CHAPTER 14 Selection and Application of Three-Phase Induction Motors 14.0 Introduction hen purchasing a 3-phiase induetion motor for a particular application, we often discover that several types can fill the need, Consequently, we hhave to make a choice, The selection is generally simplified because the manufacturer of the lathe, fan, ‘pump, and so forth indicates the type of motor that is ‘best suited to drive the load, Nevertheless, itis use ful to know something about the basic construction and characteristics ofthe various types of 3-phase in- duction motors that are available on the market. Im this chapter we also cover some special appli: cations of induction machines, such as asynchro- nous generators and frequency converters. These interesting devices will enable the reader to gain 3 better understanding of induction motors in general. 14.1 Standardization and classification of induction motors* ‘The frames of all industrial motors under 500 hp have standardized dimensions. Thus, a 25 hp, 1725 rfmin, 60 Ha motor of one manufacturer can * Standards inde United States are governed by National letieal Manufactures (NEMA) publication MG-L ted Motors and Goneratar. Standards io Canad ae snianly be replaced by that of any other manufacturer, ‘without having (o change the mounting holes, the shaft Leight, or the type of coupling. The stan- dardization covers not only frame sizes, but also establishes limiting values for electrical, mechan- ical, and thermal characteristics. Thus, motors ‘must satisfy minimum requirements as to starting torque, locked-rotor current, overload capacity, ‘and temperature rise, 14.2 Classification according to environment and cooling methods Motors are grouped into several categories, de- pending upon the environment in which they have tooperate. We limit our discussion to five important classes, I. Drip-proof motors. The frame in a dtip-proof ‘motor protects the windings against liquid drops and solid particles which fall at any angle between and 15 degrees downward from the vertical. The motors are cooled by means ofa fan directly cou- pled to the rotor. Cool air, drawn into the motor powered by Canaan Stands Associaton (CSA) public ‘ation © 154, The boo sanded ar essentially identical300 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS through vents inthe frame, is blown over the wind: ings and thea expelled. The maximum allowable temperature rise (measured by the change in wind- ing resistance) may be 60°C, 80°C, 105°C, or 125°C, depending oa the type of insulation used in the windings. Drip-proof motors (Fig. 14.1) ean be ‘used in most locations, 2. Splash-proof motor. The frame in a splash- proof motor protects the windings against liquid ‘drops and solid particles that fall at any angle be- tween 0 and 100° downward from the vertical ‘Cooling is similar to that in drip-proof motors and the maximum temperature rise is also the same. ‘These motors are mainly used in wet locations, 3. Totally enclosed, nonventilated motors. These ‘motors have closed frames that prevent the free exchange of air between the inside and the outside Of the case. They are designed for very wet and dusty locations. Most are rated below 10 kW be- cause itis difficult to get rid of the heat of larger ‘machines. The motor losses are dissipated by nat- tural convection and radiation from the frame. The permissible temperature rise is 65°C, 85°C, 110°C, or 130°C, depending on the class of insu- lation (see Fig. 14.2), Figure 14.1 Energy otficent drip prot, 9-phase squirel-cage induc- tion motor rated 230 Vi460 V3 hp, 1750 efmin, 60 He. (Courtesy of Gould) 4 Totally enclosed, fan-cooled motors. Medium and high-power motors that are totally enclosed are usually cooled by an external blast of ar. An extemal fan, directly coupled to the shal, blows air over the ribbed motor frame (Fig. 14.3). A concentric outer shield prevents physical contact with the fan and serves to channel the airstream, The permissible tem- perature rise isthe same as for drip-proof motors, 'S. Explosion-proof motors. Explosion-proof mo- tors ate used in highly inflammable or explosive surroundings, stich as coal mines, oil refineries, and grain elevators. They are totally enclosed (but not Figure 14.2 “Two totaly enclosed nonventlated (TEN) 2 hp, 1725 "min cage motors are shown in foreground and two 30 hp, 1720 rimin totaly enclosed blowar-cooled ma tors (TEBC) in background. These 3-phase, 460 V ‘motors are Intended to operato at vatiable speeds ranging froma few revolutions per minute to about 3 limes rated speed. “The 2 hp motors have a fubload current of 2.9. efficiency of 84 percent anc power factor of 76 per cent. Other charactorisics: no-load curtent: 1.7 A locked:-rotor currant: 26 A: looked-rotar torque: 4.2 ui breakdown torque: 5.0 pu; servioe factor: 1.0; 10- | weight 39 kg; overall length including shat 977 ‘mm; overall height: 235 mn, ‘The 20 hp motors have a fulload current of 34 A, eticioney of 93 percent, and power factor of €4 per- ‘ent Other characteristics: n-oad curent: 12 A: locked-rotor curren: 214 A; locked rotor torque: 1.6 pu: breakdown torque: 2.84 pu; service factor 1.0; total ‘weight: 200 kg; overal length including shaft: €34 mm; ‘overall height 385 mm (Courtesy of Baldor Electric Company)SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS Figure 14.3 Totaly enclosed fan-cooled induction matar rated 350 hp, 1760 rimin, 440 V,Siphase, 60 Hz (Courtesy of Gould) Figure 14.4 Totaly enclosed, fan-cooled, explosion-praot motor Note the particularly rugged construction of this type of motor. (Courtesy of 610k Cromoton-Parkinson Lid) airtight) and the frames are designed to withstand the enormous pressure that may build up inside th ‘motor duc to an internal explosion, Furthermore, the flanges on the end-bells are made extra long in ‘order to cool any escaping gases generated by such ‘an explosion. Such explosions may be initiated by the spark or a short-circuit within the windings. The permissible temperature rise is the same as for to- tally enclosed motors (soe Fig. 14.4), 14,3 Classification according to electrical and mechanical properties. tn addition tothe various enclosures just mentioned, Sephase squime-cage motors can have special ek (vical and mechanical characteristics, as listed below. 1. Motors with stendard tocked-rotor torque (NEMA Design B). Most induction motors belong to this group. The permit locked-rotor torque de teases asthe size of the motor increases. Ths it ranges from 1.3 to 0.7, asthe power increases from 20 hp to 200 hp (15 kW to 150 kW). The come sponding locked-rotor current should not exceed 64 times the rated full-oad current. These general purpose motors are used 10 drive fans, centrifugal pumps, machine tools, and o forth, 2. High starting-torque motors (NEMA Design C). ‘These motors ave employed when starting conditions ae difficult. Pumps and pistontype compressors that have to start under load are two typical applica- tions. Inthe range from 20 hp to 200 hp, the locked- rotor torque is 200% of fll-toad torque, which eo responds to per-unit tong of 2. The locked-rotor curtent should not exceed 6.4 times the rated full oad current. In general, these motors are equipped with double-cage totor. The excellent performance of a double-cage rotor (Fig. 14.5) is based upon the fol- Towing facts: 8, ‘The frequency of the rotor current diminishes as the motor speeds up b. A conductor that lies close to the rotor surface (cage 1) bas a lower inductive reactance than ‘one buried deep inside the iron core (cage 2) ©. The conductors of eage | are much smaller than those of cage 2 When the motor is connected tothe line with the Totor at standstill, the frequency ofthe rotor current is equal to line frequency. Owing to the high in ductive reactance of squirrel-cage 2, the rotor cur rent flows mainly in the small bars of cage 1. The effective motor resistance is therefore high, being essentially equal to that of cage 1. Consequently, high starting torque is developed,