Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy Edited by Fathi Habashi Volume J: The Metal Industry Ferrous Metals ® WILEY-VCH ‘Weohem Cites New Yon Tria Bane SingaporeSSEMETR arpa se neers aie Suctomebea nt ara Preface Pasi me nc ft ‘cls iced dante een ance ‘otha en tered intl so fais cesta Seer Sega dye ey eer nt Sachets Selita Rinne eter ore Shrratenae Seems Shonen a oe te Sear Sree at fon caiiare mens ‘ne pe ty aecumaeresze ae iSeeeveaeene en ‘Th ht ype at eo Syren se soocheny: Tee ae ‘Mitte sts ini ones me Sil denon faa ‘ata dg gh rng Sieg iste Chemt Eee “ot foe yom 28 apr teal ean pone Thane ASU ete Handa toed tt "Th ool pa ino sop teste nts nw ‘Scie ef nna Chery eno ‘Ste Ste Sew ww ‘ec Pec ee Inearecoaa ‘hc when peptoa stance "Tae lweng ey Ato cei, eine, Kam, bo ‘ete ccs beer ey bie ‘Svan ad nt ei a hy {Sethe eae no am re P (Ses) ete plan a be ‘Sena em ble Bie chip canine wie 0 Inc si at apa [pc campuniefweves te ao ‘Septet ae coneety secied top tod ne he mer nos fara ety of fen Those ey ‘es, ee oon fevescomponis nis aes se ‘oe, 1 Besna fliniaon ofr imenape ‘Shs ieee alo of ma oc ‘eet wo Anaer emt eed ‘iter epic Sethe get amit of cake i be ‘eens he mtu “Cac on Cee ipl nde ne ca ea Tin gto olin Vel Vag sesh foresee open o Peri Ran So weJe Fals Mai t Laval ives for ‘rexel prc Rees alienate czy wok fe png sage ‘Soa ef mean cei ceil or (ssi gyi inl ee ‘eon Ene ey ct ‘Sy co ae i an al ann een ‘ech ei ninth chiens [ees el cel seis ‘tom oer done tat ese od fortocaretve enti Table of Contents Volume Pat Refractory Metals Part One ‘The Meat dustry SOE Teen oD 1 etek Citas, 8 Noli as 3 fevelageriy 38 3 Rebates TSU 2 aa os Part Two. errows Metals 3 Rete ve Sm 2 é fen 2 Part Bigh Sane Met regs 0a 3dr Yoheme 56 ee it Part Primary Metals 3a snes i Tee 8 Core o 39 Tbs 20200 16 aoe Gh) PartNine Radioactive Metals ite a praeen ass Part Fur Secondary Metals 2 Ree 1 Aes © Pa Ton tareBarth Meals 1s Gx *o 32 a 17 Mery. a1 “we 18 Got ma seme 17 Por Five Light Metals ‘Siberian. oss Pat erroaloy Meas Ser IE Hen Mckenna 2 Ain ian {8 Mme 2 aon ie Site it 3 bene se ume It Part ‘Alkali Metals, Part Si Precious Metals Twehe 3 ttm 20m Brow us 3 Soe a3 Sher hs 52 Powe a 23 Pinay 3 foe Rh7 Part One Part Alkaline Barth Metals ‘The Metal Industry Treen Cacen me Astor. ss Z — ame des... 288 ta [ne meats Subject Inder...-200 | Matte s mls] ov [ae ag cal |) | taf | w neon) fan ate) | [eee1_The Economic Classification of Metals 4 ie (2S! eee ie pete et 1.3, Neuter Matas 2 in aoe 7 134 Soren LSM Aili Each eis, a Soe bt i 1A Introduetion ‘We Fc Tbe cies mel, spd em ovina ‘shied ie actin a ‘Gatpnegeas byt temp Gi eder ee inchoate ‘Fite i) ‘efeps l ehe mae ad ‘Teste js end ‘tons aber cece! a 12. Ferrous Metals ea ed in he mc i) ig seme no Sowa ono fo Se ought on te, aed firs To 1 sows sao of hee peices he moet pra ‘od emily peso eae Sal ae bere ‘Da peta tena TeSeay Se, Ti ine Seite aso sate icc ant Salo ch ‘Seen hog ay tae Ear conor Slt ee oat firacy Ser mye sagen, sorte eet ee 1.22 Weowght fon tout