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1.1-Blood Group
In human beings, blood is highly important fluid, which circulate all necessary chemicals, like
enzymes, hormones, nutrients and other critical substances across the whole body. Red blood
cells (RBC,s) are the most abundant blood cell, which contain inherited antigen on their
surface. These antigen are made of protein, carbohydrate, glycoprotiens and glycolipids etc. The
antigen are present on the surface of red blood cells (RBC,s) while the antibodies are present in
Blood group are classified on the base of presence or absence of antigens, found on the surface
of red blood cell. The blood group of a person may be either A, B, AB, and O, depending upon
their antigen. Antigen are controlled genetically, which remain unchanged throughout the life.
The discovery of ABO blood group system has contributed great deal of development to blood
banking services, blood transfusion and in solving many heredity and genetic problems and
issues etc, which help lot in reducing the morbidity and mortality rate both in children and adults.
Number of studies have reported high frequency of death amongs people due to incompatible
The ABO and Rh system is one of the significant blood group system and found clinically very
important, versus Rh system of blood group among 400 blood group collected (Khan et al.,
2004).
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The study on ABO blood grouping is therfore important in determination of hereditary characters
blood group is determined by genetic make-up of the alleles of a system. Human being consist of
three alleles among which A and B alleles are co-dominant while O allele are silent and recessive
(Gupta, 1999).
Modern techniques like micro plate method, FMC (flinders medical Centre), enzyme linked
immunosoirbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have greatly improved
ABO blood group system was first discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 and was later
followed by the discovery of the Rhesus system. The Rh factor is genetically complex but simply
described in term of single pair of allele, (D) and (d). Rh (+ve) person are either homogenous
having DD allele or heterogeneous having Dd allele and Rhesus (-ve) are homogeneous
According to ABO and Rh blood grouping systems a person can belong to either of the
following eight blood groups; A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-, (Fathima, 2013). In human, it
was found that majority of cell types also have A, B, or O antigen on their surfaces for examples
tissues like platelets, lung tissues, mucosa cell intestinal mucosa, epidermis nervous receptors
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1.3- The Rh-System
After ABO, the Rh system is the second most important blood group system. At present, 50
different blood group antigen has been identified in Rh-system of blood. Among which D, C, c,
E and e antigen are highly important. D-antigen indicates the Rh factors, and considered as vital
fact in determination of risk for hemolytic disease in newborn (Reid and lomas, 2004). The D-
antigen when present on surface of red blood cell, it will be Rh- positive if not present the Rh-
factor will be negative. The genes of ABO and Rh (D) are located on chromosome 1 and 9
It has also been found that Rh- factor has association with many disease like anemia, jaundice,
brain damage and often death, either before or shortly after birth. To get ride from all these
complication, the testing for Rh-factor in both man and women before marriage are also very
There are many evidences that ABO blood group have association with characters like
personality, intelligence and disease etc For example in Japan this is popular belief that a
person’s group is predictive of their personality, character and compatibility with others. This
belief is also widespread elsewhere in Asia, notably and South Korea and Taiwan (Nergis et al.,
2011).
1-People with blood group (O) are considered to be social, energetic, very self-confident,
creative and popular. In Japan this type of blood is considered as one of the best type (Narkhede,
2013). Lester and Gatto, 1987 also reported that People with blood group (O), are fairly
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2- People with blood group (B) are considered to be active, frank, cheerful, light-hearted,
3- People with blood type AB are considered to be inconsistent, aggressive, and extraverted.
4- People with blood type are considered to be passive, tender-minded, shy, docile, introverted
It has been found in number of studies that many diseases are also associated with blood group
for example blood group A has greater association with breast cancer (Shiryazi et al., 2013). The
patient with blood group positive are at great risk to upper gastric and duodenal ulcer than other
type of blood group (Abdulridha, 2013). It has been found that the level of total cholesterol,
glucose and systolic diastolic blood pressure are always higher in male and female patient with
blood group O verses having other blood group, with a decreasing level from group A to B then
AB (Ibraheem, 2006).
