MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Compared to the core, the index of refraction of the cladding must be:

 a. the same
 b. greater
 c. less
 d. doesn’t have an index of refraction
ANS: C

2. Fiber-optic cables do not:

 a. carry current
 b. cause crosstalk
 c. generate EMI
 d. all of the above
ANS: D

3. Single-mode fiber is made from:

 a. glass
 b. plastic
 c. both a and b
 d. none of the above
ANS: A

4. Fiber-optic cable cannot be used:

 a. in an explosive environment
 b. to connect a transmitter to an antenna
 c. to isolate a medical patient from a shock hazard
 d. none of the above
ANS: B

5. A single-mode cable does not suffer from:

 a. modal dispersion
 b. chromatic dispersion
 c. waveguide dispersion
 d. all of the above
ANS: A

6. Scattering causes:

 a. loss
  b. dispersion
 c. intersymbol interference
 d. all of the above
ANS: A

7. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to the glass is about:

 a. 40 dB per km
 b. 4 db per km
 c. 0.4 dB per km
 d. zero loss
ANS: C

8. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to a splice is about:

 a. 0.02 dB
 b. 0.2 db
 c. 1 dB
 d. 3 dB
ANS: A

9. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to a connector is about:

 a. 0.02 dB
 b. 0.2 db
 c. 1 dB
 d. 3 dB
ANS: B

10. Which of the following is a type of fiber connector:

 a. ST
 b. SC
 c. SMA
 d. all of the above
ANS: D

11. The quantum of light is called:

 a. an erg
 b. an e-v
 c. a photon
 d. a phonon
ANS: C
12. LASER stands for:

 a. Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation

 b. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
 c. Light Amplification by Simulated Emitted Rays
 d. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emitted Rays
ANS: B

13. APD stands for:

 a. Avalanche Photodiode
 b. Advanced Photodiode
 c. Avalanche Photo Detector
 d. Advanced Photo Detector
ANS: A

14. In a PIN diode, leakage current in the absence of light is called:

 a. baseline current
 b. zero-point current
 c. dark current
 d. E-H current
ANS: C

15. For a light detector, responsivity is measured in:

 a. amps per watt

 b. µW per amp
 c. mA per joule
 d. µsec per µW
ANS: A

COMPLETION
1. In the core, the angle of incidence equals the angle of
____________________.

ANS: reflection

2. The core is surrounded by the ____________________.

ANS: cladding

3. The ____________________ angle is where refraction changes to

reflection.
ANS: critical

4. An electron-volt is a measure of ____________________.

ANS: energy

5. The numerical aperture is the ____________________ of the angle of

acceptance.

ANS: sine

6. Optical fiber relies on total ____________________ reflection.

ANS: internal

7. Chromatic dispersion is also called ____________________ dispersion.

ANS: intramodal

8. With optical fiber, ____________________ light is more common than

visible light.

ANS: infrared

9. In multimode fiber, ____________________ index has less dispersion

than step index.

ANS: graded

10. For laser diodes, the term ____________________ is used instead of

bandwidth.

ANS: linewidth

11. Dispersion can be expressed in units of ____________________ rather

than bandwidth.

ANS: time

12. ____________________ interference is when one pulse merges with the

next pulse.

ANS: Intersymbol
13. The optical fiber is free to move around in a ____________________
cable.

ANS: loose-tube

14. The optical fiber is not free to move around in a

____________________ cable.

ANS: tight-buffer

15. A ____________________ is a short length of fiber that carries the light

away from the source.

ANS: pigtail

16. Good connections are more critical with ____________________-mode

fiber.

ANS: single

17. A ____________________ diode is the usual light source for single-

mode cable.

ANS: laser

18. The quantum of light is called the ____________________.

ANS: photon

19. A ____________________ diode is the usual light detector for single-

mode cable.

ANS: PIN

20. For safety, you should never ____________________ at the end of an

optical fiber unless you know it is not connected to a light source.