caw ne iy sala ere tgs Soscecne mes eee Soe, Some bees Seed wicca Rrernoceardtaneath ance See tecateec cc ‘Stakes nema costa ‘he tnd tie Wig an MyStar ee wee he ‘Shea ny 1 ymca (Bhs oc ot arte Se ee at cee clas tome rete Sagas Gime Ouse 5 Eic'ade tabesee mcs Svannemttleepie oe Serene SS emeeawane oie ShEens taaeaneres Silorbe tk wise sa et po rier ote 123 Cast ons os in i si of etn loys ti i SE See Sian nuttin eer ma nite tot dying cements Te oon tian ‘nis ppees {my Cast en, Fey akg ‘at gor gp, Te ow olay a idl comct vn be nan Seton ttn se ence {aed byl power dnp whasons and by ice pute: Bob ponerse tt ‘Siu al ord comet of hie (Spy cing yma es rate ad come a 10-Chn hmener, orgies nd lintel nee eae [Whe Cart trom. Prd yin ie eds top Af fenton (Suche ee awed fo mahiog pig ‘ily es, a wc, bt my Wad DMatebie Catton Ppa fom white aon by emg fr sev, Bp fen of oe ore SESE Ia ee ont sock an Iams ete ee ence eres Se ee Se mabe ee ‘Seow meng pce poo iy to love ont eng of up yd Seg hgh eins ssa ie pina cran ee Fo pace te Shas Sean tom Cn fae ed fom ay et oe by inrdacing Slant of mages Gi fom of» ‘Sesctce loy cng 30-30% ‘yrenan ino heme eo ein te lade sy tere caning Tito et tin he enmpestionofoaton ita be 124 Paretron inc sy ei be mg il ‘ove the magnon dnp aoe ieonoysen deter en ow peronet ‘Seat For hi snl or ohr ‘ion ef yeh py pope {em he pepenion fgh ty oe Sof sss ie Paprton ef pa ho tu pons at ue se ‘hte nd eameeropenons 13. Nonferrous Metals “he feo mal vidio me epee ean ecunece (12). ‘Turcostoain s wtivry sor one nt te te pcdnwo rg, ian Sots pt eety met ee ‘huh sated tod) eo, ty pin he eter, seen, main riccy ie ming ee ich tals ‘ent a be te ely ro ‘reson so! wom na tte ‘prestige 131 Primary Meta ion ite ot wie wa elt ‘sk potatoe sh en rise. From be epmng af te Nie ‘en Ce erp ol ah ‘int ar eoye tice ‘nied seen tot ied ‘var proper asc ct ot ed Is mer king Ta ee eon ‘tee setae fava 8 pny ede rate Sealy Raitehinee garam se epee eee torent Mice AMER Dace, Sera ltt ee ened Se cga Tins in mete om eed emmy Pantego oe = ee ee Minne, Sopa open leet eaeew dovove Bceaue coesence dewey) a, ope higher re ew omdttag Sort aog er olga tg etn at ts, fabri eae prt eee iii tal endo eon oe ‘Set mnt fr soahce coma ‘itr eooonduve pr bed ey 5 paw mt se ms of pee (est de tn oper Hoven pe ‘peice of staal open ‘=Elins ted epee aber ‘Sea much eee lay of hem be peptone 0 can The cee hep canny be shaped and mctine an ‘hy fet eaenste meso a chee peel an aig, apg {nimiary cagmrtng rote an lay af re wi 8 3 at and ce Sianeli can mec ‘i oer torre cumin Si ict a8 5590 aa ‘Satephiom¢ 239 Mawes once ‘ah son fede state eng ‘leben emer ein tet enon of rings Coppers oye ( S590 Ry a Geman er 5034 Ns 14S in re pure st te 1 amsine eta They wd to make sca nee, te send Fee ble writ nl 158 ‘ton was moved sso ney aa ‘Shavcesntaieive ger ‘ou teas nickel as songs, bade, = ie sai erent I ‘otey eerie es nese re etl ow, Netlog ‘ioe eal for ntl pons ‘Soper td ere i SSS ny. Nell sa eure ‘Seung eco a So fee opr thm eo tee ‘kt sepa du