The relationship of ABO group with certain pathological condition has also been reported in
many studies for example a higher prevalence of stomach cancer has been found among people
with blood group A, similarly higher malaria infection found in person with blood group O.
Although blood group O individuals have 14% reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4%
reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma and also associated with pancreatic cancer at minimum risk.
It was also reported that antigen-B has link with ovarian cancer while antigen-A link with gastric
cancer (Xie et al., 2010). The ABO blood group system is also one of the strong predictor of
national suicide rate and genetic marker of obesity (Akhighbe et al., 2011).
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1.6-Compatibility of blood group
Compatibility of blood group is also important characters. A person with AB blood group can
receive blood from any blood group but cannot donate blood to either A or B blood group due to
absence of antibodies on surface of RBCs. Therefore they are called as universal recipients. The
person with blood group A can receive blood from A and O blood group and can donate blood
to individual with blood group A or AB. The person with blood group B can receive blood only
from person with blood group B or O, and can donate blood to individuals with blood group B or
AB. Individuals with blood group O can receive blood from O group only, but can donate blood
group to all of blood group. They are hereby called as universal donors (Hillier, 2008).
Red blood cells (RBCs), are also known as erythrocytes, which are about 7.5 μm in diameter
and have thickness about 2.4 um (Tsinopoulos et al., 2002). The composition of blood is made
of about 40 –50% of red blood cells. One cubic millimeter of blood contain about five million of
RBC,s in normal human being. The red blood cell is composed of about 64% water, 28% of
hemoglobin, 7% lipids or fatty materials, and the rest consists of sugars, salts, enzymes, and
other proteins. The chief function of RBCs is to transport O2 throughout the body and return CO2
to the lungs, and also to maintain a protein known as hemoglobin. They are made in the red bone
marrow of ribs, sternum and vertebrae, when mature, they enter into blood stream where they
have a life time of about 120 days. When become, dead the RBCs break down in to spleen and
liver and are removed by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (Prakash and Arara, 1998).
Antigens are glycolipids in nature which are attached to the surface of red blood cell and inherit
from parents to offspring. People with blood group A has antigen A on red blood cell and
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antibody-B in serum, while blood group B has antigen B and antibody A. People with blood
group AB have both antigen A & B, but no antibody in the serum. People with Blood group O
has no antigen but antibody A and B are present in the serum (Laura, 2005).
Antibodies against A or B antigen are produced naturally, which are also found in certain
bacteria, like Escherichia coli. (Avent and Raid, 2000). These naturally born antibodies are
mainly immunoglobulin M (IgM). They attack and destroy red cells carrying the corresponding
antigen e,g, Anti-A attacks red cells of Group A or AB while Anti-B attacks red cells of Group B
A Antigen-A Antibody-B
B Antigen-B Antibody-A
O No antigen Antibody-A or antibody-B
AB Both A & B antigen No antibody
The inheritance of blood group are controlled by a single gene with three alleles, IA, IB and IO.
The gene encodes by a glycosyltransferase enzymes that modifies the carbohydrate content of
RBC. The gene is located on the long arm of the 9th chromosome. The IA allele produce antigen
A, IB allele produce antigen B, and Io allele produce no antigen. Both IA and IB allele are
completely dominant over Io allele, The homozygous allele IoIo produce blood type O. If
Individuals have homozygous allele IA IA or heterozygous allele IA Io produce blood type A, and
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if individuals have homozygous allele IBIB or heterozygous allele IBIO, produce blood type B.
while Individual with heterozygous allele IAIB both produce blood type AB (Yazer et al., 2006).
