Genetics

Population Genetics

Pop genetics - to see how genetic variation is like inside the population or gene variation within
a specific population.

Frequencies of genotypic must be almost the same from one generation to the another.
Genotype – 3 types of possibility
Phenotype -2 types of possibility

Addition rule = Exclusive events = e.g. If you have black than you can’t have white. If you role a
die you have 6 possibilities. The chance of getting a number 3 is 1/6.
Used to identify probability of getting a girl or a boy.

Multiplication rule = two or more independent events occurs simultaneously. If you role a die to
obtain a number4 the chance of getting a 4 is 1 in 6. The probability of getting a 4 four twice in
rolling a die then 2x 1/6.
Used to identify probability of getting two boys in 2 different events (time).

Each genotype and phenotype can be different in different types of populations.

Hardy-Weinberg model = predicts the frequency of alleles and genotypes.
Observe is the frequency of a genotype is the same from the one that is being observed.

Ex. Height of 200 people

Genotype
A= tall
a= short
AA= 90
Aa= 70
aa= 40
Total = 200 people

Genotype Frequency
A= 90/200 *100= 45%
Aa= 70/200*100=35%
aa= 40/200*100 = 20%

Phenotype Frequency
A ={ 90 *2(AA)} = 180 +70 (A) = 250
a= {40*2(aa)}=80+70= 150
Total alleles for both phenotype = (250+150) = 400

From 200 students that are 200 genotypes.

The frequency of total amount of student is 250

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The frequency of each student is : (Frequency for each allele)

Observed
A = 250/400 = 0.625
a = 150/400 = .375

The frequency .0625 and .375 are the observed frequencies.

Expected frequencies A= .80 and a= .20 . Now we are going to use this expected allele
frequencies to obtain the genotype frequencies. Start with allelic to obtain the genotype.
p2+ 2pq+q2
AA = p2
Aa = 2pq
aa= q2

A a

A AA Aa

a Aa aa

(.8)2+2 (.8 *.4)+ (.4)2

(AA) = 0.82 = 0.64

(Aa)= 2 (0.8 *0.4) =0.32
(aa)= (0.4)2 = .04

Observation for the variation of the population.

Which process can we use to produce the variation inside the pop?
Mutations are the source for all genetics variations. Some mutations are harmful and other
mutations are not.

Natural Selection = increases the frequency of favorable mutations and increase the frequency
of variants in a specific environment.

The variants are important for survival. Ex. in African pop. there is lots of malaria and the
disease sickle cell disease. The sickle cell maintains the individuals who are heterozygous to this
blood structure gene keeps them alive.
This is a natural selection of the revolutionary process maintains the population alive.

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Genetic drift = Random fluctuation inside of a pop. from one generation to the next.
Transferring the alleles from one generation to another. A the generation advances there will
lesser alleles that will be similar to the first generation.

Bottle neck = decrease in population caused by environmental effects. A pandemic may kill the
entire population.

Founder effect = Migration takes place where a population moves to another environment and
certain alleles start to disappear while others will be highly expressed for survival.

Random mating = not selective mating

Non-random mating = very selective mating. Individuals only mate with individuals from the
same area (pop).

Small populations
Inbreeding

Gene flow = make the population more similar with each other with time.
Hardy Weinberg = model show no genetic drift ,