apleonnany chm pone Mare tm bof ica commana ie cue of econ alan Cu ‘Bhilai dade Sia comma cme vp 8 md ‘ih sof omen ma eer met ‘eid wednesday, ‘cio mote of ate a Cn is snc ge ey nn oes ed per ieee crccviaetomiconee ae EE va Scenes oe (S02 the tad ferns ft pee ti SEAR ae aaa, fearenoes Seco anor ee eeares Sr eet i ie lint ube sierere Sees reer oer nay Lea's male oll este? ‘ong fer srs See ere Sema trad ene wl eS aaa Eeecrcmeetiagerscas seperti Soa Seater Siang pe so aeahes shat Zee Seeecey anes RES aac we py I Als an tim lo ‘icetason fad cee te ‘Set eaguceing sary Hoy, ‘ey pty epee the an colder Mere a oe cats meme te pape ‘ing (gen) is emty ‘har hn ating rel ig A ‘tear! ee pn ie. Stora toy, nde oe sey ‘nner Geman ern (i loys per cone ned of (ten nt ltets nbn ‘oan sumo (19) sper C6 nna (09-005) etl com own a ert ro 2 ‘Sin eng, i 182 Secondary Metals _Ege ees mee i SS sinc nd tinal Too ae ‘Say pe ae pmay mei reteset oa ‘oat analy Csi). ‘om in eecropning med lying. Coca, Seceenars gee Serene eam cee cams sipinssteeeeim eee cpanel ie mirtematesn SSoly a in hcg als: Newale ‘tons pa secre, ma ele Pub ccna 09 om — eee q ore $ aly ul fhe recovery ald ee Fo ese itn nes ‘i ee ed lid te ro wd i Scns Te cur hag Stor toy are moe fica t HE iki Mey aod in del ‘ting Seve trem be ‘oan ar ny wa lv anh fr ‘inal apcaons Noumea tts ‘So een ide mate ota ‘Seis poonss gid betas ten farce Avni Aseniss gears tonne ‘nel aay te every fe py ‘Ser Ixapotnds eed era eee ‘Seaampioe meee frm ny 3 ‘tte aa ol lw soe ‘emo ran a fem (age no a tn for thor such ames ‘ale Sgepany ape webct ‘Clee ie rd ei esting dey, td fm Ate ce “Annoy Asin iy id as a iopn cuca ad {Bhsge bry ad tying came sean eel i ls ami coamel pata, ota wie plat, ‘defn ra mma my lene ‘hte fein alloys ph (GSC) we we aed for mabe ey us 4133. Light Metals Tos el. ania, mage ‘ool danced Het wat ‘nih sine yw ale ‘Shasefcomrcn ate) They mere ‘ite was andi pepe ‘etn Kown ke malic te aay Berti. Boy ew eensie neta el eal nd spend es te (i an meu wel a apr x nee ocr le is faia Gp pwae! metry iis ec hut Pin to ep oe eg Sees Shin now al eh ‘eb Caen fe foo, in fmf yan cppr lors (Citing su 9B) rer a fetal ong 10% ed {Ey onde ne for ad Seder reso boeatoe of Saw ee ‘Teg alow ore oon so: Ar {iby th ages prey igor ‘agenesis mek lay pe ay ed gt endian ‘te ye ti oa ee Sno oe aoe Ralciacrray oe Saree Setar ass Sao Spezia Sei neracnr Seater Se ie eacseseen ‘Teng esp Toy it we Seeheorennin S[Sciar ath saree im aoa ston so yn ba os er at ‘RYO, wi tc ta are ne {ha the ise tng cod ‘ym tan The i neyo ‘el crs th Gem of ros en te {ied uoy Toe forma i fo {cing ods Ahan por ‘Si of onum ne oaa r pre ‘Boel tobe uel we ait oe, see the casa til Sane appr finan ae ‘aot st 0 of he eet Bre ‘Sram we ed tse, aed Soci Ste tse = ne re Soni ‘loys with damian, co, an mange sagt ae eae ce ae Saee iss ee Eoueriore rs Saeco i secrete ieee ieemaanen ae Ea as “den ast cos Tan Sd‘ourago‘€ fay tn sins ‘Ss ale are rac tet za in Te z So Ae pt of wots pl py ‘Stay inert com a ‘Dos feof php ealad ize tnt