All human population share the same blood system, although they vary in the frequencies if
specific types. Greater variation are found even in small population (Enosalease, 2008).The
following three allele which produce four phenotype and six genotype which are
Phenotype Genotype
O IoIo
A IAIA or IAIo
B IBIB or IAIo
AB IAIB (Mandal, 2002)
The most important precursor of ABO antigen are H-antigen. Which are located on chromosome
9. This gene encode different transferase enzyme, which further encode L-fucose and produce H
antigen that remain present on surface of red blood cells as well. The A-gene encode N-acetyl-
D-galatoctosamine transferase, which are added to H-antigen and produce blood group A, while
the B gene encode D-galactose, which are added the H antigen and produce blood group B
antigen. The O gene produce passive enzyme and thus H-antigen remain unchanged and produce
(Matsushita et al., 1983) investigated that the blood group of an individual as same for life , but
disease, Another common cause of this blood group change is transplant of bone. A person who
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receive bone marrow from someone who is different ABO type, the patient blood type will
Hemolytic disease of the newborn child , are clinically known as erythroblastosis fetalis, which
results from blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus. When Rh-negative mother
have a baby of Rh positive blood group like the father can creat a problem. At that time the
mother immune system react the fetus Rh (+ve) red blood cells as a foreign, developed antibody
to destroy the foreign cells. As the antibody destroy the fetal red cells the baby become sick and
Increased destruction of red blood cells cause anemia and jaundice in fetus from the breakdown
of hemoglobin product, called bilirubin. If this bilirubin reaches high levels in blood circulation
of newborn or infant it causes mental retardation or death. HDN is mainly caused by Rh blood
Hemolytic disease can be prevented by giving drug called Rhogam to mother having Rh-
negative blood group. Rhogam is a gamma globulin containing antibodies against the Rh-
negative factor. Rhogam prevents the mother from building up immunity to Rh (-ve) factor. That
is reason that Rh (-ve) women is given injection called Rhogam immediately after the birth of
children. This procedure has largely eliminated Rh disease (Sanni and Mannir, 2014).
The study of blood transfusion is called hematology. The success of blood transfusion require
compatibility of blood group, between donors and recipient. If there is no compatibility in blood
group matching, hemolytic reaction will take place, which will destroy the RBC as a result death
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1.13-The secretor trait
It has been also investigated that some antigen are also present in body secretion for example in
secretion of eyes, nose, salivary gland and mammary gland, there found antigen A and B. These
antigen are water soluble. There are called secretor trait which are inherited as dominant trait (S).
(Mandal, 2002).
Population genetics is branch of genetic in which the frequencies of alternative state of genes in
population are studied, how it is maintained and change from generation to generation.
genotype and phenotype. For example genotype IAIA with frequency P2, genotype IAIB with
frequency 2pq, genotype IAIO with frequency 2pr, genotype IBIB with frequency q2. Genotype
IBIO with frequency 2qr, genotype IOIO with frequency r2 are calculated by appropriate
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1.15-Aims and Objective
• The aim and objective of present study are to find out the frequencies and distribution of
ABO and Rh blood group in four tehsils of district swat, Barikot, Babozai, Kabal and
Matta respectively.
• The output of present study will help in providing valuable information about blood
• The present study will also produce valuable data’s for safe blood transfusion in district
swat especially in preventing hemolytic disease of newborn and fetus due to ABO and Rh
blood system
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Chapter- 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1-Study Area
District Swat was selected as area of research for present study. Swat is beautiful hill locked
valley situated in the North Zone of Khyber pakhtunkhwa, (CPPR, 2010), lies between the
Suleiman mountain range in the west and the Indus river in the east. The Total covering area of
Swat is about 5337 square kilometer. Swat is a beautiful valley of alush green mountains,
ranging from 600 to 6000 meters above the sea level. The latitude of swat is 34o-37/-34o-43/N and
longitude72o-19/-72o-26/ East (Bangash, 2012). Four tehsils of districts swat (Barikot, Babozai,
Kabal, and Matta) was selected for field work. Data was recorded on prescribed proforma, using
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2.2-Sample collection
Total of 1000 blood sample both male and female were taken from houses, schools, hospitals,
community center, and foundations in four tehsil of district swat, to know exactly about ABO
2.3-Questionnare
The development of questionnaire was the first step for the survey. The questionnaire for the
survey developed in the following question/information were included with aim as under.