ANS: look
MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. FDDI stands for:

 a. Fiber Digital Data Interface

 b. Fiber Distributed Data Interface
 c. Fiber Distribution Delay Interface
 d. Frequency-Division Data Interface
ANS: B

2. FITL stands for:

 a. Fiber In The Loop

 b. Fiber Input Timing Loss
 c. Frequency Input to The Loop
 d. Fiber Input Timing Loop
ANS: A

3. FTTC stands for:

 a. Fiber Transmission Timing Constraint

 b. Fiber Transmission Technology Committee
 c. Fiber Telephone Transmission Cable
 d. Fiber To The Curb
ANS: D

4. SONET stands for:

 a. Simple Optical Network

 b. Standard Optical Network
 c. Synchronous Optical Network
 d. none of the above
ANS: C

5. DWDM stands for:

 a. Digital Wavelength-Division Modulation

 b. Dense Wavelength-Division Modulation
 c. Double Wavelength-Division Modulation
 d. Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
ANS: D

6. A Soliton is a:
  a. defect in the glass
 b. type of particle
 c. type of pulse
 d. type of optical network
ANS: C

7. Adding bits to synchronize one digital signal to another is called:

 a. bit stuffing
 b. bit-synch
 c. SDH
 d. WDM
ANS: A

8. Power above the minimum required by an optical receiver is called:

 a. gain margin
 b. system margin
 c. excess gain
 d. overdrive
ANS: B

9. Typically, repeaters are not required for fiber-optic cable lengths up to:

 a. 1000 miles
 b. 100 miles
 c. 100 km
 d. 10 km
ANS: C

10. In SONET, OC-1 stands for:

 a. Optical Carrier level one

 b. Optical Coupler unidirectional
 c. Optical Channel one
 d. Optical Cable type 1
ANS: A

11. In SONET, STS stands for:

 a. Synchronous Transport Signal

 b. Synchronous Transport System
 c. Synchronous Transmission Signal
 d. Synchronous Transmission System
ANS: A

12. A commonly used fiber-based system for LANs is:

 a. FDDI
 b. high-speed Ethernet
 c. gigabit Ethernet
 d. all of the above
ANS: D

13. The use of solitons on fiber-optic cables is:

 a. common
 b. experimental
 c. obsolete
 d. not possible
ANS: B

14. OTDR stands for:

 a. Optical Time-Delay Response

 b. Optical Timing Delay Requirement
 c. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer
 d. Optical Time-Division Relay
ANS: C

15. Using fiber-optic cable in a telephone system except for the connection
to the subscriber’s phone is called:

 a. FDDI
 b. FTTC
 c. FITL
 d. SONET
ANS: B

COMPLETION
1. FTTC stands for Fiber To The ____________________.

ANS: Curb

2. FITL stands for Fiber In The ____________________.

ANS: Loop
3. SDH stands for Synchronous Data ____________________.

ANS: Hierarchy

4. WDM stands for ____________________-division multiplexing.

ANS: Wavelength

5. SONET stands for ____________________ Optical Network.

ANS: Synchronous

6. FDDI stands for Fiber ____________________ Data Interface.

ANS: Distributed

7. Optical amplifiers use ____________________-doped glass.

ANS: erbium

8. Optical amplifiers use a ____________________ laser.

ANS: pump

9. Dense ____________________ allows many different wavelengths of

light to share a cable.

ANS: WDM

10. The OC-1 line rate is ____________________ Mbps.

ANS: 51.84

11. SONET does not use bit ____________________ to synchronize two

digital signals.

ANS: stuffing

12. SONET uses a ____________________ to denote the starting position

of an information frame.

ANS: pointer
13. FDDI systems use two ____________________ rings to carry signals.

ANS: token

14. The two rings of an FDDI system carry data in ____________________

directions.

ANS: opposite

15. Each ____________________ in an FDDI system acts as a regenerative

repeater.

ANS: node

16. FDDI uses ____________________ mode cables.

ANS: multi

17. The data rate of an FDDI system is ____________________ bps.

ANS: 100 M

18. SONET frames have considerably more ____________________ than do

DS frames for information about signal routing and setup.

ANS: overhead

19. The number of bytes in a SONET frame is ____________________.

ANS: 810

20. The number of bytes in the payload of a SONET frame is

____________________.

ANS: 774

21. The number of rows in a SONET frame is ____________________.

ANS: 9

22. The total number of overhead bytes in a SONET frame row is

____________________.
ANS: 4

23. The number of path overhead bytes in a SONET frame row is

____________________.

ANS: 1

24. SONET frame rows contain path overhead and ____________________

overhead.

ANS: transport

25. In SONET, SPE stands for synchronous payload

____________________.

ANS: envelope

SHORT ANSWER
1. What is the bandwidth of a first-order LPF with a rise time of 350
nanoseconds?

ANS:

1 MHz

2. Calculate the total rise time for a fiber-optic system if the transmitter,
receiver, and cable each have a rise time of 50 nanoseconds.

