Name : Lala Devi Ovita

Nim : A320160032

Class :E

1. Explain the possible relationships between language and culture.

Answer : First, social structure may either influence or determine linguistic
structure and/or behavior . Secondly, possibility is directly opposed to the first :
linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social
structure or worldview. Third is that the influence is bi directional : language and
society may influence each other.
2. What is sociolinguistics?
Answer : According to Gumperz (1971, 223), sociolinguistics is an attempt
to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to
observe any changes that occur.
3. What is micro-sociolinguistics ?
Answer : micro-sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships
between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the
structure of language and of how languages function in communication.
4. Mention the types of sociolinguistics studies.
Answers : Correlation studies, microlinguistic studies, discourse analysis,
macrolinguistic studies, critical analysis.
5. Give the example of critical analyses.
Answer : How people talk about multilingualism could be analyzed in discourse,
or language planning and policies related to multilingualism.
6. What is the meaning of dialects ?
Answer : Dialects are nonstandard and subordinate to languages.
7. What is the meaning of language?
Answer : Language is usually used to mean both the super ordinate category and
the standard variety.
8. What is the meaning of standardization ?
Answer : Standardization refers to the process by which a language has been
codified in some way.
9. Mention and explain the Standard English as the variety according to Trudgill (1995, 5-
6).
Answers : Usually used in print, Normally taught in schools, Learned by non-
native speakers, Spoken by educated people, Used in news broadcasts.
10. What is a dialect continuum ?
Answer : This use of the term dialect to differentiate among regional varieties can
be confounded.
11. What is the meaning of Dialect geography ?
 Answer : Dialect geography is the term used to describe attempts made to map
the distributions of various linguistic features so as to show their geographical
provenance.
12. Explain the connection between race/ethnicity/nationally and linguistic varieties.
Answer : That is entirely socially constructed, it is in no way linking to any
inherent attributes of a particular group.
13. What is the meaning of Styles, Register and Genre?
Answers : Style is most often used to discuss differences in formality. Register
generally donates specific ways of speaking associated with particular professions
or social groups. Genre is understood as a set of co-occurring language features
associated with particular frames.
14. Explain the relationship between language and social structure?
Answer : relationship between language and social structure is paramount in the
development of the concept of the speech communities, and this includes the idea
that there are different levels of speech communities which correspond to
different types of social group.
15. What is the meaning of the term ‘identity’ ?
Answer : The term ‘identity’ is used to describe a primarily social rather than
psychological phenomenon : identity is not the source but the outcome of linguistic
practice.
16. What do sociolinguists study?

Answer: Sociolinguists study the relationship between language and society

17. why do we say the same thing in different way?
Answer: we say the same thing in different way because, language provide a variety of ways
of saying the same thing -addressing and greeting others, describing things, paying
compliments.
18. what are the interests if sociolinguists?
Answer: sociolinguists are also interests in the different types of linguistic variation used to
express and reflect social factors.
19. what is the meaning of word choice?
Answer: vocabulary or word choice is one area of linguistic variation
20. Mention the different levels of linguistic analysis!
Answer: the different levels of linguistic analysis:
1. uses a passive grammatical structure should be deposited
2. uses an imperative verb form, put, a possessive pronoun, your, and an addres form, Jilly.
21. what are the different linguistic varieties used in Sauris?
 Answer: the different linguistic varieties used in Sauris are distinct languages. they are
distinguishable from each other in their sounds, their grammatical, and their vocabulary.
22. Mention part of speech communities!
Answer: part of speech communities:
- pronunciation
- vocabulary
- grammar
- styles of a language
23. Mention four different dimensions for analysis!
Answer: four different dimensions for analysis:
1. A social distance scale concerned with participant relationships.
2. A status scale concerned with participant relationships.
3. A formality scale relating to the setting or type of interaction
4. Two functional scales relating to the purposes or topic of interaction.

24. what is the steps which need taken when people ask us “why people use one set of forms
in some contexts, but different forms in other”?
Answer: The steps which need to be taken are:
1. to identify clearly the linguistic variation involved (e.g. vocabulary, sounds, grammatical
constructions, styles, dialects, languages)
2. to identify clearly the different social or non-linguistic factors which lead speakers to use
one form rather than another (e.g. features relating to participants, setting or functionof
the interaction).
25. Mention the aims of sociolinguists!
Answer: the aims of sociolinguists:
 Sociolinguists aim to describe sociolinguistic variation and, if possible, explain why it
happens.
 the sociolinguists’s aim is to move towards a theory which provides a
motivated account of the way language is used in a community, and of the choices
people make when they use language.
26. Mention what linguistic variations that occur at the level of linguistic analysis!
 Answer: linguistic variation occurs at other levels of linguistic analysis too: sounds, word-
structure (or morphology), and grammar (or syntax) as well as vocabulary
27. What is the difference in Sam’s and Jim’s [h]-dropping behaviour?
Answer: The difference in Sam’s and Jim’s [h]-dropping behaviour is the result of their
different educations and occupations.
28. We show aspects of our social identity through the way we speak. What instructions do we
give from a speech?
Answer: Our speech provides clues to others about who we are, where we come from, and
perhaps what kind of social experiences we have had
29. What is Sociolinguists study interests?
Answer: They are interested inexplaining why we speak differently in different social
contexts, and they are concernedwith identifying the social functions of language and the
ways it is used to convey social meaning.
30. what are the components that influence public awareness?
Answer: linguistic choices generally indicate people’s awareness of the infl uence of one or
more of the following components:
1. The participants:
(a) who is speaking and

(b) who are they speaking to ?

2. The setting or social context of the interaction: where are they speaking?
3. The topic: what is being talked about?