1-The area was taken as one of the most important question in the survey with aim to know the
exact distribution and frequency of ABO-blood group system in each area So, that in future
2-Gender was taken as another next important question in the survey with aim to know weather
3-Disease was also taken as one of important question in the survey to know the appropriate
relationship of both congenital and non-congenital disease with ABO blood group system.
4-The parental relationship in the survey was also taken as one of the indicator to find out the
2.4-Collection of Data
Data was collected, based on questionnaire deigned for the purpose. There was two parts in
questionnaire. The first part, include basic information e.g. age, gender, area etc. while the
second part include information about different disease in relation with blood group.
Blood group data was collected randomly from different sources in above tehsils in district swat.
using sliding methods of blood group determination. Three drops of blood was obtained from
each donor by pricking the tip of index finger with sterile lancet. Each drop of blood was placed
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on a spot plate containing a blood type antiserum .For blood group phenotyping anti-sera A, anti-
sera B, and anti-sera D was used through slide method. The drop of anti-A, anti-B and anti-D
was placed on each labeled slide and was mixed for identification of blood group. The result of
agglutination was noted immediately after mixing. If the agglutination occur in blood drop A,
that as blood group A, and if the agglutination occur in blood drop B, that as group B. If no
agglutination occur in both anti-sera A and B, as blood group O. If Agglutination occur in blood
drop of both A and B, then it was considered as blood group AB. Agglutination in anti-sera D
indicates rhesus positive and no agglutination in anti-sera D indicates rhesus negative. The result
was recorded as A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB+, AB- and O+, O-. The blood group data was
Table 2.1-Agglutination reaction of the RBC ABO blood- typing anti sera and Rh factor.
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2.5-Statistical method of data analysis
Data were recorded in computer programme Microsoft Excel (2010). Frequency distribution and
cross tabulation were used, to estimate the percentage and association with different factors /
information collected during this survey. Chi square test was used to check the significance and
p-value to check the level of insignificance and significance in relation with ABO blood group
system.
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CHAPTER-3 RESULTS
A total of 1000 blood sample were taken both from male and female in four tehsils of district
swat during the period from February 2017 up to January 2018. Out of 1000 samples 550 sample
were collected from male sex and 450 were collected from female sex. The frequency of ABO
blood groups and Rh blood groups among individuals of each four tehsils is presented in Table
Table 3.1- Distribution of ABO blood group among the four tehsils
Table 3.1- Show us frequency distribution of ABO blood group in four tehsils of district swat. It
is clear from the table that Blood group B has the highest frequency (30.2%) followed by O
(27.5%), A (23.0%), while blood group AB has the lowest frequency which is about (19.3%).
The relative frequency of blood groups AB is 26.8% in Barikot, 14% in Babozai, 23.2% in Kabal
and 13.2% in Matta respectively. The frequency of blood group A is 18.4% in Barikot, 17.6% in
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Babozai, 26.8% in Kabal and 29.2% in Matta, whereas the frequency of blood group O is 27.6%
in Barikot, 36.4% in Babozai, 23.2% in Kabal, and 22.8% in Matta respectively. The highest
frequency of blood group was recorded for blood group B which has value of 27.2% in Barikot,
Table 3.2- Rh- Frequency among four tehsils (Barikot, Babozai, Kabal and Matta)
n (%) n (%)
100
90
80
70
60
series 3
50
Series 2
40
Series 1
30
20
10
0
Rh+ Rh-
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Table 3.2- show us the frequency distribution of Rh phenotypes in four tehsils of district swat.
