Democracy Challenges in Georgia PDF

giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani
miqaela vanore
borislav mavrovi
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
gamowvevebi saqarTveloSi
Tbilisi, 2014
naSromi momzadebul iqna socialuri kvlevisa da politikis ana-
lizis saerTaSoriso centris (ICSRPA), maastrixtis universite-
tis mmarTvelobis skolisa da evropuli institutis eqspertebis
mier, gaerTianebuli erebis demokratiis fondis (UNDEF) mier
dafinansebuli proeqtis _ `demokratiis xelSewyoba saqarTve-
loSi politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis
axalgazrda wevrebis gaZlierebis gziT~ farglebSi.
© 2014 socialuri kvlevisa da politikuri analizis saerTaSo-

riso centri (ICSRPA)
yvela saavtoro ufleba daculia. misi nawilobrivi an sruli

gadaReba/gavrceleba nebarTvis gareSe CaiTvleba kanonis d
arRvevad.
es naSromi warmoadgens socialuri kvlevisa da politikis anal-

izis saerTaSoriso centris (ICSRPA), maastrixtis universite-
tis mmarTvelobis skolisa da evropuli institutis eqspertTa
saavtoro namuSevars. masSi mocemuli analizi, interpretacie-
bi da daskvnebi SeiZleba ar asaxavdes gaerTianebuli erebis
demokratiis fondis Sexedulebebs.
© giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani
miqaela vanore
borislav mavrovi _ demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
gamowvevebi saqarTveloSi
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: nika xvedeliZe
`saunje~, gamomcemeli vaJa wowkolauri

SAUNJE Publishing House, Vazha Tsotskolauri
ISBN 978-9941-451-60-7
Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba .............................................................................................................5
Sesavali ........................................................................................................................7
I. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi XXI saukuneSi ............10

1.1 demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi
miqaela vanore, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani
1.2 demokratia da kargi mmarTveloba ........................................................12

1.3 politikuri partiebis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi ..15

miqaela vanore
1.4 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli

demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi .........................................................................17
1.5 „warmatebis~ gazomvis kriteriumebi ....................................................20

miqaela vanore
II. sajaro politika da politikis analizi ..............................................22

borislav mavrovi, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani
2.1 sajaro politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ...............................................22

2.2 politikis analizis mTavari aspeqtebi ...............................................27

2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba ...............................................29

borislav mavrovi
2.3.1 zogadi mimoxilva .........................................................................................29

borislav mavrovi
2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi .....................31

borislav mavrovi
2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan ........................32
borislav mavrovi
III. politikuri lideroba da elita .............................................................36

3.1 ra aris politikuri lideroba?
3.2 axalgazrdoba da politikuri lideroba ..........................................38

miqaela vanore
3.3 politikuri liderobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi .........................41

3.4 lideroba da menejmenti da maTi krizisi saqarTveloSi ...........44

3.5 elitis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi.................................... 46

IV. post-sabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebis axleburad gaazreba .......50

4.1 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis marcxi postsabWoTa qveynebSi
4.2 meritokratia, rogorc demokratiis

ganmtkicebis instrumenti ................................................................................51
4.3 meritokratiis mokle istoriuli rakursi .....................................54

4.4 qarTuli demokratiis anatomia ..............................................................56

daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ...........................................................................62
gamoyenebuli literatura ..............................................................................66

winasityvaoba
2014 wlis seqtemberSi, socialuri kvlevisa da poli-

tikis analizis saerTaSoriso centrma (ICSRPA) daasrula
gaerTianebuli erebis demokratiis fondis (UNDEF) mier
dafinansebuli orwliani proeqti _ `demokratiis xel
Sewyoba saqarTveloSi politikuri partiebisa da sazoga-
doebrivi organizaciebis axalgazrda wevrebis gaZlier-
ebis gziT~, romlis farglebSic momzadda es gzamkvlevi
saxelmZRvanelo.
proeqti fokusirebuli iyo im aqtualur probleme-
bze, romlebic dakavSirebulia xangrZliv politikur,
ekonomikur, socialur da inteleqtualur krizisebTan
da gamowveulia politikuri kulturis, codnisa da pro-
fesionalizmis, zneobriv-eTikuri normebis, proaqtiuli
liderobis deficitiT saqarTveloSi.
proeqtis mizans warmoadgenda niWieri da lideruli
potencialis mqone axalgazrdebis momzadeba liderobis,
saxelmwifo marTvis, politikis analizis, gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebisa da advokatirebis sakiTxebSi, rac xels Seu-
wyobda maT aqtiur monawileobas politikur procesebsa da
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi.
gaerom axalgazrdebis ganviTarebis 2011 wlis pro-
gramaSi moaxdina imis mkafio deklarireba, rom „social-
uri cvlilebis, ekonomikuri zrdisa da teqnologiuri
inovaciebis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens
axalgazrdoba~. politikuri sistemebis transformaciis,
warmatebuli reformebis ganxorcielebisa da ekonomiku-
ri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis saqmeSi, swored konkuren-
tuli codniTa da unarebiT aRWurvili axalgazrdoba
unda moiazrebodes mamoZravebel Zalad, magram samwux-
arod, saqarTveloSi bevr niWier axalgazrdas ar eZleva
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis Sesa-
Zlebloba. xolo isini, vinc xelisuflebaSi xelmZRvanel
Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian, akliaT codna, kompetencia da
lideruli unarebi, rac negatiurad aisaxeba mmarTvelobis
xarisxze da qveynis demokratiul ganviTarebaze.
5
vinaidan ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul ufro meti yur-
adReba eqceva mTavrobis Sedegebze orientirebuli poli-
tikis legitimurobas, rac gulisxmobs legitimurobis
tradiciuli rolis cvlilebas demokratiuli warmo-
madgenlobiTobidan politikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis
Sefasebis mimarTulebiT, gzamkvlevi fokusirebulia im
uaxles codnasa da saukeTeso gamocdilebebze, romlebic
mniSvnelovania postsabWoTa tranziciis gamowvevebis komp-
leqsuri gaazrebisaTvis.
naSromSi warmodgenilia qarTuli `fasaduri~ demok
ra
tiis diagnostikuri analizi da inovaciuri xedve-
bi meritokratiuli SerCevisa da Sefasebis, proaqtiuli
liderobis, politikuri elitebis cirkulaciisa da kar-
gi mmarTvelobis principebze, romlebmac xeli unda Seu-
wyon Sedegebze orientirebuli WeSmaritad demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas qveyanaSi.
giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis doqtori
socialuri kvlevisa da politikuri analizis
saerTaSoriso centris Tavmjdomare
6
Sesavali

`maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, unda iswavlon,

xolo maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian swavlaSi, unda marTon sistema~
konfuci
miuxedavad imisa, rom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia

mmarTvelobis yvelaze sasurvel da misaReb formas war-
moadgens dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, es rwmena sadavo xdeba
postsabWoTa gardamavali qveynebis magaliTze politikuri
stabilurobis, kargi mmarTvelobisa da sajaro politikis
ganxorcielebis konteqstSi. aRmoCnda, rom xalxisaTvis
arCevnebSi xmis micemis uflebis garantia diskriminaci-
is gareSe, sakmarisi ar aris mdgradi demokratiis dasam-
kvidreblad, vinaidan sakiTxs, Tu vin unda iyos mmarTve-
lobaSi, gadamwyveti roli eniWeba.
1991 wels damoukideblobis miRebis dRidan saqarTvelo
gaxda mTel postsabWoTa sivrceSi yvelaze didi beneficiari
dasavleTis qveynebidan erT sul mosaxleze daxmarebis miRe-
bis TvalsazrisiT. mzardi dasavluri gavlenis, gansakuTre-
biT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris
strategiuli partniorobis qartiis miRebis, evropis same-
zoblo politikis/aRmosavleTis partniorobisa da evroka-
vSirsa da natoSi SesaZlo gawevrianebis pirobebSi, gaizarda
demokratiuli Rirebulebebis, sajaro politikis efeqturo-
bisa da kargi mmarTvelobis mniSvneloba. Tumca, Tanamedrove
qarTuli realoba naTlad warmoaCens politikuri insti-
tutebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis
uunarobas proaqtiuli cvlilebebi ganaxorcielon mmarTv-
elobis procesSi, rasac Sedegad qveyanaSi politikur-ekono-
mikuri krizisebi da demokratiis gauareseba mosdevs.
2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebamde, saerTaSori-
so organizaciebis mier gamoqveynebuli moxsenebebi (2012
wlis demokratiis indeqsi, 2013 wlis presis Tavisuflebis
indeqsi, 2012 wlis arSemdgari qveynebis indeqsi da sxv.),
7
saqarTvelos moiazrebdnen, rogorc hibriduli reJimis
mqone saxelmwifos. am angariSebis monacemebis mixedviT,
seriozuli sisusteebi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo poli-
tikur kulturaSi, xelisuflebisa da mediis funqcioni-
rebaSi, sasamarTlos damoukideblobaSi, agreTve politi-
kur procesebSi CarTulobis kuTxiT. es situacia kidev
ufro gauaresda 2012 wlis saparlamento, 2013 wlis sap-
rezidento da 2014 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
arCevnebis Semdeg, rac gamoixata politikur institutebSi
iseTi mankieri praqtikebis gazrdiT, rogoricaa politiku-
ri klientelizmi, korufcia, favoritizmi, qronizmi, nep-
otizmi, sargebelze orientirebuli qceva.
es realoba badebs kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia,
rom dasavlur postindustriul sazogadoebebSi apro-
birebuli liberaluri demokratiis modeli warmatebiT
iqnas realizebuli postsabWoTa qveynebSi. rogorc samuel
hantingtoni Tavis monografiaSi `civilizaciaTa Sejaxe-
ba~ aRniSnavs, `naklebad savaraudoa, rom rusulma an sxva
postsabWoTa sazogadoebebma SeZlon mdgradi demokrati-
is damkvidreba apriori mizezebis gamo, warsuli mem-
kvidreobidan gamomdinare~.
postsabWoTa gardamavali demokratiis qveynebSi, sad-
ac sabWoTa memkvidreobam mtkivneuli asaxva hpova masebis
inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze, naklebad ganaTlebuli
mosaxleoba xSirad iRebs araadeqvatur da iracionalur
gadawyvetilebebs. imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs proaqti-
ul liderobaze orientirebuli mmarTveloba da igno
rirebulia meritokratiuli seleqciisa da Sefasebis
kriteriumebi, samTavrobo politika da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesi moqceulia arakompetenturi politiku-
ri `nomenklaturis~1 gavlenis qveS, romelic manipuli-
rebs demagogiuri da populisturi meTodebiT sakuTari
Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad.
politikis formulirebisa da ganxorcielebis xarisxi
mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli sajaro politikaSi Car-
1 wamyvan administraciul poziciebze myofi mmarTveli ierarqia sabWo-
Ta kavSirsa da sxva komunisturi blokis qveynebSi
8
Tuli subieqtebis wvlilze, maT Soris arCeuli an daniSnu-
li Tanamdebobis pirebis, politikuri partiebis lider-
ebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da damoukidebeli
eqspertebis codnaze, unarebsa da kompetenciaze. ukanask-
nel periodSi gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba xelisu-
flebis xarisxian Sedegebze orientirebuli politikis
legitimurobaze, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs legitimur-
obis tradiciuli rolis cvlilebas demokratiuli war-
momadgenlobiTobidan politikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis
Sefasebis mimarTulebiT.
is faqti, rom xSirad, saqarTvelos erT-erT yvelaze
warmatebul postsabWoTa demokratiul saxelmwifod
miiCneven mxolod Tavisufali arCevnebisa da bazrebis
liberalizaciis gamo, da mxedvelobaSi ar Rebuloben
mmarTvelobisa da ganxorcielebuli reformebis xarisxs,
naTlad miuTiTebs postsabWoTa tranziciis paradigme-
bis gadaxedvis aucileblobaze, raTa `fasaduri demokra-
tia~ Seicvalos Sedegebze orientirebuli demokratiuli
mmarTvelobiT, romelic ufro momgebiani iqneba saxelmwi-
fosa da sazogadoebisaTvis. swored am mizniT, gzamkvlevi
mTlianad fokusirebulia im uaxlesi codnasa da saukeTe-
so gamocdilebebze, romlebmac Teoriuli da praqtikuli
dasabuTeba hpoves ganviTarebul qveynebSi, da romlebic
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben demokratiuli mmarTvelo-
bisa da postsabWoTa tranziciis gamowvevebis kompleqsur
gaazrebaSi.
9
I. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi
XXI saukuneSi
1.1 demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis fenomeni gaazrebuli

unda iyos im mniSvnelovan konteqstSi, Tu rogor xdeba
institucionaluri CarCos farglebSi politikis ganxor-
cieleba garkveul teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis
saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
klasikuri ganmartebis mixedviT, demokratia aris
xalxis xelSi arsebuli Zalaufleba, Seqmnili xalxisTvis
da arCeuli xalxis mier, sadac adamianebs konstituciurad
miniWebuli aqvT Tanabari ufleba airCion xelisufleba Ta-
visufali da samarTliani arCevnebis gziT. demokratia war-
moadgens RirebulebaTa sistemas, romelic dafuZnebulia
politikur pluralizmze, kanonis uzenaesobaze, kanonis
winaSe yvelas Tanasworobaze, adamianis uflebaTa dacvaze,
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebaze.
demokratiuli mmarTveloba ki warmoadgens saxelmwifo,
kerZo da samoqalaqo seqtorebis CarTulobis principebis
safuZvelze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maTi ganxor-
cielebis process, sadac institutebis funqcionireba xde-
ba demokratiuli procesebisa da normebis Sesabamisad.
mmarTvelobas esaWiroeba demokratiul bazisze dam-
yarebuli legitimurobis statusi, romelic adgilobriv,
erovnul da globalur doneze aRiarebulia moralur
saxelmZRvanelo principad da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
normad. moqalaqeTa CarTuloba iseTi marTvis sisteme-
bis Seqmnis procesSi, romlebic mniSvnelovani politiku-
ri arCevanis SesaZleblobiT xasiaTdeba, legitimurs xdis
mmarTvelobas.
legitimurobis koncefcia mWidrod ukavSirdeba val-
idurobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs mmarTvelobis proces-
Si CarTul subieqtebs Soris nebayoflobiT TanamSromlo-
10
bas, da wesebisa da politikis Tanxvedras. demokratiuli
gziT xelisuflebaSi mosvlis procesSi, mTavrobebs le-
gitimurobis uflebamosileba eniWebaT. legitimuroba
miiRweva maSin, rodesac politikuri sistemebi maTi Seqm-
nis procesTan erTad xels uwyoben konsensusisa da ndobis
uzrunvelyofas politikur procesSi monawile subieqtebs
Soris.
demokratiuli mmarTveloba warmoadgens mmarTve-
lobis iseT sistemas, sadac institutebis funqcionireba
xdeba demokratiuli procesebisa da normebis Sesabamisad,
xolo gadawyvetilebebis miReba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo,
kerZo da samoqalaqo seqtorebis CarTulobis principebis
safuZvelze.
am amosavali wertilidan Cven SegviZlia ukeT gavigoT
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis komponentebi da is, Tu ro-
gor uwyoben xels isini marTvis sistemebis validuroba-
sa da legitimacias. demokratias aqvs sami ZiriTadi gan-
zomileba: 1) TviTgamorkveva, 2) gamoxatvis Tavisufleba,
da 3) Tavisufali da Ria arCevnebi. am siaSi Cven SegviZlia
davamatoT meoTxe komponenti, romelic demokratiul
mmarTvelobas ufro efeqtians xdis: mTavrobis funqcioni-
rebis xarisxi politikis formulirebis, ganxorcielebisa
da Sedegebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT.
1990 wels, evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobi-
saTvis miZRvnil konferenciaze, Seiqmna e.w. `kopenhagen-
is dokumenti~, romelSic damatebiTi debulebebi Sevida
saarCevno eTikisa da samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. am dokumentis
mixedviT, saarCevno eTika da samarTlianoba gulisxmobs
ara mxolod arCevnebis process, aramed im institutebi-
sa da mmarTvelobis struqturebis xarisxsac, romelTac
es arCevnebi exeba. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom am do-
kumentis mixedviT, yvela moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, hyavdes
pasuxismgebliani mTavroba, romlis aRmasrulebeli Stoc
angariSvaldebulia moqmedi kanonmdeblobisa da uSualod
amomrCevlebis winaSe.
11
1.2 demokratia da kargi mmarTveloba
demokratiuli mmarTveloba mimarTulia demokratiul

