Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Intelligent Breaking System
Intelligent Breaking System
Various accidents happen with the automobile vehicles which cause serious
injury, and inefficient braking is most probable reason. It is incontestable, statistica lly
proved fact, that year on year incidents involving a reversing vehicle account for
between 20-30% of all reported work related serious injuries or fatalities.[1] While
parking or taking reverse turn, driver unable to see what is behind the vehicle and
obviously up to what distance, eventually vehicle strike with the obstacle behind.[7]
Presently, cars have the alarm system where when the car gets too close to an
object an alarm is triggered which warns the driver about an object close by. But this
feature has produced lot of problems and is prone to human error. We have enhanced
the facility by using the same system but we have altered it so that the car brakes
here the car brakes on its own by determining the distance from the object. [5]
i
CONTENTS
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
iii
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1
A) Electronic operation
For the detection of obstacle behind the car, the IR sensor transmitter and
receiver circuit is required. The output from this circuit is sends to the solenoid valve
which helps in pneumatic braking.
B) Mechanical operation
When IR sensor gives input to solenoid valve then a pneumatic brake applied
to the car. For this operation pneumatic force is used to apply the brake.
2
Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
automatically. [1]
3
Chapter 3
4
A continuous supply of air through air tank is supplied to solenoid valve. [2] The
flow control valve is used to control the flow of air which allows the air to flow in one
direction only that is only in forward direction and block in reverse direction. When
signal from control unit receives by solenoid valve, a supply of compressed air supplied
to pneumatic single acting cylinder. Then the piston takes forward motion and
consequently brake applied to the wheel. This stops the car and accident is avoided.
Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram of the Intelligent Reverse Braking System [5]
Generally, IR sensors are fitted at rear of the vehicle and solenoid valve is
located at the front wheel.
5
Fig 3.3 Park Mode and Override Buttons [7]
When the override button is released, the automatic braking system is again
engaged. This mode is activated when the driver needs to reverse closer than 40cm, or
when the reversing angle is so extreme that the sensors detect the terrain. [7]
6
Chapter 4
7
4.2 Sensor Unit
Sensor unit consist of IR transmitter for generating the ultrasonic rays and IR
receiver to receive ultrasonic rays when they reflected back from obstacle. When waves
reflected from the obstacle, is received by IR received it sends to control unit. The control
unit then determined the distance of obstacle from the car and if the distance is within
certain range it sends signal to solenoid valve and finally brake is applied. [5]
4.2.1 IR Transmitter
An ultrasonic transducer is used in IR transmitter operates to radiate ultrasonic
waves through the air. Ultrasonic sound waves are the sound waves that are above
the range of human hearing capability and, so it has a frequency above 20,000 hertz.
Any frequency which is above 20,000 hertz may be considered as ultrasonic. [4]
4.2.2 IR Receiver
An IR receiver receives the ultrasonic waves radiated by IR transmitter when
they reflected back from an obstacle and a signal sends to control unit. [4]
4.3 Compressor
A continuous supply of compressed air is required to solenoid valve to operate
the brakes whenever needed. A compressor can compress air to the required pressures.
It converts the mechanical energy from motors and engines into the potential energy
in compressed air. A single central compressor can supply various pneumatic
components with compressed air, which is transported through pipes from the cylinder
8
The pneumatic cylinder used is spring return single acting pneumatic cylinder.
cylinder, piston moves backward. Hence for reverse motion, no force is required. [6]
Fig 4.3 Pneumatic Symbol of a Spring Return Single Acting Cylinder [6]
The air from the compressor is passed through the regulator which controls the
pressure to required amount by adjusting its knob. A pressure gauge is attached to the
regulator for showing the line pressure.
Fig 4.4 Pneumatic Symbol of a Spring Return Single Acting Cylinder [3]
The solenoid valve used here is 3/2 spring return pilot solenoid valve. 3/2 valve
means it has three ports that is we can give three connections to the valve and it has two
positions which means there are two positions that this valve can be operated. [3]
9
2) Output Port (A) referred as port number 2.
3) Return Port (R) referred as port number 3.
At the still position the pressure port is blocked which output is null. When
signal from control unit is obtained then valve shift from current right position to the
left position. At situation, pressure port is connected to the output port which means
that air supply passed through the valve and an output is obtained at port number 2.
This completes the braking processes. The brake is continuously applied till signal
from IR receiver is obtained. [3]
When signal from IR receiver is not obtained, then control does not send
any signal to the solenoid valve. Hence solenoid valve automatically comes to right
position due springing action.
(a) (b)
Fig 4.5 Flow Control Valve (a) Cross Section (b) Pneumatic Symbol [6]
10
this valve the time consumption is reduced because of the faster movement of the
piston. [6]
11
4.7.2 Limitations of Pneumatic Systems
Although pneumatic systems possess a lot of advantages, they are also subject
to many limitations. [6]
(1) Relatively low accuracy.
(2) Low loading.
(3) Processing required before use.
(4) Uneven moving speed.
(5) Noise.
12
REFERENCES
1] Autotrader.com, http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/car-news/210852/ne
w-automatic-parking-system-will-reach- volvo- models.jsp, October 12, 2014.
7] Thiess Field Trials- Reverse Alert Technology, Automatic Braking System, Reverse
Alert Australia, PP 1-12, 2013.
8] Vision Techniques, “Cost Benefit Analysis for Banksman Auto Braking
Vehicle based reversing safety system”, PP 1-2, 2008.
9] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia- Anti-lock braking system for motorcycle,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system_for_motorcycles, September
08, 2014.
13