ANS:

86.6 nanoseconds
Digital Modulation

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. FSK stands for:

 a. Full-Shift Keying
 b. Frequency-Shift Keying
 c. Full-Signal Keying
 d. none of the above
ANS: B

2. PSK stands for:

 a. Pulse-Signal Keying
 b. Pulse-Shift Keying
 c. Phase-Signal Keying
 d. Phase-Shift Keying
ANS: D

3. QAM stands for:

 a. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

 b. Quadrature Amplitude Masking
 c. Quadrature Amplitude Marking
 d. none of the above
ANS: A

4. In the equation I = ktB, I is measured in:

 a. amperes
 b. amperes per second
 c. bits
 d. bits per second
ANS: C

5. In the equation C = 2Blog2M, M is the:

 a. margin of noise
 b. modulation index
 c. number of possible states per symbol
 d. maximum number of symbols per second
ANS: C

6. An "eye pattern" shows a good channel when:

 a. the eye is maximally open

  b. the eye is maximally closed
 c. the eye is half open
 d. the eye alternately opens and closes
ANS: A

7. What you see in an eye pattern is the effect of:

 a. too many bits high

 b. too many bits low
 c. intermodulation distortion
 d. intersymbol interference
ANS: D

8. High-frequency radioteletype systems commonly use:

 a. FSK
 b. AFSK
 c. PSK
 d. QAM
ANS: A

9. Instead of a single bit, a QPSK symbol contains:

 a. a byte
 b. 4 bits
 c. a dibit
 d. a Q-bit
ANS: C

10. To reduce the need for linearity, π/4 DQPSK uses:

 a. angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees

 b. angles of 45, 135, 225, and 315 degrees
 c. angles of π/4, 2π/4, 3π/4, and 4π/4
 d. double phase-shift angles
ANS: B

11. For QAM, a "constellation diagram" shows:

 a. location of symbols in "symbol space"

 b. separation of symbols in "symbol space"
 c. effects of noise on symbols
 d. all of the above
ANS: D
12. For QAM, the two dimensions of its symbol space are:

 a. amplitude and frequency

 b. amplitude and phase angle
 c. frequency and phase angle
 d. I-bits and Q-bits
ANS: B

13. The specs of the old Bell type 103 modem were:

 a. 300 bps, full-duplex, FSK

 b. 600 bps, full-duplex, FSK
 c. 1200 bps, full-duplex, FSK
 d. 1200 bps, half-duplex, FSK
ANS: A

14. ITU is an abbreviation for:

 a. International Telephony Unit

 b. International Telephony Union
 c. International Telecommunications Union
 d. International Telecommunications Units
ANS: C

15. The ITU is under the auspices of:

 a. CCITT
 b. the U.N.
 c. IEEE
 d. ANSI
ANS: B

16. High-speed modems equalize the line to compensate for:

 a. noise and interference

 b. uneven phase and frequency response
 c. low SNR
 d. inconsistent bit rates at either end of channel
ANS: B

17. The bits sent to allow equalization are called:

 a. Gaussian bits
 b. random bits
  c. a training sequence
 d. a random sequence
ANS: C

18. The V.90 standard is issued by:

 a. the EIA
 b. the TIA
 c. the ITU
 d. the ISO
ANS: C

19. MNP2, MNP3, MNP4, and MNP10 are all:

 a. data-compression schemes
 b. error-correction protocols
 c. both a and b
 d. none of the above
ANS: B

20. MNP5 and V.42 bis are both:

 a. data-compression schemes
 b. error-correction protocols
 c. both a and b
 d. none of the above
ANS: A

21. In RS-232, flow control is done using:

 a. RTS/CTS handshake
 b. XON/XOFF characters
 c. both a and b
 d. none of the above
ANS: C

22. The official name for RS-232C is:

 a. RS-232C
 b. EIA-232D
 c. ISO-232C/D
 d. ANSI-232C
ANS: B
23. In RS-232, a modem would be:

 a. a DTR
 b. a DSR
 c. a DCE
 d. a DTE
ANS: C

24. In RS-232, a personal computer would be:

 a. a DTR
 b. a DSR
 c. a DCE
 d. a DTE
ANS: D

25. On a DB-9 RS-232 connector, signal ground is pin:

 a. 1
 b. 3
 c. 5
 d. 7
ANS: C

26. On a DB-25 RS-232 connector, signal ground is pin:

 a. 1
 b. 3
 c. 5
 d. 7
ANS: D

27. The minimum lines required for RS-232 are:

 a. TD and RD
 b. TD, RD, and signal ground
 c. TD, RD, DSR, and signal ground
 d. TD, RD, RTS, CTS, and signal ground
ANS: B

