TECHNICAL | INFORMATION ON. __ MAIN PROPULSION _ _ STEAM PLANT BOOK1. ‘sotPRépared and Compiled By Frank K. Lloyd.CONTENTS. Page Number. Course Structure 2 10 Materials for Steam Plant "4 FEED SYSTEMS & AUXILIARIES Plant Emiceney 30 Feed System 7 Condensers 2 Main Circulating Pump 58 Condensate Extraction Pump ” Air Extraction Equipment 6 Gland Condenser o Deaerator oF D.C. Heater / he. Feed Pumps (nd ey Feed Heaters r nCONTENTS CONTD. EAM TURBI Turbine Theory Turbine Layout & Construction Types Expansion Arrangements Rotors Blades Diaphragms Glands Bearings Lubricating Oi! System Control of Turbine Power Turbine Construction Turbine Gearing Turbo Alternator Turbine Control Operation Turbine Defects & Maintenance Page Number 97 107 107 118 120 m 19 132 be a 149 153 164 167 176 187STEAM ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE GENERAL = Comparison with diesel and gas turbine propulsion Applicaton for modem steam turbine propulsion ‘THE FEED SYSTEM AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 1 ‘THEEEED SYSTEM = Open fed system. = Chesed feed system. ~ Typical temperature and preseures in the closed system, ~ Operation of the system under varying loads, make up and dump, recirculation = Level changes in condensers and de-aeatos, 2 ‘CONDENSERS. Condenser Level Contr + Types and arrangements + Construction and tube material. = Support and expansion. = Principe of operation ofthe regenerative condenser, CCorect operating parameters, + Effet of loss of heat transfer. + Defects and maintenance, water boxes and tubes. + Testfor leaks 3 EXTRACTION PUMPS The mo stage pump. Principle of operation. + Positions of the pump, + The standby pump and gland sealing = Super eavitaing pumps = Punpcharacteristics. + Consructional Detail Materials Defers and Maintenance,ATREJECTORS AND VACUUM PUMPS Causes of los of vacuum, Heat Transfer, ~ Airleaks in, = Ineffective Air Removal = Priniple of operation of the steam air ejector. = The thos stage ejector and the medem two stage arrangement. + Airejctor defects + The vecuum pump system, GLAND CONDENSERS AND SYSTEMS + Reason for Fiting. = General arrangement of system, LP.HEATERS AND DRAINS COOLER = Systems, = Drinarrangemens. DE:AERATORS = Constructions aod ftings. + Principle of operation. = Operation at low loads 2 pete FEED PUMPS = General arrangement and construction ofthe turbo feed pump. = Emergency feed pumps. + Alar and shutdown + Hydraulic balance, = Testing of overspeed trips HLP.HBATERS + Arrangements and construction including Stings. (de-superheating and under cooling details)BONERS ‘GENERAL TYPES, CONSTRUCTION AND DETAILS ERAL TYPES, CONSTRUCT Boils types and arrangements, = Roof fired boilers, = Typical construction, +, Fittings and mountings, ‘Water circulation; gas low and typical operating temperatures and pressures. ‘Drum internals and steam separation. Boies support and expansion arrangements. Fumace arrangements and membrane walls and reais Superneter arrangements. = Vertical tabs. = Extemal superheaters (ESD). ~ Primary and Secondary arangements = Soot blowers. Supethester construction Supethenter defects and maintonanee, < Plugging of tubes. Bconomiser arrangements ‘Economiser constuction, Air heaters, Types. © Gas uptake temperature limits, Combston. = Theoretical air requirements + Excess aitfexcess 02 requirements Products of combustion = Exhaust gas analysis = Dewpoint, > Formation of H2, $03 and 12 $04 in uptake, + Bumer register, ‘Typical arrangements. Burnertip design and comparison, ‘Burner turn down ratio, BOILER GAUGE GLASSES Boiler gauge glass types, Gauge glass frequency of blowing Correct procedure for blowing Clearing blocked gnuge glasses. ‘Reasons for incorret gauge glass readings. Replacing gauge glasses+ Safity valve types and considerations, > Safty valve construction, ~ Correct procedure fr setting a safety valve including blow down adjustment + Accumulation of pressure test. ~ _Useand function ofthe easing gear. BOILER CONTROL = Single