procesebSi sazogadoebis CarTulobis xelSewyobisaken, ma-
gram, mas Semdeg, rac arCeuli warmomadgenloba xelisu-
flebaSi Tavis adgils daikavebs, is pirdapir ver uzrul-
velyofs mmarTvelobis xarisxs. rogorc ki mmarTvelobis
sistemebSi kompetenturi subieqtebis CarTuloba aqti-
urdeba, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
xarisxic umjobesdeba. politikis formireba moicavs dRis
wesrigis gansazRvrasa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, rac
Zalian mniSvnelovania eleqtoratis interesebisa da moTx-
ovnebis dakmayofilebisTvis. politikis ganxorcieleba ki
moicavs process, romlis mizania politikis konkretul
Sedegebad gardaqmna, romelic moiTxovs resursebis orga-
nizebasa da maT racionalurad marTvas.
mmarTvelobis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileoba re-
aluri iniciativebisa da cvlilebebis SeTavazebis gziT,
xels uwyobs kargi mmarTvelobis principebis realizacias.
kargi mmarTvelobis koncefcia SemuSavebul iqna iseTi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier, rogoricaa gaero,
msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi.
gaeros koncefciis mixedviT, kargi mmarTvelobis ganx-
orcieleba SesaZlebelia Semdegi mniSvnelovani pirobebis ar-
sebobisas: mmarTvelobis procesi uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva
mxareTa aqtiur CarTulobas da maT Soris konsensuss; poli-
tikis monawile subieqtebi angariSvaldebulni arian kano-
nis uzenaesobisa da sazogadoebis winaSe, rac ganapirobebs
maTi saqmianobisa da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamWvirva-
leobas; problemebze reagireba xdeba efeqturad da qmed-
iTad, rac xels uwyobs resurebis racionaluri gamoyenebiT
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas; Seqmnilia
samarTlianobisa da inkluziurobis garantiebi, raTa gamoir-
icxos nebismieri formis diskriminacia da TiToeulma moqa-
laqem SeZlos sazogadoebrivi sargeblis miReba.
msoflio bankis mier SemuSavebuli kargi mmarTvelobis
Sefasebis kriteriumebi, mmarTvelobis mandatis Sedegebis
12
Sefasebas politikuri reJimis, ekonomikuri da social-
uri resursebis marTvisa da mTavrobis funqcionirebis
xarisxis mixedviT axdens. xolo saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi mTavar prioritetebad kanonis uzenaesobas, sajaro
seqtoris efeqturobisa da angariSvaldebulebis gazrdas,
da korufciasTan brZolas miiCnevs. aRniSnuli koncefciis
safuZveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom siRaribis Semcirebisa
da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizniT gaweuli daxmareba ar-
aefeqturi iqneba, Tu qveyanaSi damkvidrebulia araswori
marTvis sistema da endemuri korufcia, rac iwvevs mmarTv-
elobis araefeqturobas. sakuTari institucionaluri man-
datebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondi aRar apelireben imaze, rom kargi mmarT-
velobis damkvidrebisaTvis sakmarisia demokratia, da amis
nacvlad isini yuradRebas amaxvileben keTildReobasa da
sargebelze orientirebuli mmarTvelobis xarisxze.
sxva organizaciebma, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (USAID) da
didi britaneTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis departamen-
ti (DFID), SeimuSaves kargi mmarTvelobis sakuTari kon-
cefciebi, romlebic fokusirebulia legitimurobaze,
angariSvaldebulebaze, kompetenciasa da kanonis uzenae-
sobis pativiscemaze. kargi mmarTvelobis principebi erT-
maneTisgan gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva dawesebulebebisa da
uwyebebis mixedviT da gamomdinareobs maTi instituciu-
ri kompetenciebidan da mandatidan. miuxedavad garkveuli
gansxvavebebis arsebobisa, USAID, DFID da msoflio banki
Tanxmdebian kargi mmarTvelobis ZiriTad principebze. es
principebi moicavs: legitimurobas, CarTulobas, angariS-
valdebulebis, yovlismomcvelobas, gamWvirvalobas, efeq-
turobasa da uflebamosilebas2.
bunebrivia, es naSromi mxolod nawilobriv mimoixi-
lavs demokratiasa da karg mmarTvelobas Soris arsebul
kavSirebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom
kargi mmarTveloba aris principebisa da praqtikis erTia-
2 USAID, DFID/World Bank, 2011.

13
noba, romelic aRiarebs demokratiis zogad ideebs da xels
uwyobs am ideebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas.
mmarTvelobis Tanamedrove koncefcia, kargi mmarTve-
lobis CaTvliT, cdilobs daamkvidros inovaciuri midgoma
mmarTvel administraciaSi xalxisaTvis meti Zalauflebis
miniWebis gziT. kargi mmarTvelobis Sedegi aris iseTi
mmarTvelobisa da administrirebis Seqmna, romelic xalx-
isgan warmoiSoba, xalxs ekuTvnis, rogorc samarTlebrivi,
ise ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, da xalxsve SeuZlia masze
kontrolis ganxorcieleba.
kargi mmarTvelobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTe-
beli mTavrobis mier sakuTari xalxis winaSe angariSval-
debulebis sistemis arsebobaa, rac saqarTveloSi serio-
zul problemas warmoadgens. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom arc samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa sakmarisad momTxovni,
rom adeqvatur zomebs iRebdes xelisuflebis upasuxismge-
blo qmedebebis prevenciisaTvis.
saqarTveloSi demokratiisa da kargi mmarTvelobis
ganxorcielebas xels uSlian Semdegi faqtorebi:
• meritokratiuli principebis ignorireba

• politikosTa liderobis, codnis, kompetenciisa da
unarebis deficiti
• politikosTa da sajaro moxeleTa mxridan zneobriv-
eTikuri normebis ugunebelyofa
• korufcia, qronizmi, klientelizmi, favoritizmi, sargeb
lis miRebaze orientirebuli qceva
• saxelmwifo marTvisa da politikis analizis dabali done
• demokratiuli institutebis sisuste
• administraciis politizireba
• parlamentis araefeqturoba
• kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba
• mosaxleobis gauTviTcnobierebloba sajaro politikis
prioritetul sakiTxebSi, rac uzRudavs mas racionaluri
arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas.
14
1.3 politikuri partiebis roli
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemis ganmtkiceba Sei-

Zleba moxdes mxolod racionaluri politikuri arCevanis
saSualebiT. politikuri partiebi, gansakuTrebiT warmo-
madgenlobiTi demokratiis pirobebSi, xels unda uwyobdnen
aseTi racionaluri politikuri arCevanis uzrunvelyofas.
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis gamoxatva ori gziT aris
SesaZlebeli: pirdapiri demokratia, rogoricaa magaliTad
referendumi, romelSic kerZo pirebi pirdapiri xmis mice-
mis gziT afiqsireben sakuTar mosazrebas ama Tu im sakiTx-
ze, an warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia, romelSic adami-
anebi irCeven maTi interesebis damcvel warmomadgenlebs
konkretul olqebSi. politikuri partiebi, politikis
formirebaSi Sesatani wvlilidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelo-
van rols TamaSoben warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi. isi-
ni gvevlinebian warmomadgenlobiTi organizaciebis saxiT,
romlebic akavSireben xalxs xelisuflebasTan da sakuTar
Tavze iReben amomrCevlis preferenciebis mixedviT poli-
tikis dagegmvis pasuxismgeblobas.
imisaTvis, rom politikurma partiebma imoqmedon, ro-
gorc preferenciebis efeqturma subieqtebma, amomrCev-
els unda SeeZlos maTi ideologiebis, platformebisa da
dapirebebis Sefaseba, rac sakmaod rTulia postsabWoTa
sivrcis axalbeda demokratiebSi imis gamo, rom 1) dabalia
eleqtoratis ganaTlebis done; da 2) politikuri partiebi
ganicdian codnis, ideologiis, profesionalizmis, poli-
tikuri kulturis deficits, da iseTi mavne praqtikebis
zegavlenas, rogoricaa favoritizmi, qronizmi, nepotizmi,
klientelizmi, sargebelze orientirebuli qceva.
aRiarebulia, rom postkomunistur politikur siste-
mebSi, Zlieri instituciuri gamowvevebisa da mmarTvelo-
bis sistemis SigniT arsebuli problemebis gamo, poli-
tikuri partiebi ver axerxeben koleqtiur interesebsa
da saWiroebebze efeqturad reagirebas. aseT gamowvevebs
Sorisaa: `saxelmwifos mitaceba~, romelSic saxelmwifoe-
15
brivi resursebi xelisuflebis mier gadamisamarTebulia
kerZo an koleqtiuri specifiuri interesebis dakmayo-
filebisaTvis; klientelizmi, romelSic sazogadoebrivi
sikeTeebi da servisebi politikur mxardaWeraSi icvleba;
nepotizmi da qronizmi, rodesac Zalauflebis mqone pire-
bi naTesavebsa da megobrebs mfarveloben, da; politikuri
patronaJi, romelSic saxelmwifo resursebis mniSvnelovan
nawils politikuri partiebis mcire karteli akontrolebs
iseTi politikuri Txovnebis Sesrulebis sanacvlod, ro-
goricaa saarCevno kampaniis dros gaweuli mxardaWera da
eleqtoratis mobilizeba.
amgvari mankieri praqtikebi zRudaven axalgazrdobis
aqtiur CarTulobas politikuri partiebis saqmianobaSi.
maSin, rodesac saqarTveloSi, mankieri normebi Rrmad aris
fesvgadgmuli samTavrobo struqturebSi, piradi kavSire-
bis ararsebobs SemTxvevaSi, bevri lideruli potencialis
mqone niWieri axalgazrda ganicdis marginalizacias, rac
iwvevs apaTiasa da nihilizms sazogadoebaSi. favoritizmi,
qronizmi, klientelizmi, nepotizmi, patronaJi _ es is
problemebia, romlebic ara mxolod zRudavs axalgazr-
debis CarTulobas demokratiul mmarTvelobasa da poli-
tikur procesebSi, aramed asustebs sajaro politikis
xarisxs farTo politikuri interesebis warmomadgeneli
pirebis CarTvis SezRudvis gamo. cxadia, aseTi SezRudve-
bi, politikur procesSi nebayoflobiTi CarTulobis Sesa-
Zleblobebis mospobiT, arRvevs kargi mmarTvelobis prin-
cipebs.
16
1.4 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi agreTve warmoadgenen

Suamaval subieqtebs, romlebic xels uwyoben legitimu-
ri da pasuxismgeblobis mqone marTvis sistemebis Camoy-
alibebas. politikuri partiebisagan gansxvavebiT, rom-
lebic uzrunvelyofen eleqtoratsa da saxelmwifos Soris
pirdapiri gacvlis sistemas, sazogadoebrivi organizacie-
bi warmoadgenen nebayoflobiT gaerTianebebs, romlebic
cdiloben, niadagi moamzadon konkretul sferoebSi arse-
buli problemebis aqtualizaciis, sazogadoebrivi azris
formirebisa da advokatirebisaTvis. samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebam, romelic Sedgeba instituciur doneze gansxvave-
buli profilisa da SesaZleblobebis mqone arasamTavrobo
organizaciebisagan, SesaZloa moicvas aqtorebis farTo
speqtri, maT Soris: kvleviTi institutebi, saswavlo dawe-
sebulebebi, profkavSirebi, profesiuli asociaciebi, bi-
znes forumebi, eTnikuri lobisturi dajgufebebi, gare-
mosdacviTi moZraobebi, TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis
iniciativebi, rwmenaze dafuZnebuli asociaciebi, axal-
gazrduli gaerTianebebi da qselebi, adamianis uflebaTa
damcveli jgufebi da mravali sxva.
kerZo seqtorsa da sxva struqturebTan erTad,
politikuri partiebi da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi
mmarTvelobis qselis mniSvnelovan nawilad iqcnen. isini
qmnian im kerZo da sajaro aqtorebs Soris urTierToba-
Ta jaWvs, romlebic monawileoben politikis formire-
bisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi. am qselSi sxvada sxva
tipis aqtorebis monawileoba, politikur sazRvrebs

miRma dakavSirebis gziT, politikis formulirebisa da
ganxorcielebis process ufro moqnils da dinamiurs
xdis. sazogadoebriv organizaciebs SeuZliaT iTamaSon
mniSvnelovani roli ara mxolod sazogadoebis interese-
bis gamoxatvis, aramed politikis miwodebis efeqturo-
bis gazrdis gziTac, rac kargi mmarTvelobis erT-erT
umTavres mizans warmoadgens.
17
zogadad, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovan rols arsuleben demokratiuli CarTulo-
bis gaRrmavebis saqmeSi individebis instituciuri warmo-
madgenlobisa da koleqtiuri berketebis uzrunvelyofis
gziT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi susti da
araefeqturi politikuri partiebis mqone saxelmwifoebSi,
rogoricaa saqarTvelo.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi sajaro
politikis procesis mniSvnelovan monawile subieqtebad
arian miCneulni sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo. pirvel rigSi,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi warmoadgenen im
specifiuri codnisa da eqspertizis mTavar wyaros, romlis
saWiroebac politikis SemuSavebis procesSi dgeba. cod-
nis am resursis CarTva saSualebas gvaZlevs darwmunebul-
ni viyoT imaSi, rom politika saTanadod formulirebuli,
realurad ganxorcielebadi da mdgradi Sedegebis momtani
iqneba. meorec, maT SeuZliaT imoqmedon, rogorc part-
niorebma politikis implementaciis procesSi da am gziT
pirdapiri momsaxurebis gaweva uzrunvelyon. Sesabamisi
organizaciuli SesaZleblobebisa da codniT aRWurvili
personalis pirobebSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organi-
zaciebs SeuZliaT politikis efeqturobis gazrda, vinaidan
isini mWidro kavSirSi arian beneficiarebTan da mopovebuli
aqvT am ukanasknelTa ndoba. mesamec, sazogadoebriv organi-
zaciebs SeuZliaT mxardaWera moipovon politikis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis, misi legitimurobis uzrunvelyofis gziT.
saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTare-
bis dabali done mniSvnelovan negatiur zegavlenas axdens
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis efeqturobaze, vinaidan sazo-
gadoebrivi organizaciebis sisuste zRudavs CarTulobas,
kritikuli gansjis SesaZleblobasa da xarisxiani eqspertu-
li rCevebis miwodebas. SeSfoTebis sagania samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis sijansaRis sakiTxic. miuxedavad registrirebuli
samoqalaqo organizaciebis didi raodenobisa, maTi mxolod
mcire nawili aris moqmedi da kidev ufro mcirea maT Soris im
organizaciebis ricxvi, romlebsac muSaobisa da damoukide-
beli funqcionirebisaTvis stabiluri Semosavali gaaCniaT.
18
aSS-s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos ( USAID)
mier 2013 wels gamoqveynebuli centraluri, axlo
aRmosavleTisa da evraziis qveynebis arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis mdgradobis indeqsis mixedviT, qveya-
naSi daregistrirebulia 16 000 arasamTavrobo organi-
zacia, romelTa umravlesoba mxolod qaRaldze arse-
bobs. bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi uTanasworobis
TvalsaCino zrdis tendencia SeiniSneba SedarebiT pro-
fesionalur organizaciebsa da patara, instituciurad
sust arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Soris, romlebic
umravlesobas warmoadgenen seqtorSi. es axladCamoya
libebuli, enTuziazmiT aRsavse, axalgazrdebisagan
dakompleqtebuli damoukidebeli samoqalaqo organi-
zaciebi ganicdian codnis, dafinansebis, xelmZRvanelo-
bisaTvis saWiro unarebis, eqspertizisa da kompetenciis
naklebobas, rac xels uSlis maT efeqturi iniciative-
bis SemuSavebaSi.
kidev erTi problema, ris gamoc samoqalaqo seqtori
ver axerxebs aqtiur advokatirebas, aris is, rom xelisu-
fleba ar cdilobs arasamTavrobo organizaciebis im wris
gafarToebas, romelTanac konsultaciebs marTavs. kri-
tikulad ganwyobil kompetentur sazogadoebriv organi-
zaciebTan xelisufleba Segnebulad ar TanamSromlobs,
xolo axladSeqmnil organizaciebs ara aqvT xelisuflebis
mxridan yuradRebis mipyrobis SesaZlebloba SezRudu-
li resursebisa da dabali cnobadobis gamo. samwuxarod,
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxolod mcire nawils Seu-
Zlia profesionaluri eqspertuli analizis warmoeba da am
analizis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebis mimarT saer-
TaSoriso yuradRebis mipyroba.
USAID-is mier gamoqveynebuli centraluri, axlo aR-
mosavleTisa da centraluri evraziis qveynebis arasamTav-
robo organizaciebis mdgradobis indeqsi aRniSnavs imasac,
rom saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis efeq-
turobas amcirebs dafinansebis mopovebis sirTule, saga-
dasaxado sistemasTan arsebuli problemebi da kvalifici-
uri kadrebis simcire.
19
pirovnuli resursebis kvalifikaciisa da profesionaliz
mis deficiti ganpirobebulia imiT, rom maRali c odnisa
da kompetenciis mqone adamianebi ufro metad motivirebu-
li garemosaken _ kerZo seqtorisken iswrafvian. Sesabamis-
ad, resursebisa da SesaZleblobebis SezRudvis gamo, bevri
sazogadoebrivi organizacia ver axerxebs rogorc xarisxiani
treningebis, kvlevisa da analizis Catarebas, ise advokat-
irebasa da sajaro politikis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobis
miRebas.
1.5 „warmatebis~ gazomvis kriteriumebi
im gamowvevebis fonze, romelsac saqarTvelo demokra-

tizaciis procesSi awydeba, aucilebelia mmarTvelobis
ara
efeqturobis wyaros dadgena da imis gansazRvra, Tu
romeli problemebis mogvareba aris SesaZlebeli samoqa-
laqo procesebSi axalgazrdebis CarTulobis gziT.
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemis `warmatebis~ ga-
zomva ramodenime indikatoris meSveobiT aris SesaZlebe-
li. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis `warmatebis~ saidumlo
mxolod mis demokratiulobaSi ar mdgomareobs (Tumca es
aucilebelia). umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens
politikis keTebis procesis efeqturoba. demokratiuli
principebis miRebasa da mis praqtikul ganxorcielebas So-
ris gansxvaveba, martivad SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
ganxorcielebuli politikiT miRweul Sedegebsa da poli-
tikis ganxorcielebaSi monawile subieqtebis mier Setanil
wvlils Soris sxvaoba.
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi monawile subieqtebis
mier Setanili wvlilis xarisxi damokidebulia demokrati-
uli principebisadmi erTgulebaze, liderobisa da marTvis
unarebze, agreTve profesionalizmze, codnasa da kompe-
tenciaze, ramac legitimuri samTavrobo struqturebis Se-
qmna unda uzrunvelyos. Setanili wvlili maSin CaiTvleba
warmatebulad, Tu daculi iqneba Semdegi pirobebi:
20
1. mosaxleobis Tanxmoba da ndoba;
2. Tavisufali monawileoba arCevnebSi;
3. politikuri subieqtebis codna da kompetenturoba;
4. politikuri struqturebis gamWvirvaloba;
5. samTavrobo struqturebis angariSvaldebuleba xalxis
winaSe;
6. xalxis koleqtiuri interesebis warmomadgeneli sub-
ieqtebis komptenturoba, CarTulobis maRali xarisxi da
warmomadgelnobiTi mravalferovneba.
21
II. sajaro politika da politikis analizi
2.1 sajaro politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
sajaro politika aris yvelaferi is, rasac mTavroba

akeTebs da rac yvela Cvenganze axdens gavlenas politikuri
mizezebidan gamomdinare (mag., politikuri aqtivistoba an
advokatirebis procesebSi monawileobis survili; specifi-
uri politikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmaveba;
karieruli winsvla da a.S). sajaro politikis SemuSaveba
moiTxovs imis safuZvlian gaazrebas, rom Tanamedrove re-
alobaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi moiTxovs ufro
meti dainteresebuli mxaris CarTvas da saWiroebs ufro
met inteleqtualur resurss.
sajaro politikis ganxorcieleba warmoadgens politi-
kur process, romelic xorcieldeba politikuri Zalau-
flebisa da samarTlebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT. es aris
kompleqsuri, interaqciuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse
procesi, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva rolebis, interese-
bisa da resursebis mqone jgufebs. sajaro politika gan-
22
sazRvravs mTavrobis urTierTobas mis garemosTan da igi
warmoadgens mizanmimarTul qmedebaTa erTobliobas, ro-
melTa mizansac problemebis gadaWra warmoadgens.
politikis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs problemaTa pri-
oritetizacias da politikis analizs, raTa moxdes swori
fokusireba strategiuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze. poli-
tika xSirad fiaskos ganicdis ara imdenad problemebis
gadaWris mcdari meTodebis SerCevis, aramed ararelevan-
tur problemaTa struqturirebis gamo.
sajaro politikis formulirebisa da implementaciis
procesSi monawile subieqtebis bunebis gansazRvris sx-
vadasxva midgoma arsebobs. pirveli mniSvnelovani gansx-
vaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es subieqtebi dayofilia
institucionalur da arainstitucionalur aqtorebad
da moicavs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo
xelisuflebas, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, universi-
tetebs, samecniero da sakonsultacio analitikur cen-
trebs, araformalur sainiciativo jgufebs da a.S. iqidan
gamomdinare, rom sajaro politika sazogadoebrivi inter-
esebis dakmayofilebazea koncentrirebuli, xelisuflebis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi unda iyos racionaluri,
gamWvirvale da mdgrad Sedegebze orientirebuli.
23
politikis formulirebis procesSi, problemebisa da
SesaZlebobebis identificirebasa da sxvadasxva jgufebTan
dialogis warmarTvas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. in-
teraqciis dinamikas xSirad mivyavarT iseT viTarebamde,
sadac sajaro interesi gansazRvrulia politikis ganxor-
cielebis procesis Sesabamisad. swored amitom aris, rom
sajaro politika strategiul dagegmvasa da riskebis Se-
fasebas saWiroebs, rasac Sedegad yvela doneze aqtiuri
sajaro komunikacia da prioritetebis sworad SerCeva unda
mohyves. sajaro politikis formireba moiTxovs politi-
kur analizs, marTvis Tanamedrove meTodologiebs, benC-
markingul3 strategias, agreTve meritokratiuli princi-
pebiT SerCeul pirovnul resurss, romelsac eqneba maRali
donis codna da kompetencia Sesabamis sferoSi.
sajaro politika xorcieldeba saxelmwifo struq-
turebisa da am struqturebSi dasaqmebuli sajaro mox-
eleebis mier. es aris mizanze orientirebuli da ara
SemTxveviTi procesi. politika warmoadgens ara cakleul
gadawyvetilebebs, aramed im qmedebaTa jaWvs, romelsac
saxelmwifo struqturebi drois ganmavlobaSi axorciele-
ben. garkveuli politikis ganxorcielebis sakiTxi dgeba
sxva subieqtebis mier mTavrobisTvis moTxovnebis wayenebis
sapasuxod. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelisuflebo struqture-
bi ar gaiTvaliswineben maT moTxovnebs, warmoiSveba kon-
fliqti.
sajaro politika gulisxmobs mTavrobis mier ganxor-
cielebul qmedebebs, romlebic moqalaqeebis probleme-
bis mogvarebasa da maTi cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas
isaxavs miznad. igi moicavs Semdeg mniSvnelovan safexurebs:
• problemis identificireba _ ra aris problema?

• dRis wesrigis gansazRvra _ sad dgas es problema?
• politikis formulireba _ problemebis gadawyvetis ra
RonisZiebebia SemuSavebuli?
3 Seswavlisa da Sefasebis etalonuri sistema, romelic gulisxmobs

saukeTeso codnisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis moZiebas, Seswavlasa
da organizaciul sistemaSi danergvas.
24
• politikis miReba _ ra ganxorcielda problemasTan
mimarTebaSi?
• sajaro politikis implementacia _ rogor apirebs mTav-
roba miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamxorcielebas?
• politikis Sefaseba _ hqonda Tu ara Sedegi politikis
gatarebas?
problemis identificireba
problema aris iseTi viTareba, romelic pirovnuli
resursis mier mogvarebas moiTxovs. magaliTad garemos
dabinZureba, inflacia, kriminali, siRatake da a.S. prob-
lema mravalgvaria, magram mxolod is sakiTxebi eqceva
politikis dRis wesrigSi, romlebic yvelaze meti aqtual-
urobiT gamoirCevian.
dRis wesrigis gansazRvra

politikis SemuSavebamde unda arsebobdes problema,
romelic mTavrobis yuradRebas miipyrobs. praqtika aCven-
ebs, rom sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva problemebi xSirad
mTavrobis yuradRebis miRma rCeba. imisaTvis, rom prob-
lema moxvdes dRis wesrigSi, misi riskebi da zemoqmedebis
xarisxi garkveuli mniSvnelobis da simwvavis matarebeli
unda iyos. rodesac problemis aqtualurobis xarisxi izr-
deba, igi politikosebis yuradRebis centrSi xvdeba. prob-
lemis dRis wesrigSi dadgoma SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos
sxvadasxva faqtorebis Sedegad.
politikis dRis wesrigi Sedgeba iseTi sakiTxebisagan,
romlebic politikosebis dainteresebis sagans warmoad-
gens. problemuri sakiTxebis mxolod mcire nawili aRw-
evs sasamarTlo, aRmasrulebel Tu sakanonmdeblo xeli-
suflebamde. zogadad, sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba
damokidebulia adamianTa im jgufis Zalauflebaze, sta-
tussa da SesaZleblobebze, romelzec es problema pirda-
pir zemoqmedebas axdens. krizisulma movlenam, masobrivma
moZraobam an gavlenianma liderma SesaZloa zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos politikis dRis wesrigis gansazRvraze.
25
formulireba da miReba
politikis formulireba niSnavs problemis mogvarebis
meTodebis gansazRvras. samTavrobo struqturebTan er-
Tad, am procesSi monawileobas unda Rebulobdnen sxva-
dasxva interesTa jgufebi, raTa politika Seesabamebodes
kargi mmarTvelobis principebs, iyos gamWvirvale, Sede-
giani da konsensusze orientirebuli.
politikis implementacia
im kanonebs, regulaciebs Tu brZanebulebebs, rom-
lebic ZalaSi Sedian politikis miRebis Semdeg, SeiZleba
vuwodoT sajaro politikis instrumentebi. implementaci-
is gareSe politikas aranairi Sedegi ar moaqvs, magram Tav-
ad implementaciis procesma SesaZloa Secvalos politikis
buneba. sajaro moxeleebi sajaro politikis mTavari ganmx-
orcieblebi arian, romelTa codna da kompetencia asaxvas
poulobs ganxorcielebuli politikis xarisxze.
politikis Sefaseba
Sefasebis procesSi yvelaze mTavari kiTxva mdgomare-
obs SemdegSi: ras exeboda politika, ra realuri Sedegebi
dadga da ra gavlena moaxdina politikis SemuSavebam? iyo
Tu ara igi qmediTi da miznebTan TanxvedraSi? ramdenad
mogvarda problema realurad?
formulirebisa da implementaciis procesis mTavari
maxasiaTebeli mis ciklur bunebaSi mdgomareobs. saja-
ro politikis mniSvneloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom yoveli
safexuris implementacia gvexmareba axali problemebis
gamovlenaSi, romlebic politikis formulirebis axali
procesis dawyebis saWiroebaze metyvelebs. ufro metic,
is exeba sajaro politikis Sefasebasac axali riskebis
identificirebisa da maTi gadaWris axali SesaZleblobebis
Ziebis gziT. politikis Sefasebis kriteriumebia: raciona-
luroba, efeqturoba, adeqvaturoba, samarTlianoba, rea-
gireba da Sesabamisoba.
26
2.2 politikis analizis mTavari aspeqtebi
sajaro politikis Seswavla da analizi warmoadgens um-

niSvnelovanes instruments politikis miRebis, formuli-
rebisa da Sefasebis yvela safexurze. problemis identifi-
cirebidan politikis ganxorcielebis saboloo Sefasebamde
saWiro gzebis SeswavlisaTvis, politikis analizSi CarTva
moqalaqeebs procesis marTvis sakuTari gagebis Camoyal-
ibebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, romelic aqtiuri moqalaqe-
obis erT-erTi aucilebeli komponentia. Tavisi arsiT,
politikis Sedegebis efeqturi analizi mxolod demokra-
tiul garemoSia SesaZlebeli, sadac mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs sajaro interesi, romelic sxvadasxva jgufebisa
da dainteresebuli mxareebis mier aris daculi.
politikis analizis struqtura
27
praqtikaSi uamrav models vxvdebiT, romlebic pirda-
pir uwyoben xels moqalaqeebis CarTulobas sajaro poli-
tikis procesSi. gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi swored
moqalaqeebis CarTulobis gazrdis gziT xdeba demokrati-
is yvelaze mTavari mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, rac Tavis mx-
riv samoqalaqo kulturisa da TviTSegnebis donezec aris
damokidebuli.
sajaro politikis Seswavla moicavs rogorc mTavrobis
qmedebebis Sinaarsis, mizezebisa da Sedegebis, ise politi-
kur, ekonomikur, socialur da institucionalur Zalebsa
da procesebze gavlenis Seswavlas. am konteqstSi, poli-
tikis analizis mTavari mizania, gansazRvros, Tu romeli
politikis implementacia xdeba da ra aris misi miznebi. am
TvalsazrisiT politikis analizi SeiZleba davyoT or Zir-
iTad jgufad. pirveli jgufi moicavs politikis analizs
problemis identificirebidan dawyebuli Sefasebis safex-
uris CaTvliT yvela etapze miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT.
am tipis analizs ewodeba deskrifciuli, igive aRwerilo-
biTi analizi.
sajaro politikis analizis meore tipi, romelsac pre-
skrifciuli, igive normatiuli analizi ewodeba, moicavs
iseTi meTodebis SeTavazebas, romelic ufro efeqturs
gaxdis politikis SemuSavebis process da ufro metad Seu-
wyobs xels dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas.
arsebobs politikis analizis sxvadasxva modelebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi midgomebis gamovlenisa
da miznebis ukeT formulirebisaTvis. maT Soris yvelaze
ufro warmatebulad iTvleba racionaluri modeli, ro-
melsac iyeneben politikis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis iden-
tificirebis, politikis prognozirebisa da misi Sedege-
bis gansazRvrisaTvis. misi upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom politikis SemuSavebisas gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba
saukeTeso alternativebis moZiebisa da ganxilvis Sedegad.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis racionaluri modeli aris is-
eTi modeli, romlis mizansac sajaro seqtoris gamoxmaure-
bis mqone gadawyvetilebebis miReba warmoadgens, Tumca am
models farTod iyeneben kerZo korporaciebSic. raciona-
28
luri arCevanis Teoriaze damyarebuli es modeli ramoden-
ime urTierTdakavSirebuli varaudisgan Sedgeba. pirveli
aseTi daSveba mdgomareobs saxelisuflebo modelebisa
da institutebis stabilurobaSi. meorec, saxelmwifo saa-
gentoebi racionalurad arian struqturirebulni, rac
gulisxmobs imas, rom maTi qmedebebi emyareba konkretul
wesebs da miyveba konkretul procedurebs. Semdegi daSveba
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom problemis mosagvareblad arCeuli
politika unda iyos SedarebiT erTgvarovani da Tanmim-
devruli.
da bolos, racionaluri modeli ar gulisxmobs im
droisa da saWiro sajaro fondebis resursebis SezRud-
vas, romlebic sajaro politikis dasaxuli miznebis miRw-
evas emsaxureba. am pirobebidan gamomdinare, racionaluri
modeli Sedegebis zusti gansazRvrisa da am Sedegebis Se-
degad gamowveuli SesaZlo problemebis identificirebis
saSualebas iZleva.
2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba

2.3.1 zogadi mimoxilva
sazogadoebis CarTuloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesebSi mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels institutebis
efeqturad funqcionirebas. evrokavSirTan integraci-
is procesis gaRrmaveba kidev ufro zrdis kargi mmarT-
velobis principebisa da politikuri regulaciebis Se-
moRebis aucileblobas, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs
gadawyvetilebis miRebis, implementaciisa da Sefasebis
procesSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobis gazrdis saWiroebas.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom gad-
awyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi moqalaqeebis efeqturi
CarTvisaTvis garkveuli mosamzadebeli periodi aris saW-
iro. is moicavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konsolidacias
gansazRvrul interesTa jgufebad. es samoqalaqo TviT-
Segnebisa da kompetenciis aucilebel nawils warmoadgens
problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi. sakiTxi exeba avTenturi
29
samoqalaqo warmomadgenlobis Camoyalibebas, romelsac
Seswevs moqalaqeebsa da institutebs Soris srulyofili
da efeqturi dialogis warmoebis unari problematuri
sakiTxebis garSemo.
samoqalaqo CarTulobis saerTaSoriso asociaciam Camo
ayaliba sajaro CarTulobis Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi:
1. samoqalaqo CarTuloba emyareba rwmenas, rom maT,

viszec gavlenas axdens miRebuli gadawyvetile
bebi, ufleba aqvT, CaerTon gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesSi;
2. samoqalaqo CarTuloba iZleva imis garantias,
rom moqalaqeebis wvlili gavlenas iqoniebs miRebul
gadawyvetilebebze;
3. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs gadawyve
tilebebis miRebas yvela monawilis, maT Soris gadaw
yvetilebis mimRebi pirebis, saWiroebebisa da intere
sebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
4. samoqalaqo CarTuloba gulisxmobs im adamianTa
CarTvas gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, rom-
lebic warmo adgenen dainteresebul mxares an rom-
lebzec es gadaw yvetilebebi pirdapir zemoqmedebas
axdens;
5. samoqalaqo CarTuloba cdilobs sakuTari wvli-
lis Setanas;
6. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs monawi
leebs im informaciiT, romelic maT sWirdebaT saTa
nado CarTulobisTvis;
7. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs monawi
leebs informaciiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor axdens
maTi CarTuloba gavlenas miRebul gadawyvetilebaze.
moqalaqeebis aqtiuri CarTuloba politikis SemuSavebi-

sa da implementaciis procesSi moiTxovs warmomadgenlobis
avTenturobis dacvis uzrunvelyofas, vinaidan samoqalaqo
CarTulobis garkveuli meqanizmebi SesaZloa borotad iyos
gamoyenebuli piradi interesebis gatarebisaTvis. cxadia
30
ver gaveqceviT korporatiul an partiul zegavlenas, ra-
sac Sedegad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis Semaferxebeli
barierebis warmoSoba SeiZleba moyves. amitom erTaderTi
gza mdgradi samoqalaqo CarTulobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis,
aris am procesis mudmivi da swori monitoringi.
2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi
Semdegi oTxi aspeqti _ „ra, rogor, vin da ratom~ _

warmoadgens politikis procesis kompleqsur maxasiaTeb
lebs. politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis procesis
gaumjobesebas mudam xels uSlida Teoriasa da praqtikas
Soris barierebis arseboba. isini an politikis keTebis ara-
realur modelebs warmoadgendnen, an ar gaaCndaT sakmari-
si mxardaWera sasurveli Teoriebis praqtikuli ganxor-
cielebis saqmeSi.
sajaro moxeleebma administraciulad yovelTvis ician
ra Sedis maT movaleobaSi, magram funqciebis praqtikulad
ganxorcielebisas bevr siZneles awydebian, radgan ar yof-
niT Teoriuli codna, kompetencia da praqtikuli unarebi.
politikosebisa da sajaro moxeleebis umravlesoba
Tanxmdeba, rom Sefaseba mniSvnelovani komponents war-
moadgens, magram maTi umravlesoba gansakuTrebuli skep-
ticizmiT aris ganwyobili Sefasebis mimarT.
politikis procesis gaumjobeseba ori mniSvnelovani
mizezis gamoa saWiro. vinaidan politikis keTebis procesi
TavisTavad kompleqsuria, samTavrobo institutebs unda
ekisrebodeT pasuxismgebloba saWiro sferoebSi wesri-
gis damyarebisaTvis. meorec, demokratiuli mmarTvelo-
bis procesi damokidebulia arCevnebSi xmis mimcemi ele-
qtoratis aqtiurobaze, romelic akontrolebs mTavrobis
mier politikis ganxorcielebis process. rac ufro na-
kleb gamWvirvalea es procesi, miT ufro meti safrTxis
qveS dgas demokratiuli mmarTveloba.
politikis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts war-
moadgens realisturi procesis konstruireba, romelic
31
stabilurobas SeunarCunebs xelisuflebas da romelic
politikis keTebis procesSi swori mimarTulebiT moq-
medebis saSualebas miscems mas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom stabiluri institucionaluri
procesebi aucilebelia kargi politikis SemuSavebisaTvis,
isini TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aris. mizani aris, ara mx-
olod im procesebis analizi, romlebic kargi politikis
SemuSavebis procesis realobas asaxavs, aramed Tavad am re-
alobis gaumjobeseba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saWiroa
iseTi politikis SemuSaveba, romelic rogorc politikis
process daaaxloebs realobasTan, ise realobas daaax-
lovebs politikis procesTan.
2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan
didi britaneTi erT-erTia im qveynebs Soris, sadac

moqalaqeebTan da samoqalaqo organizaciebTan konsulta-
ciebis sistema stabiluri formiT aris Camoyalibebuli.
samTavrobo politika, gadawyvetilebis miRebis proces-
Si, moqalaqeebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTulo-
bis waxalisebisaTvis, uzrunvelyofilia mTavrobis mier
SemuSavebuli konsultaciebis praqtikis kodeqsis mixed-
viT. misi principebi savaldebuloa yvela samTavrobo
organosaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar warmoadgens
normatiul instruments, mainc savaldebulo normad aris
miCneuli, garda iseTi sagangebo SemTxvevebisa, romlebSic
misi gamoyeneba ver moxdeba (magaliTad, Zalian specifiu-
ri sakiTxebi, romelTa gadaWrac mxolod eqspertTa mcire
jgufis mier aris SesaZlebeli). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ko-
deqsis wesebis ugunebelyofisas, safuZvlianad unda aix-
snas Tu ram gamoiwvia maTgan gadaxveva da ra zomebi iqna
miRebuli saTanado konsultirebis procesis uzrunvel
yofisTvis.
germaniis federaciul respublikaSi amJamindeli xeli-
sufleba ar warmoadgens samoqalaqo monawileobis strate-
giebisa da meTodebis aqtiur momxmarebels. amis upirvele-
32
si mizezi konstituciuri SezRudvebia. Tumca federaluri
mTavroba exmaureba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul SekiTxvebs.
aseT SemTxvevebSi federaluri mTavroba aqcents akeTebs
ojaxur viTarebaze, xandazmul moqalaqeebze, qalebsa da
axalgazrdobaze.
amis sapirispirod, regionalur da adgilobriv doneze,
moqalaqeebi sakmaod aqtiurad arian CarTulni politikis
SemuSavebaSi. isini mWidrod TanamSromloben kerZo orga-
nizaciebTan samoqalaqo monawileobis procesis uzrunve-
lyofisaTvis. es procesebi fokusirebulia urbanul dage-
gmvaze, infrastruqturis ganviTarebasa da investiciebze.
germaniaSi Zalian bevri sazogadoebrivi organizacia
cdilobs CarTulobis xelSewyobis waxalisebas. isini upir-
velesad aqcents akeTeben urbanul dagegmvasa da socialur
sakiTxebze samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
garda amisa, arsebobs mTeli rigi iniciativebi, romlebic
xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebas da
politikur sistemebSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobis gaaqtiure-
bas. isini pirdapir ar uzrunvelyofen aseTi procesebis
organizebas, magram qmnian qsels, romliTac saukeTeso ga-
mocdilebis gaziareba aris SesaZlebeli.
italiaSi samoqalaqo monawileoba ar warmoadgens
politikuri dRis wesrigis nawils. iseTi procesebi, rom-
lebic ukavSirdeba samarTlianobas, arCevnebTan dakav-
Sirebul kanonebs, da respublikis prezidentis, premier
ministrisa Tu senatis wevrebisTvis imunitetis miniWebas
gansazRvravs, ufro martivad mosagvarebelia moqalaqee-
bis monawileobis gareSe. miuxedavad amisa, bolo ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi parlamentma miiRo iseTi kanonebi, romlebic
SesaZlebels xdis moqalaqeTa monawileobas adgilobriv
da regionul doneze. imavdroulad, moqalaqeebi sakmaod
aqtiurad arian CarTulni qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebSi.
socialur da politikur asociaciebs italiaSi daaxloe-
biT 7 mln aqtiuri moxalise da 11 mln daregistrirebuli
wevri hyavs, partiebisa da savaWro gaerTianebebis gamok-
lebiT, romlebic did potencials floben samoqalaqo
monawileobis organizebis saqmeSi.
33
100000-ze meti samoqalaqo organizacia funqcionirebs
subsidiebisa Tu pirovnuli Semowirulobebis xarjze. ase-
Ti tipis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba socialuri kapitalis
akumulirebas axdens, rac demokratiis mSeneblobis qva-
kuTxeds warmoadgens. samoqalaqo monawileobis indeqsi
italiaSi erovnul samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv sistemebs
axasiaTebs 4 ganzomilebis mixedviT:
1. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struqtura (mag., moxali-

seebi, organizaciebi, finansuri resursebi);
2. samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan interaqciis garemo (mag.,
kanonmdebloba, sajaro da kerZo dainteresebuli pirebi);
3. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli Rire-
bulebebi (mag., demokratia, tolerantoba, ekologiuri
mdgradoba);
4. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtorebis mier ganxor-
cielebuli aqtivobebis Sedegebi (mag., sajaro politi-
kaze, monawileobis gaZlierebaze da a.S).
safrangeTs hqonda politikis SemuSavebis procesSi

adgilobriv doneze moqalaqeebis CarTvis tradicia, rom-
lis struqturireba xdeboda strategiuli dagegmvis
interkomunaluri instrumentis mixedviT.
avstriaSi, 2008 wlis ivlisSi, mTavrobam SeimuSava
saxelmZRvanelo wesebi samoqalaqo CarTulobasTan daka-
vSirebiT. aqac didi britneTis msgavs sistemasTan gvaqvs
saqme. saxelmZRvanelo wesebi fokusirebulia mravalricx-
ovan sakiTxebze, razec CarTulobis gazrda aris damok-
idebuli. mag.: windaxedulebis xarisxi, moqalaqeebis dax-
mareba gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisadmi tolerantulobis
gasazrdelad, moqalaqeebis daaxloeba gadawyvetilebis
mimReb struqturebTan, regulaciebis xarisxis gazrda,
moqalaqeebis ndobis amaRleba politikuri struqturebis
mimarT, inkluziurobis gazrda, politikis implementaci-
isaTvis saWiro droisa da xarjebis Semcireba.
estoneTSi samTavrobo struqturebi xels uwyoben gad-
awyvetilebis miRebis procesSi moqalaqeebis CarTulobis
34
gazrdas, raTa kanonmdeblobaze dafuZnebuli saukeTeso
gadawyvetilebebi iqnas miRebuli.
niderlandebis gamocdileba metyvelebs adgilobriv
da regionalur doneze samoqalaqo monawileobis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis ganviTarebuli meqanizmebis arsebobaze.
bulgareTis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom am moTxovnebis
dakmayofileba moxerxda evrokavSirTan integraciis pro-
cesSi, sadac gadamwyveti roli evrokavSiris institutebma
iTamaSes. miuxedavad amisa, CarTulobisaTvis, gamWvirvalo-
bisa da angariSvaldebulebisaTvis saWiro meqanizmebis
SemuSavebisaTvis sajaro mxardaWeris principebis SemuSave-
ba mxolod evrokavSirTan SeerTebis procesSi daiwyo da
maTi dasruleba jer isev kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas.
ganviTarebuli demokratiuli qveynebis gamocdilebis
Seswavla Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs codnisa da
saukeTeso praqtikebis gaziarebis TvalsazrisiT demokra-
tiuli mmarTvelobisa da sajaro politikis ganxor-
cielebis procesSi.
35
III. politikuri lideroba da elita
`lideroba ar niSnavs lamazi sityvis warmoTqmas an sxvebisTvis Tavis

mowonebas. igi SedegebiT ganisazRvreba~.
piter draqeri
3.1 ra aris politikuri lideroba?
lideroba aris pirovnebis unari da SesaZlebloba,

STagonebis, zegavlenisa da motivirebis meSveobiT gana
xorcielos proaqtiuri cvlilebebi da uzrunvelyos
sistemis warmateba. politikuri lideroba yvelaze kar-
gad vlindeba efeqturi mmarTvelobisa da politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, da cvalebad gare-
moSi SemuSavebuli strategiiT. vinaidan lideroba gadam-
wyvet rols asrulebs tranziciis procesSi, aucilebe-
lia axalgazrda politikurma liderebma, politikur
partiebsa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi,
proaqtiuli qcevisa da inovaciuri strategiebis demon-
strireba moaxdinon.
politikuri liderobis koncefcia politikuri Sedege-
bis misaRwevad Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi mdgo-
mareobs. gardamaval demokratiebSi proaqtiuli lidero-
ba unda gaxdes politikuri partiebisa da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis ZiriTadi mizani, vinaidan maT interesebSi
Sedis arajansaRi politikuri garemos Secvla.
politikuri lideroba gacilebiT ufro mets niS-
navs, vidre politikuri menejmenti. igi moiTxovs ier-
arqiuli kontrolisagan gamijvnas, rogorc es miRebulia
post-sabWouri biurokratiuli sistemebis did umravle-
sobaSi, da moicavs garemos momzadebas politikuri cvli-
lebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
rogorc liderobis mkvlevari jeims makgregor ber-
nsi aRniSnavs, politikuri lideri ara mxolod misi mim-
36
devrebis molodinebs akmayofilebs, aramed igi social-
uri transformirebis saWiro procesis gaaqtiurebasac
uwyobs xels. amerikeli fsiqologis, ronald heificis
mixedviT, „es ar aris ubralod konkretuli xedvis mixed-
viT xalxis darwmunebis sakiTxi. politikuri lideroba
niSnavs sazogadoebis motivirebas mis winaSe mdgari prob-
lemebis gacnobierebis mizniT~.
aseTi procesi moiTxovs xalxis adaptirebas Rirebule-
bebTan, SexedulebebTan da qcevasTan. am dros aucilebelia
politikurma liderebma aCvenon, rom SeswevT unari Tavi-
anTi xedvebis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis. bevri mo-
qalaqe xelmZRvanelobs im gadawyvetilebebiT, romlebsac
maTi liderebi iReben. amisaTvis saWiroa rom politikuri
liderebi imsaxurebdnen maT ndobasa da pativiscemas. Zir-
iTadi instrumentebi, romlebic yvelaze aqtiurad gamoi-
yeneba, aris politikuri komunikaciis meTodebi. proaqti-
uli politikuri lideroba miiswrafvis iseTi axali dRis
wesrigis gansazRvrisaken, romelic politikuri cvlile
bis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnis.
lideroba gulisxmobs TanamoazreTa waxalisebas Tavi-
anTi SesaZleblobebis ukeT gamovlenis mizniT. transfor-
maciuli liderebis qceva misabaZi xdeba maTi mimdevrebi-
saTvis maRali codnis, kompetenciis, zneobriv-eTikuri
standartebis gamo. liderebs afaseben, endobian da pativs
scemen. transformaciuli liderobis qarizmatuli kompo-
nenti mravalferovan dinamikas moicavs. erT-erTi mizezi,
ris gamoc mimdevrebi mihyvebian TavianT qarizmatul lid-
ers, aris misi kompetenciis aRqma.
lideris saqmianobis Sefasebis kidev erTi gza misi
mimdevrebis, jgufis, gundis an organizaciis saqmiano-
bis Sefasebaa. liderobis gansakuTrebuli unar-Cveve-
bi krizisebis dros vlindeba. araformaluri lidero-
bis gamovlenac xSirad xdeba, Tuki xelisufleba da
saxelmwifo samsaxurebi ver uzrunvelyofen problemis
mogvarebas.
WeSmariti lideroba moicavs xedvas, niWs, SesaZleb
lobebs, kompetencias, eTikas, pirovnuli kompromisis sur-
37
vils da qarizmas. ar SeiZleba bunebrivi liderebis areva
im liderebSi, romlebic TavianT kandidaturas mxolod
prestiJisa da privilegirebuli mdgomareobis mopovebis
mizniT gvTavazoben.
3.2 axalgazrdoba da politikuri lideroba
gaerom axalgazrdebis ganviTarebis 2011 wlis pro-

gramaSi moaxdina imis mkafio deklarireba, rom „social-
uri cvlilebis, ekonomikuri zrdisa da teqnologiuri
inovaciebis gamxorcielebis ZiriTadi wyaro a xalgazrdebi
arian~.
post-sabWoTa sazogadoebebi dganan mankieri warsu-
lis memkvidreobis gavlenis aRmofxvrisa da Tanamedrove
demokratiuli sistemis mSeneblobis aucileblobis winaSe.
sabWouri sistemis ngreva warmoadgenda aucilebel piro-
bas politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis progresul
etapze gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT. magram sabWoTa sistemis
rRvevidan ori aTwleulis gasvlis Semdeg naTeli gaxda,
rom misma memkvidre saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam marcxi
ganicada warmatebuli struqturuli da institucionalu-
ri reformebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxSi.
politikuri sistemebis transformaciis, warmatebu-
li reformebis ganxorcielebisa da ekonomikuri Ses-
aZleblobebis gamoyenebis saqmeSi, konkurentunariani
codniTa da unarebiT aRWurvili axalgazrdoba moiazre-
ba ZiriTad mamoZravebeli Zalad. qarTveli axalgazrde-
bi tradiciulad aqtiurebi arian politikur moZraobebSi,
magram maTi didi nawili xSirad imedgacruebas ganicdis
qveyanaSi arsebuli korufciis, favoritizmis, qronizmis,
nepotizmis, klientelizmisa da sxva mavne praqtikebis gamo,
ris gamoc eTiSeba politikur procesebs.
maSin, rodesac xelisuflebis cvlilebisaTvis mowyobi-
li saprotesto gamosvlebis organizebaSi axalgazrdebi yov-
elTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, bevr maTgans SemdgomSi
ar eZleva gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis
38
SesaZlebloba. xolo isini, vinc xelisuflebaSi xelmZRvanel
Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian, akliaT codna, kompetencia da
lideruli SesaZleblobebi, rac mtkivneulad aisaxeba mmarT-
velobis xarisxze da zogadad qveynis ganviTarebaze.
bevri niWieri axalgazrda, miuxedavad samoqalaqo aqti
urobisa, ar aris formalurad warmodgenili politikur
institutebSi da bevri maTgani arCevnebSic ar iRebs monaw-
ileobas, rac ganpirobebulia sayovelTao apaTiiTa da
nihilizmiT.
politikur processa da demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi
axalgazrdebis efeqturi monawileoba da lideroba moiTx-
ovs axalgazrdebisa da maT mier Camoyalibebuli organi-
zaciebisaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micemas. yuradReba
unda mieqces axalgazrdebis efeqtiani monawileobisa da
fsevdo-monawileobiTi aqtivobebis erTmaneTisagan gami-
jvnas. bevri RonisZieba, romelic axalgazrdebis aqtivobis
waxalisebis iniciativiT gamodis, sinamdvileSi aranairad
ar uwyobs xels axalgazrdebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesSi CarTvis gaaqtiurebas.
ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs axal-
gazrdebis politikur procesebSi CarTulobis gazrdas
mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
• politikur procesebSi monawile axalgazrdebis

prioritetebis amsaxveli programis SemuSaveba;
• treningebis uzrunvelyofa. axalgazrdebs ara aqvT
sakmarisi codna politikuri sakiTxebis mimarT. mniS-
vnelovania, rom maT ara mxolod TavianTi problemebis
Camoyalibeba, aramed maTi gadaWris gzebis monaxvaze
muSaobac SeZlon;
• qmedebaze orientirebuli aqtivobebis waxaliseba.
axalgazrdebs praqtikuli samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba
ufro surT, vidre mxolod Teoriuli codnis miReba.
saWiroa, iseTi proeqtebisa Tu samoqalaqo aqtivobebis
organizeba, romlebic swavlisa da gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis saSualebas miscems maT da Tan pasuxismge-
blobasac daakisrebs;
39
• politikur liderebsa da axalgazrdobas Soris
kavSirebis waxaliseba. bevri axalgazrda adamianisTvis
es SeiZleba iyos pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac is saja-
ro moxeleebTan Tu sazogadoebriv liderebTan daam-
yarebs kontaqts;
• uzrunvelyofa imisa, rom monawileTa minimum 50%
iyos qali. qalebi uflebaSezRudulni arian TiTqmis
yvela qveyanaSi da politikur asparezSi monawileobis
gzaze seriozul gamowvevebs awydebian. vinaidan qalebi
aqtiuri axalgazrdobis naxevarze mets warmoadgenen,
maT unda hqondeT adgili magidasTan;
• politikur da sazogadoebriv liderebs Soris kon-
sensusis Camoyalibeba. politikur procesebSi axalgaz-
rdebis konstruqciuli CarTuloba warmoudgenelia
samoqalaqo da politikuri elitis mxardaWeris gareSe.
axalgazrduli frTebis arseboba oTxi ZiriTadi fun-

qciis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, romlebsac imavdroulad
maTi monawileobis gaaqtiureba SeuZlia. pirveli da yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aris is, rom axalgazrduli frTa warmoadgens
misi wevrebis Zalauflebis wyaros da xels uwyobs axalgaz-
rdul struqturebSi aliansebis Seqmnas. axalgazrdebs unda
hqondeT gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis
gamocdileba da sakuTari politikuri Sexedulebebis Cam-
oyalibebis SesaZlebloba. axalgazrduli frTa SesaZloa
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone iyos axalgazrdebis poli-
tikur procesebSi CarTvis TvalsazrisiT.
meore mniSvnelovani funqcia unarebis gasaumjobese-
beli samuSao Sexvedrebisa da politikuri aqtivobebis
ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro sxvadasxva saswavlo programe-
bis uzrunvelyofaSi mdgomareobs. amisaTvis axalgazrdul
frTas sakuTari finansuri resursi esaWiroeba.
mesame funqcia partiuli politikis ganviTarebis pro-
cesebsa da xelmZRvanelobis SerCevaSi monawileoba war-
moadgens. axalgazrdul frTas Seswevs inovaciuri ideebis
generirebisa da SemoTavazebis unari, riTac mniSvnelovan
konkurencias Seuqmnis moZvelebul politikur xedvebs.
40
da bolos, axalgazrdobas Seswevs axalgazrda amom-
rCevlebSi partiebisadmi ndobis gazrdis unari. axalgaz-
rdulma frTebma ician, Tu ra enaze unda esaubron maT
Tanatol moqalaqeebs da ra saxis aqtivobebi iqneba mis-
aRebi da mimzidveli mosaxleobis am segmentisaTvis. par-
tiebis liderebis Zalisxmeva axalgazrdebisadmi mimarT-
visas xSirad fuWi aRmoC ndeba xolme. nacvlad amisa,
SesaZloa moxdes biujetidan garkveuli Tanxebis gamoyo-
fa axalgazrda amomrCevlebisaTvis axalgazrduli frTis
meSveobiT xmis misawvdenad.
3.3 politikuri liderobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi
liderobis klasificireba oTxi ZiriTadi gziT aris

SesaZlebeli: misia, procesebi, struqtura da kultura. es is
ZiriTadi komponentebia, romlebic aucilebelia warmatebu-
li politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis. imis gadawyveta, Tu
romel kandidats unda miscen xma arCevnebSi, amomrCevlis
didi nawilis azriT, es Cveulebrivi partiuli loialuro-
bis sakiTxia. danarCenebi ki am gadawyvetilebas kandidatis
pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare iReben. xSirad poli-
tikuri partiis reitings gansazRvravs misi liderTa imiji,
romelic mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ro-
gor zegavlenas axdenen politikosebi sazogadoebrivi azris
formirebaze: moqmedeben darwmunebis jansaRi meTodebiT
Tu manipulaciebiT? postsabWoTa sivrcisagan gansxvavebiT,
industriul da codnis sazogadoebebSi, politikur lider-
Ta mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi iseTi kriteriumebiT gani-
sazRvreba, rogoricaa codna, profesionalizmi, gaZRolisa
da marTvis unari, zneobriv _ eTikuri normebi, strategi-
uli xedva da azrovneba, ideologiuri msoflmxedveloba,
miRweuli warmatebebi, komunikabeluroba, realobis Seg-
rZnebisa da cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis unari da a.S.
kidev ra Tvisebebis matarebelni unda iyvnen kargi poli-
tikuri liderebi? qvemoT moyvanilia xuTi maxasiaTebeli,
romelsac warmatebuli politikosebi unda flobdnen:
41
gulwrfeloba
gulwrfeloba SesaZloa rTuli iyos arakonkuren-
tunariani adamianebisaTvis, vinaidan es Tviseba avlens maT
Secdomebsa da uaryofiT qcevebs, rac kritikis sagani xde-
ba. wesieri, mcodne da kompetenturi proaqtiuli lidere-
bisaTvis ki piriqiT gulwrfeloba Zlier instruments war-
moadgens dadebiTi Tvisebebis warmoCenisa da TanamoazreTa
mxridan ndobisa da pativiscemis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT.
gulwrfeloba aCvenebs, Tu ras warmovadgenT sinamdvileSi
da xels uwyobs mtkice xasiaTis Camoyalibebas, rac Zalian
mniSvnelovania politikuri liderebisaTvis.
TanagrZnoba
TanagrZnoba is adamianuri Tvisebaa, romelic gvibi-
Zgebs gasaWirSi myofi sxva adamianebis dasaxmareblad
moqmedebisken. maSin, rodesac bevris azriT TanagrZnoba
sisustis gamoxatulebaa, WeSmariti TanagrZnoba is maxas-
iaTebelia, romelic codnas sibrZned aqcevs. kargi poli-
tikosebi TanagrZnobas iyeneben imisaTvis, rom dainaxon im
adamianTa problemebi, romlebsac saTaveSi udganan da ga-
naxorcielon iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic yvela monawile
mxarisaTvis mniSvnelovani sargeblis momtani iqneba.
wesiereba
wesiereba ganisazRvreba, rogorc moraluri da eTiku-
ri principebisadmi erTguleba, romelic politikuri lid-
erobis sasicocxlo maxasiaTebeli unda iyos. maRalia ndo-
ba im politikuri liderebisadmi, romlebic am TvisebiT
arian dajildoebulni, vinaidan isini arasodes gadauxveven
arCeuli gzidan piradi merkantiluri interesebis gamo.
liders unda endobodnen mimdevrebi. amisaTvis ki wesiere-
bis umaRlesi standartebia saWiro.
Tavdajerebuloba
Tavdajerebuloba niSnavs imas, rom politikoss SeuZlia
swori, Sesaferisi da efeqturi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
karg liders marTvis unarTan erTad Tavdajerebulobac
42
unda gaaCndes. is liderebi, romlebic am Tvisebas floben,
sxvebis STagonebis wyaro xdebian, imsaxureben ndobas da
sxvebis mxardaWeras, CaerTon saqmis keTebis procesSi.
moqniloba
moqniloba politikuri liderebisaTvis aucilebe-
li Tvisebaa politikuri konsensusis miRwevisa da saerTo
sargeblis miRebaSi. kargi politikosebi yuradRebiT usme-
nen yvela mxares, da ara mxolod ecnobian maT argumentebs,
aramed aanalizeben, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdens TiToeuli
maTgani SeTanxmebis procesSi monawile danarCen mxareebzec.
es maxasiaTebeli politikosebs saSualebas aZlevs, miiRon
kritika, iswavlon sakuTar Secdomebze da ganviTardnen.
garda am maxasiaTeblebisa, momaval politikur liders

unda gaaCndes swrafi azrovneba, mizandasaxuloba, pasux-
ismgeblobis grZnoba, principuloba, simamace da gabed-
uleba, riskze wasvlis unari, samarTliani Sefasebis un-
ari, inovaciebis SeTavazebisa da SemoqmedebiTobis unari,
efeqturi komunikaciis warmarTvisa da gunduri muSaobis
unari, konfliqtebis marTvis unari, koncentrirebisa da
fsiqologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebis unari, sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis unari, mosmenisa da metyvelebis
kultura, sakuTari Secdomebis aRiarebis unari.
43
3.4 lideroba, menejmenti da maTi krizisi saqarTveloSi
xSirad xdeba terminebis liderobisa da menejmentis