28. Hardware flow control uses:

 a. XON and XOFF

 b. TD and RD
  c. RTS and CTS
 d. DSR and DCD
ANS: C

29. Software flow control uses:

 a. XON and XOFF

 b. TD and RD
 c. RTS and CTS
 d. DSR and DCD
ANS: A

30. Which voltage represents a binary zero on an RS-232 data pin:

 a. +15 volts
 b. +12 volts
 c. +9 volts
 d. all of the above
ANS: D

31. DSL stands for:

 a. Data Signal Line

 b. Digital Signal Line
 c. Digital Subscriber Line
 d. Double-Speed Loop
ANS: C

32. ADSL stands for:

 a. Asynchronous DSL
 b. Asymmetrical DSL
 c. Analog DSL
 d. All DSL
ANS: B

33. In a CATV system, HFC stands for:

 a. Head Frequency Control

 b. Hybrid Frequency Control
 c. Hybrid Fiber-Coax
 d. Hybrid Fiber Control
ANS: C
34. In a CATV system, CMTS stands for:

 a. Cable Modem Terminal Server

 b. Cable Modem Transmission System
 c. Cable Modem Terminal System
 d. Cable Modem Transmission Server
ANS: A

35. A "splitter" at the subscriber end is not required for:

 a. Any DSL scheme

 b. ADSL
 c. ADSL Lite
 d. none of the above
ANS: C

COMPLETION
1. RTS means Request To ____________________.

ANS: Send

2. The response to RTS is ____________________.

ANS: CTS

3. FSK stands for Frequency-Shift ____________________.

ANS: Keying

4. DSR stands for ____________________ Set Ready.

ANS: Data

5. QAM stands for ____________________ Amplitude Modulation.

ANS: Quadrature

6. The number of symbols per second is called the ____________________

rate.

ANS: baud
7. The 2 bits of information in a QPSK symbol is called a
____________________.

ANS: dibit

8. QPSK uses ____________________ different phase angles.

ANS: four

9. DPSK stands for ____________________ PSK.

ANS: Delta

10. The QAM amplitude-phase combinations are shown with a

____________________ diagram.

ANS: constellation

11. ITU stands for International _________________________ Union.

ANS: Telecommunications

12. In QAM modems, ____________________ coding adds extra bits to

improve performance on a noisy line.

ANS: Trellis

13. ____________________ is used in a high-speed modem to compensate

for uneven frequency and phase response on a line.

ANS: Equalization

14. The maximum allowed speed for a modem on a dial-up line is about
____________________ bps.

ANS: 54k

15. The nominal maximum speed on an RS-232 cable is

____________________ bps.

ANS: 20k
16. In RS-232, the ____________________ line is asserted when the
analog carrier from another modem is being received.

ANS:

CD

DCD

RLSD

17. Between hardware flow control and software flow control,

____________________ flow control is preferred.

ANS: hardware

18. A voltage higher than ____________________ volts should be

considered a high on an RS-232 receiver.

ANS: 3

19. A ____________________ modem cable is used to connect two DTEs

via their serial ports.

ANS: null

20. ADSL stands for ____________________ DSL.

ANS: Asymmetrical

21. A typical CATV system is organized as a ____________________

network.

ANS: tree

22. In a CATV system using cable modems, a ____________________ is

used to put several channels of data onto a fiber-optic backbone.

ANS: CMTS

23. ____________________ is the process of synchronizing transmitted

data from cable modems to a CMTS.
ANS: Ranging

24. ____________________ systems send high-speed data over a POTS

line while sharing the line with dialup service.

ANS: ADSL

25. The ____________________ version of ADSL does not require a splitter

at the subscriber end.

ANS: lite

26. ____________________ modulation divides the line bandwidth into

many narrow bands called tones or bins for ADSL.

ANS: DMT

27. A DSLAM is a DSL Access ____________________.

ANS: Multiplexer

SHORT ANSWER
1. Calculate the bits per second capacity of a system sending 1000 symbols
per second with 16 possible states per symbol.

ANS:

4000

2. How many points will be on the constellation diagram of a QAM system

using 8 phase angles and 2 amplitude levels?

ANS:

16

3. A CATV system has 100 cable-modem customers sharing a single channel

with a data rate of 36 Mbps. If half the modems are active at any given
time, what bit rate can a customer expect?

ANS:

720 kbps
4. A DMT system uses 4.3-kHz bins on a 1-MHz cable. Approximately how
many bins are there?

ANS:

230

5. Assuming a maximum symbol rate of 400 per second, how many possible
states must a symbol have to achieve a data rate of 1200 bps?

ANS: