Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MMM Research Poster Final
MMM Research Poster Final
Introduction Results
Music has the ability to evoke emotions in its listeners. This is done through an expression developed by the Power Power
characteristics of the piece and is applied directly to national anthems. Anthems have been written as a Pace Expression Key Pace Expression Key
Index11 Index
representation of a group of people and their culture. Part of a culture is the military prominence in a country,
as there are countries that wish to be dominant and others that are of a pacifistic nature. From this knowledge, United States 82.42 43.91 1 0.94 Andorra 89.82 26.63 1 0
this study was conducted to answer the following question:
Are the characteristics of dynamics, tempo and key in a national anthem connected to the strength of the Russia 80.65 43.56 1 0.80 Canada 90.36 26.84 1 0
military in that country? Costa Rica 0
China 105.63 33.87 1 0.79 101.35 70.93 1
Conclusions
The only musical feature of a country’s national anthem that is a statistically significant indicator of the
military strength of that country is the anthem’s key. As such, it remains unclear if a country’s militarism is related
to its national anthem. However, because all of the occurrences of minor keys were for countries with strong
militaries, it can be concluded that on average anthems from countries with stronger military power create more
feelings of tension or irritation, as the minor key indicates.
Future Research
Post-analysis included preliminary tests of musical features versus other national data including GDP,
population, and landmass. None of these comparisons yielded statistically significant results.
Future research would include taking the militarism of the country at the time the anthem was written or using
current interpretations of the anthem. It is predicted that taking data from the same time period would result in a
greater correlation between military might and the characteristics of an anthem that would create an emotion to
reflect a militaristic or pacifistic nature.
References
1. Schubert, Emery. "Modeling Perceived Emotion With Continuous Musical Features." Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal 21.4 (2004): 561-85. University of California Press Journals. Web. 22 Mar.
2017.
2. Bella, Simone Dalla, Isabelle Peretz, Luc Rousseau, and Nathalie Gosselin. "A Developmental Study of the Affective Value of Tempo and Mode in Music." Cognition 80.3 (2001): n. pag. Science Direct. Web.
22 Mar. 2017.
3. Eerola, Tuomas. "Are the Emotions Expressed in Music Genre-specific? An Audio-based Evaluation of Datasets Spanning Classical, Film, Pop and Mixed Genres." Journal of New Music Research 40.4 (2011):
349-66. Taylor and Francis. Web. 22 Mar. 2017.
4. Kamenetsky, Stuart B., David S. Hill, and Sandra E. Trehub. "Effect of Tempo and Dynamics on the Perception of Emotion in Music." Psychology of Music 25.2 (1997): 149-60. Sage Journals. Web. 22 Mar.
2017.
5. Balkwill, Laura-Lee, and William Forde Thompson. "A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Perception of Emotion in Music: Psychophysical and Cultural Cues." Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal
17.1 (1999): 43-64. University of California Press Journals. Web. 22 Mar. 2017.
6. Cerulo, Karen A. "Sociopolitical Control and the Structure of National Symbols: An Empirical Analysis of National Anthems." Social Forces 68.1 (1989): 76-99. JSTOR. Web. 22 Mar. 2017.
7. Rejai, Mostafa, and Kay Phillips. "Classical Music and Political Psychology: A Research Note." Journal of Political & Military Sociology 29.1 (2001): 177. EbscoHost. Web. 22 Mar. 2017.
8. Lester, David, and John F. Gunn, III. "Lyrics of National Anthems and Suicide Rates." Psychological Reports 109.1 (2011): 137-38. EbscoHost. Web. 22 Mar. 2017.
9. D. Ellis (2007) Beat Tracking by Dynamic Programming J. New Music Research, Special Issue on Beat and Tempo Extraction, vol. 36 no. 1, March 2007, pp. 51-60. (10pp)
10. Suits, B. H. "Physics of Music - Notes." MTU Physics. Michigan Technological University, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2017. <http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~suits/NoteFreqCalcs.html>.
11. Wikipedia contributors. "List of countries by Military Strength Index." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 7 Mar. 2017. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.
12. Wikipedia contributors. "List of countries without armed forces" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 Apr.. 2017. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.