1.

Stomach

he stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper

abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the
end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the
lower esophageal sphincter.

Ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. The stomach muscles
contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. The pyloric sphincter
is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the
small intestine. . The stomach releases proteases (protein-
digesting enzymes such as pepsin) and hydrochloric acid, which kills or
inhibits bacteria and provides the acidic pH of 2 for the proteases to work.
It weighs around 900 gms

2. Small intestine

The small intestine is made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

The internal walls of the small intestine are covered in finger-like tissue called
villi. Each of these villi is covered in even smaller finger-like structures called
microvilli. These villi and microvilli increase the surface area available for the
absorption of nutrients.

In the small intestine food that has already been broken down by chewing and
stomach enzymes is further degraded by additional enzymes. Some of these
chemicals are secreted in the lumen (the hollow area in the middle of the
intestine), but others are transported to the intestine from other organs such as
the pancreas and liver.
Once fully reduced to a chemical level the molecules that are going to be
absorbed pass through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream.

Weight – 1.5 kg, length = 6-7 metres

3. Large intestine

Sections of the large intestine are:

The ascending colon including the cecum and appendix
The transverse colon
The descending colon
The sigmoid colon – the s-shaped region of the large intestine
The rectum
It weighs around 1.8 kgs, length = 1.5m
Functions –
The large intestine absorbs water and any remaining absorbable nutrients from the
food before sending the indigestible matter to the rectum.

4. Liver

The liver is a reddish-brown, wedge-shaped organ. A human liver normally weighs

approximately 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), It is both the heaviest internal organ and the
largest gland in the human body. Located in the right upper quadrant of
the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach
and overlies the gallbladder.
Weighs around 1.5kgs
Functions –
The liver is an accessory digestive gland that produces bile, an alkaline compound
which helps the breakdown of fat. Bile aids in digestion via
the emulsification of lipids. The gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just under the
liver, stores bile produced by the liver which is afterwards moved to the small
intestine to complete digestion

5. pancreas

Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into the head of pancreas, the neck of
pancreas, the body of pancreas, and the tail of pancreas.
Weighs around 80gms
Functions –
The pancreas is a mixed gland, having both an endocrine and
an exocrine function. As an endocrine gland, it secretes into the blood several
important hormones, including insulin, glucagon etc. As an exocrine gland, it
secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.

6. Lungs

The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest
(thorax). The windpipe conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular
branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches
(bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In
the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste
product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled

Weighs around 1.3kgs

7. Kidney

The kidneys are at the back of the abdominal cavity, with one sitting on each side of
the spine.
The right kidney is generally slightly smaller and lower than the left, to make space
for the liver.
Each kidney weighs around 150gms.
Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries and leaves through the renal
veins.
Each kidney excretes urine through a tube called the ureter that leads to the bladder
Function –
The microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. It
processes the blood supplied to it via filtration, reabsorption, secretion and
excretion; the consequence of those processes is the production of urine.

8. Heart
STRUCTURE BAAD ME KARENGE
Weighs around 300gms
Function –
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through
the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body
with oxygen and nutrients, as well as assisting in the removal of metabolic wastes. In
humans, the heart is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of
the chest.

9. Spleen

The spleen is an organ in the upper far left part of the abdomen, to the left of the
stomach.
Weighs – 175gms
The spleen plays multiple supporting roles in the body. It acts as a filter for blood as
part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and
platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain
kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia.

10. Human brain

The brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.
Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left
hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing,
as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.

Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle

movements, maintain posture, and balance.

Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the
spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate,
body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting,
and swallowing.

Weighs around 1.2 kgs

11. Eye

The anterior segment is made up of the cornea, iris and lens. The cornea is
transparent and more curved, and is linked to the larger posterior segment,
composed of the vitreous, retina, choroid and the outer white shell called the
sclera. The cornea is typically about 11.5 mm (0.3 in) in diameter.
Weighs around 7.5 gms
Functions –
The human eye is an organ which reacts to light and pressure. As a sense
organ, the mammalian eye allows vision. Human eyes help to provide a three
dimensional, moving image, normally coloured in daylight. Rod and cone cells in
the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including color
differentiation and the perception of depth