element water level syste, + Tweclement water level system, = Tice clement water level system. + Supethest temperature cont, + Burner management alarms and shutdown, = Simple combustion contra FEED AND BOILER WATER TREATMENT = Whyitis used? + What tests are carried out and why? + Dissolved slats in salt water and fesh water Saltwater contamination ~ Oxygen Scavenging. = Hydrazine = Sodium subphit ardess- phosphates and polymers. {PH What isi? How is it measured and how i it controlled? + Normal operating limits and may allowable limite Procedures to maintain boiler water within tints ~The effect if limits are exceeded ‘BOILER OPERATION: DEFECTS: AND MAINTENANCE * Warming through a boiler an putting on range, + Water haramer and steam {Normal checks to be made on& boiler when in operation, = Shutting down a boiler. + Laying up a boiler fora short and long period. + Re-conmissioning a boiler after alay up. + Oil contamination ins boiler, action and procedures + Saltwater contamination, effects end procedures, = Blowing dow a boiler, + Opening up boier+ Soot and steamviron fires in boilers, 2) Main generating benk, )Superhestr. ©) Economizer. + Action in the event of loss of water. + Gas Furnace explosions and bumer management, > Boiler safety and isolation + Wate side inspection and defects. + Chenical cleaning = Fireside inspection and defects. Conéucting a boiler survey and testing ofthe boiler {imix of comosion an pis in general and also male doors ~ Boiler repairs, tube removal and replacement; welding, membrane wall reais, ~ Hyde testing ofa boiler pressures and procedures ‘STEAM TURBINES ‘THEORY + Flow through a nozate Convergent. + ConvergenuDivergent. Friction loss ina nozale. + Reaction blade profiles, > Pressure velocity diagram fora resction turbine + Impulse blade profile, + Pressure compounding (impulse). + Velocity compounding (imputse) 7 Presue velocity dingrams for pressure and velocity compounding Madera hybrid blades TURBINE CONSTRUCTION ~ Blades. 7 Blade types, root design and blade fixing and gates, = Blade materials, =P. blades and erosion shields + ‘Turbine bearing {Design and principte of operation - ol ways safe strips, Materiel + Clearances = Thrust bearing Turbine Glands + Principle of operation.= The spring backed labyrinth segment gland, + Matera + The lands steam system and gland condenser layout +, Effect of varying load conditions on the sytem, ~The modem geshed rotor = Astem turbines, + Tutine casings. + Layout and arrngsments/singe and double casings, = Materials. = Diaphragms. + Nozzle boxes, + __ Sequential nozzles and the ber lif. = Turbine alarms and trips, TURBINE GEARING = Arrangements. + ‘Single and double reduction = Double helical invotute + Bpieyetic Gearing, star planetary aud star + Application of epicyclic gearing. + The modern articulated single tandem gearbox. Collision arrangements - sprung stays + Bumer type - explain, interlocks ‘Safety VV = Draw and explain = Support erangements, expansion, = Druinto where? = Exhaust where? = Type of gearing - herringbone, why? = Sketch ard deseribe- including all earings and position of thrust. = Hlow does thrast work? = Lubrication ~ Flexible couplings - draw and explain how lubricated and where fited? Lube Oil System + Sketch and explain ~ Purpose of gravity tank? Enables turbines to be stopped - astern steam. = Expansion arrangements, thrust type and location + Difference between impulse and reaction snd how internals differ, construction = Aster, turbine arrangement + How bearings differ from diesel engine bearings + Warm through procedure ‘Steam System ~ Sketch complete system and condensate system and explsin, including ell components heaters, pumps, tanks et = Deaerstorlevel control, sketch and describe + Gland steam system, sketch and describe = Explain operation of superheattemperatre control = Show steam path to turbines ie, Stop v's, nozzles ete, ‘Nodal Drives = Why fitted ~ Sketch an¢ deseribe including flex coupling and bearing positon, a