orc “cree nna secant -Becares tna Hep eteemerare i bchind 30 ton set doors te va “Sesser «Se coe ge ct See pataiinss Tosh Der te sateamey tt Sra Suese sing 238 abet eons orion ‘See due opm 239 0 nub decision poem 8 Beier tuotere 7 1 Bee nian 239 ide 24 10 sen pes aan ‘Shin recon. Thus croc ie {ites poder io ter fo Unde ‘ria colton is posable pee ie ‘Sci mts fe ei oe SSkteescinonr sien reaor Rao in tee 2 i te bs me omer res ‘Stam Crate dae cla) tt‘Same many mam oe ee ‘Smyrna ora eno ‘Steed emda pes wie ura ‘are Kaen rt cere ‘Be oa ide waren ae Sete et ger sees oth 138 RereBarths sche bee sini honed popatan ‘ce ‘recaps ot ‘se gout pometun, was one See ie nen nt {Bie fon poss of erm Tots Eee ter i ain fae modned wih toe me ue ‘hse mote we ty wey aed inte adie ‘tan te nha ree ge tombe fb rm Thy amon re fps and ab ocr ek “he mma comune i spat 3000 an Ty we fig a = Sones ys me ret east onan taco ir itt fe he pmsl em ay, 9 Sipe yee ga pn de ‘tlie ansncce ef pear re ‘See te airenand peer SS "Hose of sournsinon eet cement ‘tay oar opin, cp. he poe Moree cent crea ge or tte source betes Ser oes, edn pais, sti ge, Sicha 139 Feersioy Metals in oop of meal og of io ‘nam mings sen nf boon Toy ‘Ses sot sna cy on Sera io dy epee ‘di a Boo ete tn oo (Soe bird tre sao el oa 1340 Alkali Metae ‘tdi att fr tale Saad ‘phy eve snl not we ete (pin yang eet ‘im sola ara reac oem cab sene Scoala o Cha ha oust sean arcs “ae mami eas of he sal als zemii fod ote gis a ‘mh ay tobe nd meine he Iter of be yep, fan ds bot ing wood by lacing wih wat, wile pou. ‘ta temic wat rome ay esa artuming ete One Brationive "ns SMI oon Beopase 4131 Alkaline Bath Metals ‘sith sed pp of he Pes Te. tule in iota eo (etiam ser) at [Eve dine rocioe fo cle ime on 90 whch enw "Kin escm hye Tae to ‘Sentes beyua snd magia se ‘Schlipetmial pope td eng Ti ‘Selah ee Ta et mem 2eaAtnebeging voy in ‘Sis were ised for tenting eames for ‘any psp mach dai OF te ‘ig te cacao ‘ore sume a» long ab Cum’ pms” CaCOs” Cnet), {C4 0 pum. CaO Ce see cane ot oe {Bot two ae wily dw cl fo fhe prams of Ey wee costed lente Mayan iti lsum in oming re Aeon mani, som wd a is oud ltl ames ‘ita wae Dende Sng etl tod elng te sd ‘Smee eri eof isd 14 References > Recurrent eases ae2_ Metal Production 21 MecopininicLew is 23M. « Dt mata 124 Magog Acie nd E12 Ditngrena pO oa » 22, Pron Paes Kon 28 Rete oo 11 TheLopridinicLaw Splitter ae striate atoms Raieene coenkeren ne gy Soom sec Seer Sa fe wernt Spite Ts ogee iw ha Siete naste i PSEERE PRGGUEfel 2d Growth Rate ‘he outt 10 wich =e dope of sag ores sho Fue ag fo ‘Ghpete reall ti prwbrariot er 8855 remem mages Shaeacemen iene ipeee Seicseaeee Ener The cu ohhh tan tat {or Tre oi at a ‘ei to oe er Fo Sewaiegcrimen or coca ly, Silanes zien Svan ey @ in aev ‘ti ing bcetg wen toe tale ec Fr ose ‘einoretan og Tae got of snus highr om ac ar per Th te mete ford ‘lec tnd bea ent xl ‘esd tnd, a esta te ‘phew cosine Sipe oar air Word Wart ‘Stewvelnianporeciies 212 Doubling Period ‘Aas way exrening the ca of gomsbedoting