Pilande, Ma. Joliza C.

Interpretation

Two input signals are required for the correct operation having a sampling rate multiple by the
external TTL clock connected to CLK and the analog message was sampled periodically. The operation of
the sampling was not visible to the user since it was internal and used the sample-and-hold operation,
but the sample amplitude of the analog message was seen from the oscilloscope. The 4-bit linear
toggle’s purpose is for the digitizing schemes. There were instances that we need to vary the mounted
switched on the PCB, it was then interpreted that a variable frequency output signal, ‘message’
synchronized to the input CLK is provided to allow the detailed description of the input signal and
resulting digital code words and this ‘message’ can be varied. The varied value corresponds to the ratio
of message frequency to bit clock. Having observed the 4-bit linear frame it was also understood that it
ranges from -2.5V to 0001111X = 2.5V wherein the least significant bit, “X”, is the frame synchronization
bit and specifically “bit 5” becomes the data’s most significant bit. Having stated all the above conditions
it resulted into a binary word 1100.

Conclusion

PCM encoding experiment was completed and stated in this paragraph are some things I have
concluded. Basically, there are three operations carried to produce the digital words from the
instantaneous samples of an analog signal these are sampling, quantizing, and encoding. Sampling is the
process of reading the analog values at time intervals and it is related to the previous experiment we
had which is the Nyquist sampling rate. Quantizing is the process of assigning a definite value over the
sampled rate obtained from sampling process. Quantization also tackles the rounding up of signals or
rounding down, also called truncating, to the nearest value than the actual value. Having the rounding
and truncating process comes a difference from the actual value to the nearest value and that is best
known as quantization error. Finally, encoding is the process of representing the sampled value obtained
from sampling and quantizing process as a binary number.