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    Matthew Antoci
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    eight ten language

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    eight ten language

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    1 views9 pages

    Rota Seven

    Uploaded by

    Matthew Antoci
    eight ten language

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    For the Student Linguist Se 5. Choose chon ee A ote eran el ture, TV show) and analyz sation, on section on ethno iyze it using the component in graphy of communication (SPEAKING). 6. Choose 4 paragraph of text at ra 5 one of the following: ;ndom (pethaps from this book). Ty ta py a) aa explanation for a cl. for a close fiend 6) a version of a textboo! or family member of a textbook for nonrat ¢ ©) a ballad for nonnative speakers of English 3 3 asimmary spoken by novel exten 5 Sina ey as pee eee Decide which o Dele ich of he lowing sentences at coe, 2) Anyone who has ised the shed tr work sould ty in b) Whom do you want to speak to? es ©) Who do you ant to Spent ta? ©) Hope vibe warm tomar © Thee eo as om cs } Teer th pap tT and Pea pee pr fr itary ent yt 2 ee oot ti swat fe 2 Thin ee bo ao toes nae ek many “errors” did you spot? = according to 8. Spend wee acivly ely eo spn ety pesca ltl ny tikng "sth amin { hare hed Veto? this that not creyone woud How might this be said by somebody of acy sas emi, gender ori cas you acy Int, ye te a ference you hear Make als of your observations, ee Foe more ot fort ectordsimartin fe 0 tought on language in social cont g -com/linguistes/soeal contexts ad cick on For the stadent, oe fifteen Natural Sign Languages Wendy Sandler Diane Lillo-Martin fo OBJECTIVES Ii this chapter, you will earn: «shat sign languages share with spoken lang language «+ how hand shape, movement, 1 tat sign language has complex morphotogy + yo si language Sentence strtare resembles tat of spoken languages Show poetry is created ia sign languages «ow new siga languages arise sages defining characteristics of aman and location can be combined to create meaning ars since serious investigation of natural sign languages inguages are bona fide linguistic systems, with structures oerrulee and the full ange of expressive power that characterize spoken languages, Researchers have spent most of that time demonstrating, with increasing 6°" eed formality, the sometimes surprising similarities between languages in the 19 ae ies spoken and signed. Concomitantly, scholars in related disciplines Hike Janguage acquisition and neurolinguistics have been discovering sign Heart sliilar- id signed languages in these domains as wel. [ts safe to sy ities between spoken an¢ that the academic sworld is now convinced that sign languages are real languages 18 ‘every sense of the term. ‘eis were the whole story, however, there would be no need for @ chapter on siga languages in an introductory linguistics textbook, Bach sgh Janae would be aay arr ianguage ike any othet—English, Hungarian, Central Alaskan Yupix Fstimey see ae grins Chinese--tach with its own contaibution to make toward understnd= tng the general language faculty of humans. But this is not the whole tor Rather, tga Tanguages as a group ate of special Importance, crucial t9 oUF understanding of thes essential nature of language for two ceasons. First, the study of natural languages Tenas been nearly fity ye Ipegan to show that these ls 527 le gre y ‘ir @ novel way the hypothesig: tral human languages are characterized by certain key properties. Secon tases fundamental questions about the uman language capacity ae ea Tenge for language theory that we would never have noticed were len a tence of sign languages, ‘The sign languages under discussion are the languages used by com of dea people all over the word. They are natural languages in the serve Not conscious invented by anyone bat develop spontaneously, whreve: ge S Pendent vocabularies and thett own grammatical structures, Although there do age SOnteived sign systems that are based on spoken languages (ch as Signed English Signed Hebrew) such systems ate not natural languages, and they ate sora of interest ere. Rather, lingusts and cognitive psycholoysts are moat meee the natural sgn languages passed down without insuetion fom one dearer to the next al used by deaf people in thelr own communities all over thee Sign languages exhibit the full ange of expression that spoken languages {ai wir, Dire styles ae adopted fr diferent social contexts use tutes ar delivered io translated to sign language; tryteling has been lg to ai at in some deaf communities; deaf poets create atistie pocty in vgee shaling the fonmational elements ofthe languages to convey images emote ideas, Sign languages can “do” everything that spoken language cin. tn tee ‘we explain how they do so : Most ofthe examples we provide hete come ftom American Sign Language (4 and Israeli Sign Language (ISL), but the Properties they exemplify are common to, “stabished sign languages tht have been studied so far Ths doesnot ment ver that there is one universal sign language or that al sgn languages have the srarnmatical stucture, The common elements described here are selected bees they provide usefl examples of the linguistic patterning of sign languages in gee eval, and of the ways in which they compare to spoken language pattems First we examine the linguistic stractue of sign languages, begining Sthcture ofthe smaller units of anguage—those that may be compared to the meafe ingless but identifiable sounds of speech (phonology). Then we move to the ‘sere ture of words (morphology). We end the Jinguistic description with a discussion of the structure of the sentence (syntax). We conclude the chapter with desepnone ge sign language poetry and new sigh languages S Phonology In order to have sentences, one must have words, and words—at least in spaken language—are pronounced asa series of sounds. What about the signs of sig lan ‘Suage? Do they have a level of substructure like the spoken word? Since spoken and. Signed languages are produced and perceived by different physical systems-—oraléawal and manual/visual—one might expect to ind the least amount of similarity actos the > ‘wo modalities at this level of analysis, Yet here, there Is much common ground. Formational Elements In 1960, William Stokoe published a monograph in which he demonstrated that the swords of American Sign Language are not holistic gestures but analyzable as a com= bination of three meaningless yet linguistically significant categories: hand shape, location, and movernent. That i, by changing some feature of any one of those three categories, themselves meaningles, one could change the meaning of the sign. For example, by changing only the configuration of the hand, the signs CANDY and APPLE ate distinguished. (Conventionally, uppercase Is used to represent signs.) In these two signs, the locations and movements are the same; only the hand configu ration Is different. Similar pars exist that are distinguished only by their locations or only by their movements. a. CANDY b. APPLE Figure 18.1 Si. minimal pair The example in Figure 15.1 is analogous to the English palr pan, tam, in which the frst sound of each word-{p] and [s]—is different. The sounds are themselves meaning- less, but they are linguistically significant because they make a difference in meaning when put in a word. In the sign language pair CANDY, APPLE, the hand configurations are also meaningless, yet they too make a difference in meaning. The other forma- tional elements—locations and movements—can, like hand configurations, indepen dently make a difference in meaning, though they are themselves meaningless This finding was of supreme importance. Ever since its discovery, it has no longer been possible to assume, a most people previously had that signs ae fun- damentally different fom spoken words, that they are simple iconic gestures wit no substructure. Rather, ASL is characterized by a defining feature of language in fener: duality of patterning This duality i between the meaningful level Con- sisting of mozphemes, words, phrases, sentences) and the meaningless level, whic 1.2 1.3 “6, they indepen nes SHments Of spoken language are linguistically signi aa the; IBY Independently make a aiference in meaning, thes obey constraints ‘eggamblnation within morphemes and words, and may be systematically a thelferent contexts. This is the domain of phonology. The lat ten shapes, logy. Lions, and movements are the formational elements of sign language phonoig, show that ge lst of consonants and vowels in spoken langeoyee We will show that sign language phonology is also charactesieat by constraints on cecutnation of these elements, and by systematic changes in “pronunciation” ungee certain circumstances, Combining Formational Elements within any mompheme, While either the finger group ® Gil ney {index plus mide finger) may occu in a morpheme,» caver 124, & Prohibited ina mompheme in the native sige so

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