pred te Gets ‘gurl ars cameo cnt pe Bite the Sede port ory ap 2d 80 “eth sof oper mention shove. (pow of 5h te k= O08 moe at Sepeprotn tes ee ya Des 16 suing ta ped 22 Production Patterns The mania e coe in Fgues 21 sedate te eel ip e- ‘Sear rinsing ca mcr eiy Se pescting Outed ipeistirasves, Mil oot Pe crt an a hi saute a tt Se apie oy ‘Sf eee, {Bo foe pater xn ey Seton te oer {ee site ete {ow ae write arcana fom ee {icant ofa ep ope pla nes de pn tins (MTestandin ae sey se ee wel ee see pe The feo seth aw slut sed a re Matyas oper ire "ine pt aly res ed "Feeeenftcar of malchnge relate ing oe | Chuengieinlg Sel wages ‘Stat the def te Besant Pcs te awe 2, Seay, Sette of sn Eee See ee Serres seats ee eves Sos Eat23. Prices iy slant ied oe ‘tie dar, eu an pasa “opioeoatl enesbowth bepasy, i fr her pode, nt ls coe aay of eh det Lae nee Sle dja wen 0007 TE ‘endfor be expel at Sper han erat by Telosng wth exten ly heuer tl ns ee ‘loins wt mate me oer ‘Sea Forenmsl i ue tie! (ke wie tn iene eel ‘Sem. Evol, lb cee ‘intents, sins reining et at a efi norm ead ans oc htt he fd an ae ire a ope beh tnt. ower a many epi he ‘Copper aly ei rece tn ‘tenure ee oxve Talon resin ety ae ocetnsoe a pode Ha Stee Lents wor iat ie il Tal ioc Eder combine ove ingle rete The oc metal ater ey ‘i poco Mai press ge Tempe ne fa epee tae tm ‘cas toe ne cee ‘tl whe the patna ane teary ‘ies than more enpennve ones Maly er Bote erate Scere, ery Shimieces Binbeertienons ioeheiensten ire Poon Bie Tact Skiacmasciey arate eee eterna Sey sarte me wine shicneboemenes, mnissore Seo Ss See, ns a sdereuiier ores eke once ee Siitiies deere alate ofecne oot Sa RFS dementia Sgt ulswnvccse ‘SSaece tes fund bre ck ld SSuaes Serine neta sinh nd a Far Ses shu tr ele pe Incleal ht en asin Boe ‘snr toed “ips of Specs tw eee ‘insite nso inte a 90 seit oy os eb hi ie i Taconic ppt raion eponcel it fel or ‘Staccho ator tem 24. Metal-Producing, ‘Associations and cartels Aggies ieee manner {ever eva or geet pom Cre cars tro Soeaneece eiimensaverceiey Basie pete ieee ‘Stil he pie aia te ee ees Syoeeees cotcuaae ames eget of be mt ieee me ‘cacitces easly fed even mong of corn ml wove Ft Es Senet SEES pet iomtyetna a ‘Sle leo slayer =e Se uaeoeneaed enn 25 References3__Recycling of Metals 2 nears 2 32 Foro Ey 341 Introduction coat ftir ee ot ‘mal onto el op ‘Eeimintnclantsmearcrces fy wl be tua o dae Ee iy df oe ‘seals, emai rember ieerwlesM ogg soo ‘puesto se 1 Camm nel rmtce arene pala eats "Neer rere ays woidandwearde eine = 32 Ferrous Metals Magenta Saves sBianaeeaae Se Si Tete Sp pent tng Sees Spiess Seanomes Sears Ee poral Grp nana coe Serene Soot be lS pS 33 Necerou ele a 34 Rete 2 sc fo mansig cae fo me (Tata This ca pot ety i cman jt uy Sp aed Hit ae eo ad (eEcenal Thr olf soot, fm Spade Fea "Se sp rm fn is sels ecg inny o aedar p- SR pf es whe Personen sit eae orem tiny alain: sont ea 33 Nonferrous Metals re ts a rng met cc sSronenng cfamaue eg Sore Seicees Cede sh tn ea, ‘haute Some eg ‘hse fae wa) mel fom [pupa ui, pliner >