erTmaneTSi aRreva da araswori interpretireba. sinamd-
vileSi, menejmenti aris formaluri datvirTvis matare-
beli, lideroba ki araformalur konteqsts gulisxmobs.
dRevandel konkurentul da swrafad cvalebad garemoSi,
orive maTgani mniSvnelovania warmatebis misaRwevad. mene-
jmenti aris dagegmvis, organizebis, gaZRolisa da kontro-
lis meSveobiT organizaciuli miznebis ganxorcieleba,
lideroba ki organizaciuli misiis, miznebisa da konkuren-
tuli strategiis SemuSavebazea orientirebuli. menejmenti
gulisxmobs mocemul sistemaSi funqcionirebas, lideroba
ki TviTon qmnis sistemas. menejers Zalauflebas aniWebs
Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba, lideris Zalauflebas ki
misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi warmoadgens. menejerebi axdenen
mocemuli misiisa da xedvis ganxorcielebas, liderebi ki
Tavad qmnian misiasa da xedvas. menejerebi axorcieleben
dasaxul miznebsa da SemuSavebul strategiebs mocemuli
SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, liderebi ki saxaven miznebsa
da strategiebs da mudmivad axali SesaZleblobebis Ziebis
procesSi arian. menejmentis Seswavla SeiZleba, lidero-
ba ki moiTxovs niWsa da unars. TanamSromlebs menejerTan
muSaoba uwevT, liderTan muSaoba ki undaT. menejmenti
svams kiTxvas _ rogor unda gakeTdes? liderobaSi ki mTa-
var sakiTxis warmoadgens is, Tu ra unda gakeTdes. mene-
jerebi eTvisebian mocemul garemos, liderebi ki TviTon
qmnian garemos an cdiloben mis Secvlas. menejerebi miznebs
aRweven kontrolis meSveobiT, liderebi ki orientirebul-
ni arian ndobis mopovebaze.
proaqtiuli liderobisa da kargi menejmentis sin-
Tezi xels uwyobs produqtiulobisa da politikis ganx-
orcielebis maRal xarisxs, rac aisaxeba organizaciuli
sistemisa da zogadad qveynis konkurentunarianobaze.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebuli krizisebi ganpirobebulia
liderobisa da marTvis deficitiT, vinaidan ignorirebu-
lia meritokratiuli SerCevisa da Sefasebis principebi da
44
sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian liderobisa da
marTvis unars moklebuli arakompetenturi adamianebi.
qvemoT moyvanili pirovnuli resursis sarealizacio
potencialis ganmsazRvreli modeli gamosaxavs Sesrule-
buli funqciebisa da lideruli potencialis urTierT-
damokidebulebas, romelic personals yofs oTx katego-
riad: `varskvlavebi~, `xerxemali~, problemuri bavSvebi~ da
àisbergebi~. `varskvlavebi~ gamoirCevian, rogorc produq-
tiulobisa da ganviTarebis potencialis maRali doniT,
ise liderobisa da marTvis unarebiT, xolo àisbergebi~
ki piriqiT, ver asruleben Tavis funqciebsa da pasuxismge-
blobebs, da arc imis perpeqtiva aqvT, rom ganviTardebi-
an. aseTi adamianebi zedmet tvirTad awvebian organizacias
da saWiroa maTi gacxrilva, magram korumpirebul qarTul
garemoSi, sadac fesvgadgmulia favoritizmi, qronizmi da
nepotizmi, xdeba piriqiT: praqtikulad yvela sferosa da
ierarqiaSi àisbergebi~ iniSnebian Tanamdebobebze, ikaveben
niWier da kompetentur `varskvlavTa~ adgils da uzRudav-
en sistemas progresisa da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.
45
3.5 politikuri elitis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi
`ganaTlebam adamianTa masebs unda STaunergos moraluri respeqtabe-

lurobis grZnoba, rac aucilebelia maTive usafrTxoebisa da mowesri-
gebuli mmarTvelobisaTvis, da unda aRWurvos isini Sesabamisi codniT,
raTa damkvidrdes namdvil aristokratTa SerCevis praqtika, amaRldes
xelisuflebis ndoba da gamoiricxos TviTmarqviebis aRzeveba~.
Tomas jefersoni
elita warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan èligere~,

romelmac SemdgomSi ganicada transformacia, da miiRo sabo
loo saxe èlite~, rac niSnavs rCeuls, saukeTesos. rogorc
termini, pirvelad es sityva gamoiyena XVII saukunis filoso-
fosma da sociologma tom botomerma Tavis klasikur naS-
romSi èlitebi da sazogadoeba,~ maRali xarisxis produqtis
daxasiaTebis mizniT. xolo mogvianebiT, XIX saukuneSi, èli-
ta~ ukve asocirdeboda im pirovnebebTan da jgufebTan, rom-
lebic idgnen socialuri ierarqiis umaRles safexurebze.
sityvas èlita~, arc Tanamedrove etapze daukargavs
Tavisi mniSvneloba. misi etimologia, erTis mxriv, xazs
usvams gamorCeul pirovnebaTa Tu jgufTa adgils sazo-
gadoebis stratifikaciis sistemaSi da qmnis socialur de-
markacias, xolo, meore mxriv, igi gvaZlevs imis ontolo-
giur dasabuTebas, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebobs rCeul
pirovnebaTa jgufi, romelic gamoirCeva maRali talanti-
Ta da pirovnuli TvisebebiT.
klasikuri elitisturi Teoria, romelic warmoiSva XIX
saukunis miwuruls, da romlis fuZemdeblebic arian àxal
makiavelelebad~ wodebulni vilfredo pareto (1848-1923),
gaetano moska (1858-1941) da robert mixelsi (1876-1936),
Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo marqsistuli Teoriis sa-
pirispirod da mis gasabaTileblad. elitikosTa Srome-
bi miznad isaxavda sistemuri da abstraqtuli Teoriebis
meSveobiT aexsnaT evropaSi mimdinare didi istoriuli
Zvrebi, rac dakavSirebuli iyo Tanamedrove biurokrati-
uli saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan, sabazro ekonomikasTan
da industrializaciis procesTan. uklaso sazogadoebeb-
Si arsebuli socialisturi ideebis sapirispirod, elit-
46
isti Teoretikosebi miuTiTebdnen mmarTveli da marTu-
li fenebis gamijvnaze da im mcirericxovan oligarqiul
fenaze, romelic qmnida elitas. maTi yuradRebis centrSi
moqceulni iyvnen mmarTvelobaSi myofi privilegirebuli
jgufebi, romlebic warmarTavdnen mTavrobis politikur
da ekonomikur kurss. elitizmis Teoretikosebs ainter-
esebdaT, Tu sxvadasxva elituri jgufebi—samxedro, poli-
tikuri, religiuri da inteleqtualuri, ramdenad iyvnen
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, rogor axerxebdnen mudmiv
privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas, rogor iyenebdnen
TavianT Zalauflebas, da rogor cvlidnen erTmaneTs—anu
axerxebdnen cirkulirebas. swored es ukanaskneli aspeq-
ti iqca paretos mier èlitebis cirkulaciis~ klasikuri
formulirebis safuZvlad, romelsac gansakuTrebul yur-
adRebas qvemoT davuTmobT.
Tanamedrove etapze, elitizmis problematikuri sakiTx-
ebis kvleva da analizi miT ufro aqtualuria im gardamava-
li ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis, romlebic komunisturi impe-
riis daSlis Sedegad daadgnen demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis
rTul da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gzas. ramdenad demokra-
tiulni arian dRes axali demokratiebi? ratom iqca koruf-
cia demokratiuli gardaqmnebis Tanmdev senad? ramdenad
pasuxobs demokratiis normebs mmarTvelTa da marTul-
Ta urTierTobebi? ramdenad akmayofilebs xelisuflebaSi
myof CinovnikTa kompetencia da profesionalizmi saxelm-
wifoebriv moTxovnebs? ra bedi elis mcire ganviTarebad
qveynebs globalizaciis procesSi? es aris is kiTxvebi, rom-
lebic moiTxoven adeqvaturi pasuxis gacemas. politikuri
situaciebis realuri mdgomareoba unda Sefasdes manam, sa-
nam isini Seuqcevadad iqcevian, da gakeTdes swori analizi,
raTa politikuri elitebis mier gadadgmul mcdar nabi-
jebs ar emsxverplos momavali Taobebis keTildReoba da
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi. istoria xom Tavad
aris Seuqcevadi, romelic axal Sefasebebs elodeba.
elitistur Teorias gaaCnia ori ZiriTadi principi: 1.
yoveli sazogadoeba iyofa elitebad da masebad; 2. poli-
tikur stabilurobas gansazRvravs elitebis cirkulacia,
47
romelic warmoadgens daRmasvlisa da aRmasvlis procesTa
erTobliobas. daRmasvliTi procesis dros elitaSi myof
pirovnebebs aRar SeswevT marTvis unari, da Tu sazogadoe-
basac ar gaaCnia saTanado resursebi maT Casanacvleblad,
maSin qveyanaSi dgeba politikuri krizisi. aRmasvliTi pro-
cesis dros, sazogadoebaSi Cndebian is adamianebi, romleb-
sac SeuZliaT marTva da mowodebulni arian elitaSi adgi-
lis dasamkvidreblad, da Tu es procesi CixSi moeqca, maSin
mosalodnelia revolucia.
dasavleTis liberalur demokratiebSi, sadac sazoga-
doebis TviTSegnebis dones demokratiuli Rirebulebebi
gansazRvravs, xelisuflebis Zalaufleba decentralize-
bulia, misi saqmianoba gamWvirvalea da Sesabamisad xelisu-
falTa angariSvaldebulebac maRalia. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs civilizebul samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan, romel-
ic aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobs gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bis procesSi, da ara am saSualebas moklebul inertul
masasTan. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic Sedgeba ganaT-
lebuli, maRal-kvalificiuri da pasuxismgeblobis mqone
pirovnebebisagan, mowodebulia ara marto akontrolos xe-
lisufleba, aramed sakuTari inteleqtualuri resursebic
SesTavazos mas, ris Sedegadac myardeba cirkulaciuri bal-
ansi. am dros elita ara Tu ar kargavs Tavis funqciasa da
daniSnulebas, aramed misi ndobisa da reputaciis xarisxi
Tvisobrivad met progresulobas iZens, vinaidan permanentu-
lad xdeba misi Sevseba sazogadoebis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli
maRali talantisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone pirovnebebiT.
zemoT Cven Segnebulad vaxseneT ~dasavleTis liberal-
uri demokratiebi~, vinaidan umravles postsabWoTa sazo-
gadoebebSi, demokratia warmoadgens fsevdo-demokratiul
fasads, romelsac vilfredo pareto pluto-demokratias
uwodebda. postsabWoTa qveynebs gaaCniaT demokratiisT-
vis aucilebeli yvela atributika—politikuri partiebi,
saarCevno sistemebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, masme-
dia, magram isini mainc ganicdian demokratiis deficits.
sazogadoebis wevrebs gaaCniaT kanoniT miniWebuli ufle-
bebi da Tavisufleba, magram Zalaufleba ar aris realu-
48
rad maT xelSi. demokratiis xarisxs gansazRvravs is, Tu
ramdenad aris xelisuflebis Zalaufleba decentralizebu-
li da rogoria sazogadoebis monawileoba gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesebSi. aramdgrad demokratiebSi, cirkulaci-
is Semaferxebeli garemoebani gamowveulia erovnuli xasi-
aTiTa da kulturiT, sazogadoebrivi moraliT, istoriuli
procesebiT, geografiuli mdebareobiTa da sxv.
sainteresoa iqneboda amerikeli politologebis hans
gertisa da Carlz rait milsis Sexedulebani socialuri
struqturis Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviTac sazogadoeba
organizebulia institucionaluri mmarTveli struqture-
bis irgvliv, xolo dakisrebuli funqciebis mixedviT in-
stitutebi qmnian institucionalur wesrigs. Tanamedrove
saxelmwifoSi arsebobs xuTi institucionaluri wesrigi:
politikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro, naTesaobrivi (ojaxu-
ri) da religiuri, romelTagan pirveli sami Seadgens mmarT-
vel elitas. TiToeul instituts xelmZRvanelobs lideri,
romelic aRWurvilia kontrolis uflebiT. am warmod-
genaTa mixedviT C. r. milsma SeimuSava sakuTari koncef-
cia mmarTveli elitis Sesaxeb: `mmarTveli elita Sedgeba
adamianebisagan, romelTac ukaviaT iseTi poziciebi, rom-
lebic maT saSualebas aZlevs amaRldnen Cveulebriv ada-
mianebze maRla da miiRon mniSvnelovani Sedegebis momtani
gadawyvetilebani. es ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom
isini xelmZRvaneloben umniSvnelovanes ierarqiul insti-
tutebs da Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv organizaciebs~.
demokratiuli sazogadoeba ar aris martivi meqanizmi.
igi uaRresad rTul stratificirebul sistemas warmoad-
gens, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian inter-
esebiT, miswrafebebiT, mrwamsiT, niWiT, ganaTlebiTa da pro-
fesionalizmiT. maRali talantisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis
mqone adamianebi iswrafvian sakuTari SesaZleblobebis re-
alizaciisaken, rac motivaciasa da garkveul privilegiebTan
aris dakavSirebuli. isini cirkulireben elitaSi, xolo maTi
saqmianoba da angariSvaldebuleba ki garkveuli xarisxiT
kontrolirdeba sazogadoebis mier. es aris demokratiuli
cxovrebis arsi, da realoba, romelsac versad gaveqceviT.
49
IV. post-sabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebis
axleburad gaazreba
4.1 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis marcxi sabWoTa qveynebSi
post-sabWouri tranziciis gabatonebuli paradig-

mebis mixedviT, yofili komunisturi samyaros qveynebi
Seuferxeblad unda gardaqmniliyvnen warmomadgenlobiT
demokratiebad. Tumca ganvlilma ocdaxuTma welma mTeli
simwvaviT warmoaCina fasaduri demokratiis mankieri gam-
ovlinebebi.
saerTaSoriso organizacia Freedom House-is 2013 wlis
angariSSi4 mocemulia centraluri, axlo aRmosavleTisa da
evraziis 29 qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis maCveneb-
lebi demokratiuli konsolidaciis 7 indikatoris mixed-
viT. esenia: erovnuli demokratiuli mTavroba (moicavs
ZalTa gadanawilebasa da qveynis demokratiul struqtu-
ras), arCevnebis procesi (moicavs saxalxo monawileobis
aspeqtebs), samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (moicavs arasamTav-
robo organizaciebis zrdis, funqcionirebisa da Sesa-
Zleblobebis sakiTxebs), damoukidebeli media, adgilobrivi
demokratiuli mmarTveloba (moicavs Zalauflebis decen-
tralizaciisa da adgilobrivi samTavrobo struqturebis
qmediTunarianobas), sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionireba
da damoukidebloba, da korufcia.
post-sabWoTa sivrcis qveynebSi yvelaze cudi Sede-
gebi erovnuli demokratiuli mTavrobebisa da adgilo-
brivi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis indikatorebSi warmo-
Cinda. Svidbalian Skalaze, sadac 1 demokratiis yvelaze
maRal progress, xolo 7 demokratiis yvelaze dabal do-
nes gulisxmobs, mxolod sam saxelmwifoSi (baltiispireTis
qveynebi: litva, latvia da estoneTi) gamoikveTa demokrati-
4 The Nations in Transit 2013 report is available at the following URL:

http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/nations-transit-2013#.U0vN5FcjOVN.
50
is ganviTarebis damakmayofilebeli xarisxi. mdgomareo-
ba gacilebiT rTuli aRmoCnda sxva yofili postsabWoTa
qveynebSi erovnuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis kompo-
nentSi, rac moicavda imasac, rom erovnuli demokratii-
saken mimarTuli „tranziciis~ procesi jer isev safrTxis
qveS aris. es faqti aSkarad TvalsaCinoa post-sabWouri
reJimebis klasificirebisas: Freedom House post-sabWo-
Ta qveynebidan mxolod sams (saqarTvelos, moldovas da
ukrainas) ganixilavs gardamavali mmarTvelobis an hibrid-
uli reJimis mqone qveynebad, ors (somxeTs da yirgizeTs)
_ nawilobriv konsolidirebul avtoritarul reJimebad,
xolo danarCen Svid saxelmwifos (azerbaijans, beloru-
sias, yazaxeTs, ruseTs, tajikeTs, TurqmeneTs da uzbekeTs)
miiCnevs konsolidirebul avtoritarul reJimebad.
4.2 meritokratia, rogorc demokratiis

