CHAPTER 4 THE PRACTICAL OP-AMP OBJECTIVES + completing this chapter, the reader should be able to: Compare and contrast an ideal op-amp and the practical op-amp. Define the terms input offset voltage, thermal drift, error voltage, noise, Denon mode rejection ratio and explain their significance i practical cir- and cuits. Design an offset-voltage compe reet the stated design specifications. nsating network for a given op-amp circuit to Calculate the de output offset voltage arising from the input offset yoltage or fhe input bias current, of both, alue of offset minimizing resistor that minimizes the effects Determine the V bias currents. e the total output offse Calculate the error voltage for both the noninvel Calculate the effect of variation in power supply oltage for an inverting amplifier circuit. et voltage and input offset current with time t voltage and discuss its significance. ting and inverting amplifiers. voltages on the output offset Determine the change in input off for a given inverting amplifier circuit. Discuss temperature and. supply voltage sensitive op-amp parameters. Explain the precautions that can be taken to minimize the effect of noise on an op-amp circuitoduct te adaitional circum me a dc amplifier Mt is caused bY mismatebi ponents are inteBrale he input differentia ns that the ‘output o! the com hal nsistors int n them. Thus the output ¥ offset voltage in an opamp. {b} Output offset FIGURE 4-1 126 The Practical Op-Amp1¢b) shows the out sveen two input terminals is the output offset Vio. Figure vit set voltage in an op- ann without feedback afsebutput offset voltage Vio i8 a de volt it may be positive or negaive tne Woe dhe potential difference between (We input ter whet i possible to predict the polarity 6 the input als. , polarity depending © pris is positive OF Ne mina voltage since it is dependent on ro svarching between two impur ferme Therefore, on the data sheets the value of the input offset voltage Via is listed as ‘Ipsolute maximum value. For ‘example, for a 741, Vir=6 mV_ maximum. reas for a 40, Vi, 20 mV maximum, which means that the maximum po- v ntial difference between (Wo input terminals in a 741 op: amp can be as large 3s V de; that is, voltage at the noninvert NB input terminal may differ from that the inverting put terminal by as much as 6 mV de, or vice versa. This input cthe inverting ge ise to an output offset voltage ¥ Thus we need to apply ntsc wal input voltage of specific amplirs Mae conrect polarity in order 10 Te juce the output offset voltage V,, to zero. This voltage is referred to as input off set voltage V he V,, value for op-amps of the same type may not be the same 1 ampli- oP of mass production, but it will always be less than the tuek imum value given on the specificalor Otreets, For example, if we take three ent 741s and use them one at a time as in F re 4—1(b) and measure the responding output offset voltage for ‘cach of them, we find that the output volt These tuee op-amps is not of the Same amplitude and polarity, which means put offset Vip is not of the same ‘amplitude and polarity even though the Op- are of the same type Sa vce V,, to zero, we need to have a CHEM at the input terminals of the tap that will give us the flexibility of obtaining Vj, of proper amplitude and a ha circuit is called an input offset YoaE Compensating network. Be- ve apply external input to the op-amP With the help of an offset volt v nsating network we reduce the output ‘sffset voltage Vio t0 Zero; the OP-amP 1B Ne nulled or balanced, Before we get 1n'0 the design of a compen- vawork, itis worth noting that the compensi 8 network is not needed for smps that have offset null pins such a8 741, 148, 777, ad 201. BOS the ye op-amp the manufacturer peomnmends that a 10-K0} poteaaanets be yr ros offset null pins 1 and 5 and a WIPE! be connected to the negative seed as shown in Figure 4~2. Adjustmens of this pot will null the output. "Paving the position of the wiper on the 10-k(2 potentiometer, we are UY y emove the mismatch between inverting and noninverting input terminals he op-amp. Adjust the wiper until the output offset voltage 1s reduced to Zero. nd polarity bet 4-2-1 Offset-Voltage Compensating Network Design he op-amp with offset-voltage compensating network is shown in Figure 4-3 The compensating network consists of potentiometer R,, and resistors R, and R.. if we are planning to make use of the op-SniP ‘an inverting amplifier, the com ing network should be connected to the noninverting input terminal of the 4-2 Input Offset Voltage 127