Review Problems SOLUTION ‘The actuation energy E, can be related to the rate constants ky (at temperature 7;) and kz (at temperature T>) by the Arrhenius equation: Fa (1 1) log—2 = - =-= ee seals i. where R = universal gas constant. (1). You are told a reaction proceeds five times as fast at 60° as it does at 30°C. Therefore, if k = rate constant at 30°C = 303K with T, = 303K, then ky = 5k; at 60°C = 333K with T; = 333K. You are given R. Substitute these values into the Arthenius equation and solve for Es. Re- writing and substituting: aaoR (231.96 : kcal | -2. ky , Eq= To log i a1) logs hi 333 303) = (15.4 keal/mole)(.699) = 10.8 kcal/mole. Note: 1 kcal/1,000 cal is a conversion factor to obtain the correct units. To answer (2) find 2 2 from te Ankeias equation, Rewriting and substituting: (é 1_1)) 2303R(T, %)) 40,000 (1 “| ( = antilo al (2.303)1.987 (2273 1,273) = antilog3.02 = 1.05 x10? sits yy That is, the rate should be about 1,050 times as great at 2,000°C as at 1,000°C. 429Chemistry PROBLEM 12 Four liters of octane gasoline weigh 3.19 kg. Calculate the volume of air required for its complete combustion at STP. SOLUTION To answer this problem, you need to write the balanced equation for the combustion of octane gasoline. This means knowing the molecular formula of octane gasoline and what is meant by combustion. Octane is a saturated hydrocarbon, i.., it is an alkane. A saturated hydrocarbon means a compound that contains only single bonds between the carbon-to-carbon and carbon-to-hydrogen bonds. Alkanes have the general formula CyHoa +2, where n = number of carbon atoms. Since the prefix “oct” means eight, you know there are 8 carbon atoms, which indicates that 18 hydrogen ‘atoms are present. Thus, gasoline octane has the formula CsHjg. Now, combustion is the reaction of an organic compound with oxygen to pro- duce CO, and H,0. With this in mind, you can write the balanced equa- tion for the reaction: 2CsHig + 2502 > 16CO, + 18,0. To determine the volume of air required for combustion, you need the volume of O, required, since 21 percent of air is oxygen (O2). To find the amount of O> involved, use the fact that at STP (standard temperature and pressure) 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 liters. Thus, if you know how many moles of O, were required, you would know its volume. You can find the number of moles by using stoichiometry. You have 3.19 kg or 3,190 g (1,000 g = 1 kg) of octane gasoline. The molecular weight (M.W.) of octane is 114 grams/mole. Thus, since mote = £228 (Weigh) 6, have 3490. _ 27.08 motes of gasoline. MW. 114 From the equation’s coefficients, you see that for every 2 moles of gasoline, 25 moles of O, are required. Thus, for this number of moles of gasoline, you need (27.98) & = 349.78 moles of O. Recalling that 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 liters at STP, 349.78 moles of Op occupies (349.78)(22.4) = 7,835.08 liters. Oxygen is 21% of the air. Thus, the amount of air required is 7,835.08 liters B 0, = 37,309.9 liters air. -21 liters Op