%& 7"*.0,5*#2 H7 '%
>"0
X2
Y0 = e − 4 W0

IJ
 !"# W0 $% &$'"$
1 X2
W0′′ + ( − 2 − )W0 = 0.
2 4
() " !% *) +&#"%,+- &#."/"#."# $)+0 &)#$ )1 !" "20% &)#

1 X2
′′
W +( +ν− )W = 0,
2 4
%," !" /%,%3)+&4 4-+&#.", 10#4 &)#$ W = Dν (X) %#. D−ν−1 (iX).
5# ),.", ) .) !" 6% 4!&#7 *" ,"20&," !" 3"!%8&)0,$ )1 Dν (x) 1), |x| +%,7"9
:!" /,)/", &"$ )1 Dν (z) %," $066%,&;". 3"+)* <$"" 1), "=%6/+" >3,%6)8& ; ?
@ "70# A

∞
2
ν − z4
X 3π
Dν (z) ∼ z e (−1)n an z −2n %$ z → ∞, | arg(z)| < . <B9CDE
n=0
4
∞ 1 ∞
ν − z4
2 X
n −2n (2π) 2 iπν −ν−1 z2 X
Dν (z) ∼ z e (−1) an z − e z e 4 bn z −2n
n=0
Γ(−ν) n=0
π 5π
%$ z → ∞, < arg(z) < . <B9CCE
4 4
F"," a0 = b0 = 1, %#.

ν(ν − 1) . . . (ν − 2n + 1) (ν + 1)(ν + 2) . . . (ν + n)
an = bn = .
2n n! 2n n!
F"#4" *" 4%# *,& " !" $)+0 &)# )1 <B9DGE %$

X2
Y0 = e − 4 (CD−2 (X) + ED1 (iX)).

()* 0$&#7

X2 X2
D−2 (X) ∼ X −2 e− 4 , D1 (iX) ∼ (iX)e 4 %$ X→∞

%#.
1
−2 − X4
2 (2π) 2 2πi X 2
D−2 (X) ∼ X e − e Xe 4 , %$ X → −∞
Γ(2)
X2
D1 (iX) ∼ (iX)e 4 %$ X → −∞,
*" '#. !%
 
2
− X4 C − X2 X2
Y0 ∼ e e 4 + E(iX)e 4 X → ∞,
X2
! "#$%&'()*+ %,- .! "! /*012, !"#$%%& %' (!)*+,!)-.!/ 01".)-%" !"#$%& '($) #$%*+",

-.*" -#-+.-).$/

!
!

Y0 ∼ EiX "# X → ∞.
$!%&!

Ei = A+ .
' ( )"*)+

X2 X2 X2
h p i
Y0 ∼ e − 4 −C (2π)Xe 4 + E(iX)e 4 X → −∞.

$!%&!
p
Y0 ∼ (− (2π)C + iE)X + O(1) X → −∞,
, - %,
p
− (2π)C + iE = A− .
.# %, /0! , -!% -")1!# 23* A± )!"4# /3

3
C=√ , E = −2i,
2π
"%4 /0! %%!* #3)1/ 3% "#

 
3 X2
Y0 = √ D−2 (X) − 2iD1 (iX) e− 4 .
2π
5 1% 23*( "66*37 ("/ 3% &"% 8! &")&1)"/!4 /3 , -!

 
1 3 x ix x2
yunif = ǫ 2 √ D−2 ( √ ) − 2iD1 ( √ ) e− 4ǫ .
2π ǫ ǫ

5 &3(6"* #3% 32 /0! 1% 23*( "66*37("/ 3%

 
1 3 x ix x2
yunif = ǫ 2 √ D−2 ( √ ) − 2iD1 ( √ ) e− 4ǫ .
2π ǫ ǫ

9 /0 " %1(!* &") #3)1/ 3% 32 /0! 4 :!*!%/ ") !;1"/ 3%

ǫy ′′ + xy ′ − (ǫ2 x3 + 1)y = 0, y(−1) = 1, y(1) = 2

"%4 −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 < ǫ << 1, 23* ǫ = 0.05 # #039% % < ,= >=? 8!)39=

?@
 2.0

1.5

1.0

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

!"#$% &'( ) *+,-.$!/+0 +1 23% 4%5.*26 0#,%$!*.7 /+7#2!+0 2+ 23% 1#77 %8#.2!+0 ./
*+,-.$%9 :!23 23% #0!1+$, .--$+5!,.2!+0 49./3%9 7!0%6 1+$ ǫ = 0.05;

!"# $% &''()*+,&-+)./ 0123 4#-")5

<+#09.$= 7.=%$ 23%+$= 1.!7/ :3%0 :% 3.>% . $.-!9 >.$!.2!+0 !0 23% /+7#2!+0
23$+#"3+#2 23% $%"!+0 $.23%$ 23.0 7+*.77= .2 /+,% 7+*.2!+0;
!"#$%& ?+0/!9%$
ǫy ′′ + by = 0, y(0) = 0, y(1) = 1,

:3%$% b > .09 0 < ǫ << 1. @+2% 23.2 23% "%0%$.7 /+7#2!+0 !/
q
sin(x bǫ )
y= q .
sin( bǫ )

A3% +#2%$ /+7#2!+0 !/ B#/2 y = 0; +$ 23% !00%$ /+7#2!+0C /#--+/% :% /%2

x = x̄ + γ(ǫ)X, γ << 1.

A3%0 23% %8#.2!+0/ "!>%/

ǫ d2 y
+ by = 0.
γ 2 dX 2
) 9+,!0.02 D.7.0*% "!>%/ γ = ǫ .09 23% $%/#72!0" !00%$ -$+D7%, !/
1
2

d2 y
+ by = 0.
dX 2
A3% /+7#2!+0 "!>%/ √ √
y = A sin( bX) + B cos( bX).
E% *.0 *3++/% .0= x̄ D#2 0+2% 23.2 1+$ .0= *3+!*% +1 x̄ 23% /+7#2!+0 !/ 0+2 +1
D+#09.$= 7.=%$ 1+$, .09 *.00+2 D% ,.2*3%9 2+ 23% +#2%$ /+7#2!+0 ./ X → ±∞
D%*.#/% 23% !00%$ /+7#2!+0 +/*!77.2%/;
FG