The frequency distribution of Rh-positive blood group in Barikot is (91.6%), Babozai (88%),
Kabal (82.4%) and Matta (85.6%) was obtained in this study. The frequency of Rh-negative
blood group in Barikot is (8.4%), Babozai (12%), Kabal (17.6%) and Matta (14.4%)
respectively. The frequency of Rh-positive blood was noted as higher in Barikot followed by
Babozai, Matta and Kabal respectively. The frequency of Rh-negative blood was recorded higher
in Kabal (17.6%). The frequency of Rh-positive was noted as higher verses Rh-negative.
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Table 3.3- Frequency of combined ABO and Rh blood group
Blood group
Rh and
blood Total
group Frequency
B O AB (%)
Tehsil A
frequency frequency frequency frequency
(%) (%) (%)
(%)
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Table 3.3- show us - the ABO blood group distribution based on Rh-factor. Greater proportion of
Rh-positive was recorded in tehsils Barikot followed by Babozai, Matta, and Kabal. The
The value of blood group B+ was noted to be (24%) in Barikot, (30%) in Babozai, (22.4%) in
Kabal and (30.8%) in Matta respectively while the value of blood group O+ was noted (25.2%)
in Barikot, (29.2%) in Babozai, (19.6%) in Kabal, and (19.2%) in Matta respectively. The
highest frequency was noted which is (29.2%) in Babozai. The value of AB+ was noted to be
(26%) in Barikot, (12.4%) in Babozai, (18.8%) in Kabal and (12.4%) in Matta respectively.
The frequency of Rh-negative is rare in four tehsil of Barikot, Babozai, Kabal and Matta. Blood
group A- is (2%) in Barikot, (1.2%) in Babozai, (5.2%) in Kabal and (6%) in Matta. The highest
frequency of blood A- was noted in Matta. The frequency Blood group B- is (3.2%) in Barikot,
(2%) in Babozai, (4.4%) in Kabal and (4%) in Matta respectively. Highest frequency were noted
in Kabal. The frequency of blood group O- was found as (2.4%) in Barikot, (7.2%) in Babozai,
(3.6%) in Kabal and (3.6%) in matta respectively. Highest frequency was noted in Babozai. The
frequency of blood group AB- is (0.8%) in Barikot, (1.6%) in Babozai, (4.4%) in Kabal, and
The frequency of ABO blood group were presented by using descriptive statistics and the
inferential statistics such as Chi square were presented. The detailed of results and finding are
given below
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Table 3.4- Frequency distribution
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Table 3.4- show us In this survey age, gender, area, visual disease and parental relationship were
used as a variable. Total of 1000 samples were collected from different donors, among which
male donors were about 550 (55.0%) and female donors were about 450 (45.0%). The age of the
donors from 1 to 29 years were 308 (30.8%), from 20 – 29 years were 536 (53.6%), from 30-39
In area distribution four tehsil were selected from distirct swat for collection of data, 250 sample
were collected from each tehsil. The parent relationship of donor, were also taken as one of
variable for tracing out the history of disease in relation with blood group. The parent using
relation observed as Ist cousin marriges were 113(11.3%), second cousin marriges were 126
Relationship of disease with blood group were also taken as variable using visual observation the
data were collected as congenital 61 (6.1%), non-congenital 113 (11.3%), and healthy
conditioned were 869 (86.9%). All these variable were checked in relation with ABO blood
The chi-square table Show us the relationship between dependent and independent variable. The
P-value when found less then 0.05, it was declared as significant and if the P-value where found
greater, it was declared as insignificant and no association between dependent and independent
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Table 3.5-Chi-square table to check the association between age
Table 3.5-Show us blood response to different age group. The chi-square value is 23.701 while
the p-value is 0.308 which is above 0.05. So, the age factor is insignificant and show no
association with blood group distribution, although the predominant blood group in age group
ranges from (1-19) is A+, in age group (20-29) and (30-39) are B+ while in age group (40-70)
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Table 3.6-Chi-square table to check the association between gender
Table 3.6-Show gender wise distribution of ABO blood group distribution, for which the Chi-
square value is 9.925 while P value is 0.193 which is above 0.05. So, the gender association with
ABO blood group distribution is insignificant although the pre dominant blood group in Male is
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Table 3.7-Chi-square table to check the association between tehsils
Table 3.7-Show us tehsil wise distribution of ABO blood group distribution, for which the Chi-
square value is 68.543 while P value is 0.000 which is below 0.05 So the association with ABO
blood group distribution is significant although the pre dominant blood group is B followed by
O, A and AB .
