ar Mana for Water Supply Binet by Er Sey EXPERIMENT NO.4 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM pOsk OF COAGULANT (JAR TEST) APPARATUS REQUIRED 1. Floccutator 2. Jars 3. Pippottes 4, Measuring eytinders (10m!) 5. ‘Turbidimeter 6, Colorimeter 7. ‘Thermometer 8, pl meter 7 CHEMICALS REQUIRED 1.1% Alum [AL(80,)).181 0] solution Buller solution (ptt 4) 3. Distilled water THEORY Coagulants and foe suspended and colloidal pi micals added to the water which help in removal of fin 1s. The colloidal particles are characteristically very small ang and to the electrical charge ion duc to both their small siz main in continuous suspe between particles. the process of binding small particles in the water together ino larger, heavier clumps which settle out relatively quickly. Coagulants neutralize the Isive electrical charges (lypically negative) surrounding particles allowing them creating clumps or larger particles. Flocculants facilitate the agglomeration of the forming larger floccules and thereby, increases gravitational setlng. -ve a dual purpose of both coagulation and flocculation in that they create repu togethe congulated particles Some congulants s large floes that readily settle, ‘The coagulant required for treating water, termed as dosage of coagulant, depends upon the characteristics of water, The dose of coagulant increased the residual turbidity improved. Itis important to note that the optimum coagulant dose is the dose which meets the specified turbidity required on the regulatory permit, The addition of excess coagulant may reduct is required but also could lead to the production of more sludge which turbidity beyond what would require disposal ‘The jar test isu ermine the optimum dose of coagulant required at the operating conditions for water or wastewater. This method helps to predict the functioning of a le? scale treament operation on a small scale. A jar test simulates the coagulation that encourage the removal of suspended colloids and organic mate? flocculation processes th which can lead to turbidity, odor and taste problems. 12a Labs, Manual for Water Supply Engineering by ler. Sichu Shrestha April 19, 2009 ‘qhe first step of the jar test involves ater rapidly (in the flash mix chamts adding coagulant to the so luree water and mixing the he coagulant in the wate flocculation ba Finally, the mixer is imentation basin), In case of Is upon the type of source water. For wed to perform jar tests frequently as very'little turbidity to remove and is water conditions. Surface water plants, susceptible to sudden changes in water to adjust the coagulant dosage and deal with the changing Particles to cluster together. ul (as in case of vater treatment plant, frequency of jar test depen example, plants which treat groundwater may not in compared to surface water. Groundwater may have unlikely to be affected by weather-related changes in reeds (0 treat water with a high turbidity which is J quality, especially after rains, source Water turbidity. rpm gauge Flocculator used in Jar Test ifferent sources of water need different coagulants, but the most commonly used are alum and ferric sulfate, Aluminum Sulfate is also known as alum, filter alum, and alumina sulfate, lum is the most widely used coagulant. Alum is available in dry form as a powder or in lump form or liquid solution. It reacts in presence of alkalinity (optimum range of pH is 6.5 to 8.5). The reactions obtained are as below. ity then the reaction will be (without addition of soda ash) Ip (SO4)3.18 H20 + 3 Ca(HCOs), —*» — 2AI(OH)3 } 3 CaSO, + 6CO2 + 18 H20. lum ‘Natural Alkalinity Floc Floc 13 —AI(OH)s } Na2SO4+ 18 H20apply Engineering DY ES, ab Manat for Water St Sey : Ait Pmt 1 2 3. CaSO. HIB ELO. With addition of tim AION | Al; ($04)3.18 10 #3 Ca(OIDs Bloc ’ ‘Alum Lime Fi i Ki 4 ity of n water Sa eae cee Temperature, Cotor and Turbidity of ve Take sO0ml to 1000 ml of water summple (#8 P oy 4 6) , in [ Le See tg Jum is placed on measuring cylinders on side of jars, 5 . Following dose of 1 % alum is | Tai) per 500 ml of | Concentration I eae | (mg/l) f « Switch on the flocculator ; Supply the prepared alum dose into the jars at the same time 7. ‘When stiri intially at the speed of 60-80 rpm for | 10 2minutes then at 1510 20pm for al properties of the water sampl best floc formation and the sample without add so that the floc get rom the ja ion of coagu c settled, having good- better othe nt. OBSERVATION Characteristic of water sample after addition of Alum see Mee eee | (NTU) 1 | 3 i 5 6 Loe " “Record floc formation characteristic a Worse, Poor, sample indicates poor coagulation, P Good, Better Best. 0 hazy formed and dense, with the liquid bety roperly coagulate ulated \ floc particles that are well- ween the particles cle: megenss 14