ganmtkicebis instrumenti
amJamad sul ufro meti yuradReba eqceva mTavrobis

Sedegebze orientirebuli politikis legitimurobas, rac
Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs legitimurobis tradiciuli rolis
cvlilebas demokratiuli warmomadgenlobiTobidan poli-
tikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis Sefasebis mimarTulebiT.
warmomadgenlobis meqanizmebis demokratiul efeq-
turobasTan winaaRmdegoba farTo socialur literatur-
aSi seriozuli kritikis sagani gaxda (Köchler 1987; Fenichel
Pitkin, H. 2004; Urbinati, N. 2008). demokratiis araefeqturo-
bis kritikasTan erTad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti
gamoTqva nobelis premiis laureatma milton fridmanma,
romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila politikur da ekonomikur
sakiTxebSi amomrCevlis arakompetenturobasa da iracio-
nalurobaze, rac mosaxleobas swori gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi uSlis xels. fridmani amtkicebs, rom saTanado
ganaTlebis donis nakleboba masebs im sazogadoebis momav-
lis ganWvretis SesaZleblobas ukargavs, romelsac isini
miekuTvnebian da gadawyvetilebebsac wvrilmani dapire-
51
bebis an sxva mcire moklevadiani sikeTeebis sasargeblod
iReben (Friedman 1962).
kiTxvas, Tu vin unda marTos sistema, gadamwyveti mniSvn-
eloba eniWeba politikuri liderobisa da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi qveynis demokratiuli gardaqmnisa da
modernizaciisaTvis. arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba yovel-
gvari diskriminaciis gareSe, ar aris sakmarisi demokrati-
is efeqturobisa da kargi mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT.
demokratiuli sistema, sadac Tanamdebobebze daniSvna
meritokratiuli principebis dacviT xdeba, klasificird-
eba rogorc inovaciebiT marTuli ekonomika da xasiaTdeba
ekonomikuri zrdis maRali maCveneblebiT.
meritokratia es aris sistema, sadac pasuxismgeblobe-
bi ganawilebulia codnis, niWisa da profesiuli kompeten-
ciebis mixedviT. igi upirispirdeba plutokratias, nep-
otizms, qronizms, klientelizmsa da demagogiur masobriv
popularobas da xels uwyobs socialuri stratifikaciis
sistemaSi elitebis mudmiv ganaxlebas axali inteleqtual-
uri resursiT.
globalur mmarTvelobisa da codnis ekonomikis ganvi-
Tarebis pirobebSi, sadac proaqtiuli lideroba da profe-
sionalizmi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs globaluri prob-
lemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi, meritokratia sul ufro metad
popularuli xdeba da mniSvnelovan mxardaWeras poulobs
inteleqtualur wreebSi. meritokratiis upiratesoba
mmarTvelobis sxva formebTan SedarebiT mdgomareobs ima-
Si, rom is ar ewinaaRmdegeba demokratias. ufro metic,
meritokratia demokratiis mdgradobisa da gaZlierebis
meqanizms warmoadgens. es aris Ria da mudmivad ganaxleba-
di sistema, romelic jansaR konkurenciasa da socialur
samarTlianobazea dafuZnebuli da gamoricxavs yovelgvar
diskriminacias. Tavisi arsiT, meritokratia uzrunvely-
ofs Tanabar pirobebs gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebis
mqone pirebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT, rasac Tomas
jefersoni „bunebriv aristokratias~ uwodebda.
meritokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemaSi upiratesoba
eniWebaT im individebs, romlebic TavianTi niWiT, unarebi-
52
Ta da zneobriv-eTikuri normebiT gamoirCevian. am sistemis
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom meritokratiuli sazogadoeba
ufro samarTliani da produqtiuli sazogadoebaa, sadac
klasobrivi, rasobrivi Tu sqesobrivi diskriminacia gam-
oricxulia (McNamee & Miller, 2004).
meritokratia aris samarTliani wesebiT TamaSi, sadac
pirovnul warmatebas niWi da SesaZleblobebi gansazRvravs
da sadac TviTrealizaciis saSualeba eZlevaT im indi-
videbs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani investicia Cades sakuTar
ganaTlebaSi. meritokratia awesebs principebs, normebs,
moTxovnebs, axdens SerCevas damsaxurebis mixedviT, awe-
sebs SerCevisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebs da ayalibebs
yvelasTvis samarTlian konkurentul garemos, rac xels
uwyobs produqtiulobis zrdas da sasicocxlo funqcias
asrulebs codnaze dafuZnebul ekonomikaSi.
meritokratiul SerCevas, daqiravebasa da Sefase-
bas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs organizaciis konkuren-
tunarianobasa da pirovnuli resursebis marTvaSi. Ta-
visi institucionaluri maxasiaTeblebiT, „veberiseuli
biurokratia~ moicavs rogorc meritokratiul SerCevas,
ise Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sefasebas. maqs veberis (1947)
biurokratiis klasikuri koncefciis principebs Soris,
damsaxureba (damsaxurebis mixedviT SerCeva da dawinaure-
ba) da miukerZoebloba (samuSaos Sesruleba, romelic pro-
duqtiulobis mixedviT fasdeba) warmoadgens sajaro ad-
ministrirebis sistemis saxelmZRvanelo principebs da misi
mniSvneloba ufro da ufro izrdeba codnis ekonomikis
mniSvnelobis zrdasTan erTad. sajaro seqtorSi da gansa-
kuTrebiT, sajaro administrirebaSi, Sesrulebis gazomva
reformebis strategiis mniSvnelovan komponents warmoad-
gens (Matei 2007). politi da bukerti (2000) xazs usvamen im
faqts, rom es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mod-
ernizaciisa da sajaro administrirebis reformisaTvis.
rogorc evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis, ise sxva organi-
zaciebis (mag.: OECD) sajaro menejmentis reformis strat-
egiebi fokusirebulia Semdeg mizanze: sajaro samsaxuris
sistema dafuZnebuli unda iyos profesionalizmsa da sa-
53
jaro moxeleebis SerCevaze meritokratiuli kriteriume-
bis mixedviT (Matei 2007).
samarTlianobaze, kanonis uzenaesobaze, samarTlian
konkurenciasa da Tanabar SesaZleblobebze dafuZnebuli
demokratia gamoricxavs diskriminaciasa da sazogadoebis
ukmayofilebas. SerCevisa da Sefasebis politika, romelic
ugulebelyofs meritokratiul principebs, iwvevs diskrim-
inacias, adamianis uflebebis darRvevas, maRalkvalificiu-
ri kadrebis imedgacruebas, codnis resursis gadinebasa da
inteleqtualur erozias.
4.3 meritokratiis mokle istoriuli rakursi
meritokratia safuZvels uxsovari droidan iRebs. kon-

fuci erT-erTi pirveli iyo antikur filosofosebs So-
ris, romlis mier dafuZnebulma RirebulebebaTa sistemam
Rrma kvali datova aRmosavleT da samxreT aziis erebis
ganviTarebaze. misi principi _ `maT, vinc sanimuSoni ari-
an saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, unda iswavlon, xolo maT, vinc
sanimuSoni arian swavlaSi, unda marTon sistema~ _ Cinuri
ganaTlebis saxelmZRvanelo principad iqca, romlis mixed-
viTac saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva maTi damsaxurebis
mixedviT xdeboda (Shen 2001). meritokratiuli Rirebule-
bebi Rrmad fesvgadgmulia Zvel berZnul filosofiaSic.
saukeTeso politikuri reJimis Ziebisas, didma berZenma
filosofosma aristotelem, upiratesoba konstituciu-
ri demokratiis mmarTvelobis formas mianiWa, romelSic
saxelmwifo sazogadoebis yvelaze ganaTlebuli nawilis
mier unda imarTebodes.
meritokratiis koncefcia me-17-e saukuneSi CineTidan
jer britanul indoeTSi, Semdeg ki kontinentur evropasa da
aSS-Si gavrcelda (Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman, 2010). ganmanaT-
leblobis epoqaSi, Zveli meritokratiuli Rirebulebebi
dasavleli filosofosebis STagonebis wyaros warmoadgen-
da, romelic meritokratias evropis Zveli tradiciuli
reJimis alternativad aRiqvamda (Schwarz (1996). praqtiku-
54
li TvalsazrisiT, britaneTis imperia iyo pirveli evropu-
li Zala, romelmac meritokratiuli SerCevis warmatebiT
ganxorcieleba moaxerxa indoeTis koloniis administra-
ciaSi: `korufciisa da favoritizmis prevenciis mizniT,
kompaniis menejerebi konkurentuli gamocdebis meSveobiT
qiraobdnen da awinaurebdnen personals~ (Kazin, Edwards, and
Rothman, 2010).
margaret tetCeris premier-ministrobis dros did
britaneTSi politikis axali stili damkvidrda, romelic
meritokratiaze, Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze, maRal
teqnologiebze, ganaTlebasa da demokratiul kultur-
aze iyo dafuZnebuli. `politikaSi, man aqcenti gaakeTa
meritokratiaze, ramac didi britaneTi erT-erT yvelaze
ganviTarebul qveynad aqcia iaponiasTan, dasavleT ger-
maniasTan da aSS-sTan erTad. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis pir-
velive dRidan, tetCeri Tavis Zalauflebas meritokratiis
gaZlierebisa da niWieri britanelebisaTvis siRatakidan
Tavis daRwevis SesaZleblobis micemisTvis iyenebda~ (wyaro:
http://voices.yahoo.com/tribute-margaret-thatcher-uks-former-pre-
mier-12089025.html?cat=37)
200 wlis win amerikuli demokratiis mamam, Tomas
jefersonma jon adamsisaTvis miweril werilSi (1813)
„xelovnuri aristokratiis~ niWze dafuZnebuli „bune-
brivi aristokratiiT~ Canacvleba moiTxova, rac amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifod mSeneblobis safuZ-
veli unda gamxdariyo. `ganaTlebam adamianTa masebs unda
STaunergos moraluri respeqtabelurobis grZnoba, rac
aucilebelia maTive usafrTxoebisa da mowesrigebuli
mmarTvelobisaTvis; da unda aRWurvos isini Sesabamisi
codniT, raTa damkvidrdes namdvil aristokratTa Ser-
Cevis praqtika, amaRldes xelisuflebis ndoba da gamoir-
icxos TviTmarqviebis aRzeveba~.
1978 wlis samoqalaqo samsaxuris reformis aqtiT
gauqmda aSS-s sajaro samsaxuris komisia da Camoyalibda
aSS-s personalis marTvis ofisi (OPM), SromiTi urTier-
Tobebis federaluri saagento (FLRA) da aSS-s damsaxure-
bis mqone pirebis dacvis sabWo (MSPB), romlis Seqmnac
55
erT-erTi yvelaze wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo meritokrati-
is ganviTarebaSi. OPM-is ZiriTadi misia _ `msoflio donis
pirovnuli resursis mozidva, SenarCuneba da dafaseba
amerikeli xalxis samsaxurisaTvis~, aRmasrulebeli
saxelisuflebo struqturebis saxelmZRvanelo princips
warmoadgens da federaluri adamianuri resursis gakon-
trolebis regulaciebs moicavs. MSPB-is umTavresi pri-
oriteti, sxva damsaxurebis mqone adamianebis upiratesobis
cxra principTan erTad, mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `person-
alis daqiraveba unda efuZnebodes kvalificiuri special-
istebis SerCevas saTanado wyaroebidan, moicavdes sazoga-
doebis yvela segments, xolo SerCevisas da dawinaurebisas
upiratesobis miniWeba unda xdebodes mxolod codnis,
unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, samarTlian da
jansaRi konkurenciis garemoSi, sadac yvelas Tanabari
SesaZleblobebi eqneba~ (wyaro: http://www.mspb.gov/meritsys-
temsprinciples.htm).
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis
garda, meritokratiuli principebiT xelmZRvaneloben
singapuri, fineTi, iaponia, kanada, germania da sxva gan-
viTarebuli qveynebi, romlebic gamoirCevian konkurentu-
li pirovnuli resursiTa da inteleqtualuri resursis
gadinebis dabali maCveneblebiT.
4.4 qarTuli demokratiis anatomia
miuxedavad perioduli politikuri reformebisa da

viTarebis gaumjobesebisaken gadadgmuli nabijebisa, saqa-
rTvelos demokratiuli gardaqmnis procesi jer kidev
dausrulebelia. is garemoeba, rom liberalur demokratieb-
Si sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebi postsabWoTa saqarT-
veloSi kargaven TavianT liberalur Sinaarss, ganpirobebu-
lia xelisuflebis genetikuri kavSiriT komunistur
nomenklaturul5 mmarTvelobasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris daS-
5 wamyvan administraciul poziciebze myofi mmarTveli ierarqia sabWoTa
kavSirsa da sxva komunisturi blokis qveynebSi
56
lis Semdeg moxda totalitaruli politikuri elitis —
komunisti da komkavSireli funqcionirebis udidesi naw-
ilis transformireba axal struqturebsa da ierarqiebSi,
rac gamowveuli iyo, rogorc maTi Zalauflebis SenarCu-
nebis ambiciebiT, ise axali kadrebis deficitiT.
damoukideblobis TiTqmis ocdaxuTwliani istoria
naTlad aCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi, inteleqtualuri
krizisisa da mankieri praqtikebis (korufcia, favoritizmi,
qronizmi, nepotizmi, klientelizmi da sxv.) gamo, mosax-
leoba xSirad akeTebs araracionalur arCevans demagogi
da upasuxismgeblo politikosebis sasargeblod, rogorc
es permanentulad xdeba saprezidento, saparlamento da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi.
amasTan, saqarTveloSi meritokratiis ararsebobis
gamo, mTavrobis politika da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesi mxolod axali nomenklaturuli elitis _ saeWvo
warsulis mqone oligarqebis, demagogi politikosebis, ara-
kompetenturi Cinovnikebis, „jibis~ eqspertebis gavlenis
qveS aris moqceuli, rac zians ayenebs erovnul politikas
da iwvevs politikur da socio-ekonomikur krizisebs.
2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebamde, qarTuli re-
aloba warmoaCenda sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da
politikuri institutebis araefeqturobasa da uunarobas
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT. aseve mniS-
vnelovan problemas warmoadgenda mTavrobis angariSval-
debulebisa da misi saqmianobis gamWvirvalobis deficiti.
maRali samTavrobo poziciebi, sabWoTa periodis msgavsad,
mkacr avtokratiul kontrols eqvemdebareboda. magram
miuxedavad amisa, TviT dasavleTis qveynebis diplomatiu-
ri misiebic ki uZlurni aRmoCndnen demokratiuli faseu-
lobebidan Sors mdgari neo-nomenklaturuli elitis amoc-
nobaSi, rac mniSvnelovnad aferxebda qveynis progresul
ganviTarebas.
Economist Intelligence Unit-Si gamoqveynebuli 2012 wlis
demokratiis indeqsis mixedviT, demokratiis ganviTare-
bis doniT, saqarTvelos ekava 93-e adgili msoflios 167
qveyanas Soris da ganekuTvneboda „hibridul reJims~, ro-
57
melsac ar Seswevda demokratiis konsolidaciis unari.
ufro mniSvnelovani sisusteebi ikveTeboda politikur
kulturaSi, mTavrobis funqcionirebaSi, sasamarTlos
damoukideblobis, mediis Tavisuflebisa da politikuri
CarTulobis sakiTxebSi. viTareba kidev ufro gauaresda
2012 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg, rodesac saparlamento arCev-
nebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi movida politikuri koali-
cia prorusulad ganwyobili oligarqis xelmZRvanelobiT.
politikurma klientelizmma, korufciam, favoritizmma,
qronizmma da nepotizmma kidev ufro metad gaidga fes-
vebi rogorc politikur, ise samoqalaqo institutebSi.
politikur Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian arakompetenturi
adamianebi pirovnuli da naTesauri kavSirebis safuZvelze.
sasamarTlo sistema jer kidev saWiroebs reformas. SeSfo-
Tebas iwvevs presisa da media saSualebebis polarizacia da
tendenciuroba.
politikis formulirebisa da implementaciis xarisxi
da mTavrobis qmediTunarianoba am xarisxis uzrunvelyofi-
saTvis damokidebulia sajaro politikis yvela subieqtis
codnaze, gamocdilebasa da unarebze, rogorc arCeuli, ise
daniSnuli politikuri moxeleebis, universitetis profe-
sorebisa da mkvlevrebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
eqspertebis da a.S. CaTvliT. axali nomenklatoruli elita
ki, misi winamorbedis msgavsad, aqcents akeTebs iolad kon-
trolirebadi pirebis daniSvnaze gadawyvetilebis mimReb
poziciebze praqtikulad yvela sferoSi sadac xeli miuw-
vdeba _ samTavrobo struqturebSi, politikur partiebSi,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi, kerZo seqtor-
Si, mediasa da universitetebSi. Tanamdebobebze daniSvnas
gansazRvravs pirovnuli urTierTobebi da preferenciebi
da ara profesionalizmi da zneobriv-eTikuri normebi. Se-
degad, wesieri, kompetenturi da inteleqtuali adamianebi,
romlebsac ara aqvT kavSirebi axal nomenklaturasTan, gan-
icdian marginalizacias.
rogorc zemoT iyo aRwerili, neo-nomenklaturuli
sistema ayalibebs ara mxolod saxelmwo aparatis Cake
til sistemas, aramed pirdapir zemoqmedebs politikur
58
da sazogadoebriv institutebze, romlebic mxolod erTi
SexedviT arian damoukidebelni. amdenad, neo-nomenkla-
turis principi, romelic mTlianad imeorebs komunisturi
elitis qcevis wess, cdilobs daicvas sakuTari privile-
girebuli pozicia da SeinarCunos Zalaufleba.
cesko-s monacemebiT, 2014 wlis adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTvelobis arCevnebSi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT
amomrCevelTa aqtivobam Seadgina 43.3%, xolo TbilisSi ki
37.3%. es Sedegebi naTlad warmoaCens sazogadoebriv apa-
Tiasa da nihilizms, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom mTeli qar-
Tuli eleqtoratis 56.7% da TbilisSi mcxovrebi amomrCev-
lis 62.7% undoblobas ucxadebs politikur arenaze myof
subieqtebs, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT Sedegebze orientire-
buli politikisa da reformebis ganxorcielebis unari.
2012-14 wlebis dinamika calsaxad miuTiTebs Seusrulebe-
li dapirebebiT mosuli xelisuflebis mimarT ndobis Sem-
cirebis tendenciazec, rac axlo momavalSi didi albaTo-
biT gazrdis politikur kriziss.
rogorc qvemoT moyvanili grafikuli monacemebiT
irkveva, realurad saxelisuflebo koalicias mxars uWers
amomrCevlis ara 46%, aramed 17.16%. anu politikuri su-
bieqtis mier miRebuli mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili unda
gamoiTvalos qveynis mTliani eleqtoratis, da ara mxolod
arCevnebze gamocxadebul moqalaqeTa aqtivobis mixedviT.
17.16% aris tradiciulad xelisuflebis zegavlenis qveS
myofi ceskos oficialuri statistika. realurad ki amas
Tu gamovaklebT xelisuflebis mier administraciuli re-
sursis gamoyenebas da gayalbebul xmebs, dabalreitingiani
subieqtebisagan Semdgari ekleqturi koaliciis 17%-iani
maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba.
59
saxelisuflebo institutebis sisustesTan erTad sax-
ezea ceskos, masmediisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
arakompetenturobac _ pozitiuri zegavlena moaxdinon
arCevnebisa da zogadad mmarTvelobis procesze. axali pro-
gresuli politikuri Zala, romlis gamoCenasac elodeba
imedgacruebuli saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesoba,
unda iyos konkurentuli codnis, Tanamedrove azrovnebisa
da politikuri kulturis matarebeli, rac inteleqtual-
urad erozirebul qarTul realobaSi Zalian rTulia, Tu
kanonmdeblobis doneze ar gamkacrda politikosTa mimarT
wayenebuli moTxovnebi da ar amaRlda mosaxleobis ganaT-
lebis, sazogadoebrivi TviTSegnebisa da gemovnebis done.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi miuTiTeben imazec, rom