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Table 3.8-Chi-square table to check association between parental relation
Table 3.8- Show us association of parental relation with ABO blood group distribution. For
which the Chi-square value is 19.975 while p-value is 0.132 which is above 0.05, So
insignificant.
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Table 3.9-Chi-square table to check association between diseases
Table-3.9- Show us the association of diseases with ABO blood group distribution for which the
chi-square value is 65.699 while P-value is 0.00 which is below 0.05. So, the variable is
significant it mean that AB+ blood group have more congenital diseases followed by A+, B+,
O+ respectively, while blood group A- have less congenital diseases followed by B- .O- and
AB- respectively
The highest level of non congenital diseases was noted in O+ followed by B+,AB+ and A+
respectively, while blood group AB- have less congenital followed by B-, A- and then O-
respectively.
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The most healthy people count in blood group B+ followed by O+, A+ and AB+ respectively
while O- have more healthier people followed by A+, B+ and then AB+ respectively.
3.2-DISSCUSION
ABO and Rh blood group are not only important in blood transfusion practices but also useful
in population genetic studies, solving certain medico legal issues and study of heredity diseases
etc. It has been reported in number of research paper that blood group have association with
many disease. In present studies, it was also found that blood group (A) have significant
association particularly with heart disease. This result is also in Conformity with work done of
Patel et al., 2012, in wastern Ahemedabad, who reported that blood group (A) have association
In present study it was also found that blood group (B) have association with thalassemia and
relationship with also with some genetic disorder like extra finger were obsereved. The
association of blood group (O) with thalassemia, Hepititas A and Hepatitis C were also noted.
This result is also in conformity with worke done by Mathew,s and Chan, 1979, reported that
In present study the association blood group (AB+) with skeleton problem, mangolism, leprosy
skin problem , deaf and mute, and pancreatic cancer were also observed This result is also in
conformity with work done of Greer et al., 2010, who reported that individual with blood group
A, AB and B have elevated risk of pancreatic cancer then individual belong to blood group O.
In current study no significant relation in distribution of blood group between female and male
was found, This result is in conformity with finding of Parkash et al., 2013.
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In present study, the frequency of ABO and Rh-group also studied among donors of four tehsil in
district swat. It was found, that blood group B was the most dominant group (30.2%), followed
by group O (27.5%), group A (23.0%), and group AB (19.3%). The frequency of Rh-positive
was noted as (86.9%), while (13.1%) was for Rh-negative. The Comparison of work done in
different part of Pakistan are shown with in table no 12. This statement is also in conformities
Rahman and Lodhi 2004, reported blood group frequency as B>O>A>AB as (32.4%), (30.50%),
(22.60%) and (8.60%) in his study conducted in Punjab. This result is in conformity with work
done in our present study. Amjad et al., 2002, reported similar result in his studies carried out in
Punjab. Khan et al., 2004, worked on similar pattern in bannu who reported blood group
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frequency as B>O>A>AB as 36.23%), (31.03%), (25.07%), (7.67%), Which is conformity to our
result of present study. Khurshid et al., 1994, also confirmated the result of our present studies in
his work conducted in Peshawar and the frequency of ABO as B>O>A>AB as (34.00%),
(31.00%),(28.00%) and (7.00%). Khaskheli et al.,1994, reported the frequency of blood group O
was (36%), group B (30%), blood group A (25%) and blood group AB was found to be (7.59%)
in his study carried out in Sindh, which is different from result of present study may be due to
different race. Hussain et al., 2001 , show that blood group O was dominant (37.07%), followed
by B (34.32%), blood group A (21.12%) and blood group AB (7.57%) in his study conducted in
Baluchistan. Alam, 2005, show in his study that most leading group in skardu is A (30.62%)
followed by group B (26.80%), O (26.60%) and AB (15.98%), which is defferent from result of
present study. Islam and Robert, 2010, carried out in his study in Gilgit and showed that blood
In present study, the frequency of Rh-positive was noted as the most dominant group (86.9%),
Followed by Rh-negative (13.1%). The above result was confirmed by Khan et al., 2004, in his
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Canada 42 9.0 46.0 3.0 83.1 14.9
arabia
In table 3.11-Showed the comparison between present study and other country of the world.
Periyavan et al., 2010, reported that blood group O was the most commonest (39.81%)
followed by group B (29.95%), group A (23.85%) and AB (6.37%) in his study carried out in
india. Garratty et al., 2004, carried out in his study in USA that blood group O was (46%),
followed by group A (41%), group B (9%), and group AB (4%). Bashwari et al., 2001, showed
that blood group O are (52%), group A (24%), group B (17%) and group AB (4%) in a study
conducted in Saudi Arabia, which is different from the result of present study.
Talukdar and Das, 2010, reported blood group B is the most common as (30.6%) followed by O
(30.4%), A (27.0%) and AB (12.0%) in Bangladesh which is conformity to the result of present
study. Enosolease and Bazuaye, 2008, found that Blood group O is commonest followed by B,
A and AB in a stydy dine in niger. Sang, 2010, reported blood group O are (46.0%) followed by
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A (42%), B (9.0%) and AB (3.0%) in a study done in Canada, which is contrary from result of
present study. In Bangladesh the frequency of Rh positive is (96.8%) and Rh negative is (3.2%).
In the india, (94.20%) belong to Rh-positive and (3.70%) Rh-negative. While in Niger the Rh
positive is (93.88%) and Rh negative is (6.12%). The frequency of Rh positive and Rh negative
in Saudi Arabia, Bangladash, India and Niger, which is different to our study. The frequency of
CONCLUSION
The distributions of ABO and Rh blood groups of this study have similar trends with the data
from the previous studies in Pakistan as well as with some other countries.
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In present study it was found that blood group B has the highest frequency in the area followed
by blood groups O, A and AB , while the Rh+ has highest frequency followed by Rh-.
The study of distribution of blood group is very important for blood banks & transfusion services
so the workdone of present studies will provide valuable data about blood group in four tehsil
of district swat which will be very helpful in future reaserch and also in other issues related to
morbidilities and mortalities and in blood transfusion activities specially in district swat.
The data from presents study also provides information on the genetic variability and
polymorphism of the blood group and rhesus antigens among the population in Barikot, Babozai,
Recommendation
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ABO and Rh blood group markers are very important for blood transfusion, therefore the
following is hereby made on basis of my studies titled “ Distribution of ABO AND Rh (D)
AB+ blood group have more association with congenital disease in district swat
The highest level of non congenital disease was found in blood group O+ followed by
In age group (1-19) A+ is dominant , in age group age (20-20) and (30-39) are B+ while in
In male the blood group A+ has dominant while in female the blood group B+ is
dominant.
REFERENCES
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KHAN, S. M., FAROOQ, N., OMAR, N., FAHEEM, T., SUBHAN, F., KARZI, M. B., FIYAZ,
M., KARAMAT, A. K., (2006). Trend of Blood Group and Rh Factor in the Twin Cities of
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