saqarTveloSi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis Camoyal-
ibeba mimdinare procesia, romlisTvisac institucionali-
zebuli korufcia da politikurad neitraluri aqtorebis
sistemuri diskriminacia mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoad-
gens, da rom jer kidev bevri reformis ganxorcieleba aris
saWiro postkomunisturi da postsabWouri tranziciis
procesis dasrulebisaTvis.
60
61
daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi
saqarTvelos gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom sabWoTa memkvid

reobam ukiduresad negatiuri zegavlena moaxdina politi-
kuri elitisa da saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebis
doneze da maT moralur TviTSegnebaze, rac TiTqmis ukve
ocdaxuTi welia mniSvnelovnad aferxebs proaqtiuli re-
formebis ganxorcielebasa da warmatebuli demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas. politikuri arena warmoad-
gens Caketil wres, romelzec permanentulad dominireben
neo-nomenklaturuli sistemis erTguli Cinovnikebi, xolo
niWieri, mcodne da wesieri axalgazrdebi gamijnulni da
marginalizebulni arian politikuri procesebisgan.
saxezea WeSmariti demokratiuli Rirebulebebis,
kanonis uzenaesobis, samarTlianobis, gamWvirvaleobis,

angariS valdebulebis, agreTve liderobis, codnis, pro-
fesionalizmis, politikuri kulturisa da zneobriv-eTi-
kuri normebis krizisi mmarTvelobis yvela sferosa da
ierarqiaSi. xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia proaqtiuli cvli-
lebebis ganxorcielebis survili da SesaZlebloba, xolo
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba imdenad sustia, rom veranair
zemoqmedebas ver axdens politikur procesze. wamyvani
qarTuli media saSualebebi aris umeteswilad polari-
zebulni da politikuri klientelizmis zegavlenis qveS
moqceuli.
polarizebulia agreTve qarTuli sazogadoebis
daaxloebiT 30%, rac ZiriTad ganpirobebulia, rogorc
maTi mxardaWeriT politikuri partiebis mimarT, ise poli-
tikuri subieqtebisagan sargeblis miRebis molodiniT,
danarCeni 70% ki frustrirebulia da apaTiisa da nihil-
izmis tyveobaSi imyofeba. mosaxleobis garkveuli nawi-
li saerTod ar aris integrirebuli qveynis politikur,
ekonomikur da socialur cxovrebaSi, rac sagrZnoblad
aferxebs ganviTarebis process.
sazogadoebis farTo fenebi ar arian informirebulni
mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebisa da qmedebebis Taobaze. ar
mimdinareobs Ria dialogi erovnuli Tu regionuli mniSvn-
62
elobis Temebze masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi war-
moebuli sajaro diskusiebisa da debatebis gziT.
Zalian sustia sajaro politikis SemuSavebaSi samoqa-
laqo seqtoris CarTuloba. am mxriv ZiriTadad aqtiurobs
ramodenime arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelTa SezRud-
uli eqspertuli codna da inteleqtualuri wvlili nega-
tiurad aisaxeba ganxorcielebuli politikis Sedegebze.
maTi arakompetenturobis gamo ver xerxdeba riskebisa da
SesaZleblobebis srulyofili Seswavla da analizi, pri-
oritetebis gansazRvra, strategiebis Camoyalibeba. Sede-
gad miiReba araefeqturi gadawyvetilebebi, rac safrTxes
uqmnis rogorc demokratiul mmarTvelobas, ise enTro-
pirebul6 mdgomareobaSi myofi xelisuflebis ndobasa da
reputacias sazogadoebaSi.
seriozul problemas warmoadgens qveynidan kvalifi-
ciuri da profesionali kadrebis gadinebis maRali done,
rac iwvevs inteleqtualur erozias. arsebuli krizisuli
viTarebis fonze, arc sazogadoebas da arc politikur
elitas ar aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli meritokratiis, ro-
gorc warmatebuli reformebis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi
aucilebeli pirobis mniSvneloba. meritokratiuli Ser-
Cevisa da Sefasebis ararseboba iwvevs mmarTvelobis ar-
aefeqturobas, rac asustebs qveynis potencials niWieri
axalgazrda adamianebis gamoyenebisa da qveynis moderni
zaciis saqmeSi.
rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, moralTan, zneobasTan da
Rirsebis kodeqsTan SeuTavsebeli avantiuristuli mmarTv-
elobiTi reJimebi yovelTvis kraxs ganicdidnen, radgan ar
gaaCndaT WeSmarit faseulebebze dafuZnebuli ideologia.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba walsaxad metyvelebs
mwvave politikur krizisze da xelisuflebis legitimacias
seriozuli kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs. logikurad Cnde-
ba moTxovna axal, proaqtiul reformebze orientirebul
politikur moZraobaze, romelic
6 enTropia _ menejmentis TeoriaSi, sistemis dauZlureba, rodesac mas

aRar Seswevs unari adaptireba moaxdinos garemoSi arsebuli cvlile-
bebisa da gamowvevebis mimarT.
63
• orientirebuli iqneba WeSmarit demokratiul Rire-
bulebebze da radikalurad gaemijneba fsevdo-liber-
alur demagogiur praqtikebs;
• daicavs erovnul interesebs da izrunebs imisaT-
vis, rom saqarTvelo iqces konkurentunarian qveynad
globalur sivrceSi da dasavleTis saimedo mokavSired
evraziis regionSi;
• Tavisufali iqneba uSiSroebis samsaxurebis zegavleni-
sagan da iseTi mavne praqtikebisgan, rogoricaa koruf-
cia, favoritizmi, qronizmi, nepotizmi, klientelizmi;
• principulad moiTxovs lustraciis kanonis miRebas
da specsamsaxurebTan kavSirSi myof subieqtebis poli-
tikur Tanamdebobebze daniSvnis akrZalvas;
• gaatarebs mkacr meritokratiul politikas, raTa
politikur da administraciul Tanamdebobebze daniS-
vna moxdeba mxolod niWis, codnis, lideruli poten-
cialis, politikuri kulturis, moralisa da zneobriv
eTikuri kriteriumebis safuZvelze.
am pirobebis Sesruleba damokidebulia erovnul mod-

ernizaciaze, proaqtiul liderobaze da struqturuli
reformebis gatarebaze, iseve rogorc wesier, ganaTle-
bul, da kompetentur pirovnul resursze, romelsac Ses-
wevs masStaburi cvlilebis gamxorcielebis unari. saqarT-
velos ganviTarebis dRevandeli suraTi safrTxes uqmnis
ara mxolod qveynis modernizacias, aramed mis integracias
evro-atlantikur struqturebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, saqa-
rTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri da demokratiuli ganvi-
Tarebis gasaRebi mdgomareobs niWieri axalgazrdebis gan-
viTarebasa da maT progresul gamoyenebaSi.
inteleqtualuri resursis marginalizaciisa da misi
ucxoeTSi gadinebis procesis SeCerebis mizniT, real-
izaciis farTo asparezi unda mieces axalgazrda, lideru-
li potencialisa da konkurentuli codnis mqone niWier
adamianebs.
maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis motivaciis Sesaqmnelad,
gansakuTrebuli aqcenti unda gakeTdes meritokratiuli
64
SerCevisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebze, rogorc saxelmwifo
marTvis sferoSi, ise politikur partiebsa da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi. unda ganxorcieldes efeq-
turi sakadro politika maRali zneobis, profesionaliz-
misa da kompetenciis mqone adamianebisaTvis upiratesobis
miniWebis Sesabamisad.
saqarTvelos esaWiroeba saukeTeso codnisa da praq-
tikebis gaziareba demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sakiTxeb-
Si, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos rogorc institucionaluri
sistemis qmediTunarianobis gaumjobesebas, ise qveynis
strategiuli prioritetebis gansazRvrasa da mmarTveli
struqturebis angariSvaldebulebis gazrdas sazogadoe-
bis winaSe.
imis aRiareba, rom mmarTvelobis gaumjobeseba umTav
res saSualebas warmoadgens qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebi-
saTvis, qmnis safuZvels saerTaSoriso donorebis mxridan
realur saWiroebebze fokusirebuli programebis Sesaqmne-
lad. aseTma programebma unda uzrunvelyos, rom samTavro-
bo struqturebi, kanonebi da debulebebi, kompetenturo-
bis, gamWvirvaleobisa da angariSvaldebulebis pirobebSi
mxars uWerdnen proaqtiuli reformebis ganxorcielebasa
da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebs.
mmarTveli elita pasuxismgebeli unda iyos saxelm-
wifo politikis miznebis gansazRvraze da im reformebis
ganxorcielebaze, romlebic mniSvnelovania demokratiuli
mmarTvelobisaTvis, xolo misi kompetenturoba ki unda
aisaxebodes realur politikur qmedebebSi, maT ganxor-
cielebasa da politikur meqanizmebSi.
65
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68

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giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

© 2014 socialuri kvlevisa da politikuri analizis saerTaSo-

yvela saavtoro ufleba daculia. misi nawilobrivi an sruli

es naSromi warmoadgens socialuri kvlevisa da politikis anal-

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: nika xvedeliZe

`saunje~, gamomcemeli vaJa wowkolauri

I. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi XXI saukuneSi ............10

1.2 demokratia da kargi mmarTveloba ........................................................12

1.3 politikuri partiebis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi ..15

1.4 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli

1.5 „warmatebis~ gazomvis kriteriumebi ....................................................20

II. sajaro politika da politikis analizi ..............................................22

2.1 sajaro politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ...............................................22

2.2 politikis analizis mTavari aspeqtebi ...............................................27

2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba ...............................................29

2.3.1 zogadi mimoxilva .........................................................................................29

2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi .....................31

III. politikuri lideroba da elita .............................................................36

3.2 axalgazrdoba da politikuri lideroba ..........................................38

3.3 politikuri liderobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi .........................41

3.4 lideroba da menejmenti da maTi krizisi saqarTveloSi ...........44

3.5 elitis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi.................................... 46

IV. post-sabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebis axleburad gaazreba .......50

4.2 meritokratia, rogorc demokratiis

4.3 meritokratiis mokle istoriuli rakursi .....................................54

4.4 qarTuli demokratiis anatomia ..............................................................56

daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ...........................................................................62

gamoyenebuli literatura ..............................................................................66

2014 wlis seqtemberSi, socialuri kvlevisa da poli-

`maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, unda iswavlon,

miuxedavad imisa, rom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia

miqaela vanore, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

1.1 demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis fenomeni gaazrebuli

demokratiuli mmarTveloba mimarTulia demokratiul

2 USAID, DFID/World Bank, 2011.

• meritokratiuli principebis ignorireba

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemis ganmtkiceba Sei-

sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi agreTve warmoadgenen

1.5 „warmatebis~ gazomvis kriteriumebi

im gamowvevebis fonze, romelsac saqarTvelo demokra-

borislav mavrovi, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

2.1 sajaro politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

sajaro politika aris yvelaferi is, rasac mTavroba

• problemis identificireba _ ra aris problema?

3 Seswavlisa da Sefasebis etalonuri sistema, romelic gulisxmobs

dRis wesrigis gansazRvra

sajaro politikis Seswavla da analizi warmoadgens um-

politikis analizis struqtura

2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba

1. samoqalaqo CarTuloba emyareba rwmenas, rom maT,

moqalaqeebis aqtiuri CarTuloba politikis SemuSavebi-

2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi

Semdegi oTxi aspeqti _ „ra, rogor, vin da ratom~ _

2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan

didi britaneTi erT-erTia im qveynebs Soris, sadac

1. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struqtura (mag., moxali-

safrangeTs hqonda politikis SemuSavebis ­ procesSi

`lideroba ar niSnavs lamazi sityvis warmoTqmas an sxvebisTvis Tavis

3.1 ra aris politikuri lideroba?

lideroba aris pirovnebis unari da SesaZlebloba,

3.2 axalgazrdoba da politikuri lideroba

gaerom axalgazrdebis ganviTarebis 2011 wlis pro-

safrangeTs hqonda politikis SemuSavebis procesSi

saqarTvelos gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom sabWoTa memkvid