FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE By the Engineering Department CRANE. 1988 — Crane Co, Voit, iL 60404Bibliography "RA. Dodge & M._J. Thompson, “Fluid Mechanics”; MeGeaw ft Book company ine 1957 pages 18h 288, *H Rouse, "Elementary Mechanics of Fluids"; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1946 'BF. Grizzle, "Simplification of Gas Flow Calculations by ‘Means of a New Special Slide Rule"; Petroleum Engineer. September, 1945. 4H. Kirchbach, “Loss of Energy in Miter Bends”; Trans- actions of the Munich Hydraulic Institute, Bulletin No. 3, Acercan Society of Mechanial Engincers, New York, "Dowtherm Handbook”; Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1954; page 10. ‘RJ, Pigott, “Pressure Losses in Tubing, Pipe, and Fit- ‘ngs; Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Volume 72, 1950; pages 679 to 68% Handbook of Chemistey and Physies", 44th, Edition, 1962-1963, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland. ‘RE. Stearns, RM. Jackson, RR. Jonson, and CA, Larson, "Flow Measurement with Orifice Meters": D. Van Nostrand Company, Ine., New York, 1951 Fluid Meters”; American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers, Part I—6th Edition, New York, 1971 "RG. Cunningham, “Orifice. Meters with Supercritical Compressible Flow”; ASME Paper No, 50-A-43 *"Air_Congitioning Refrigerating Data Book—Desi American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 9th Edition, New York, 1955 "WL. Nelson, “Petroleum Refinery Engineering"; MeGraw- Hill Book Co,, New York, 1949. "Lionel S, Marks, “Mechanical Engincers Handbook” MeGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, Fifth Edition. N°ASME Steam Tables™ (page 298), American Society of Mechanical Engincers, New York, 1967, : J.B, Maxwell, “Data Book on Hydrocarbons”; D. Van Nostrand Company, Ine., New York, 1950. MC.L. Corp and RO. Ruble, “Loss of Head in, Valves and Pipes of One-Flalf to Twelve Inches Diameter”: University af Waconsin Experimental Station Bulletin, Volume 9, No "GL. Tuve and RE. Sprenkle, "Orifice Discharge Coeff cients for Viscous Liquids; Instruments, Novernber, 1933: page 201 SLE, Moody, “Friction Factors for Pipe Flow”; Trant- actions of the American Society of Mechanical Engincers, Volume 66, November, 1944; pages 671 co 678, A, HL Shapiro, “The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow’, ‘The Ronald Press Company 19551 Chapter 6. SVL. Streeter, “Fluid Mechanics”, Ist Edition, 1951 TIKH, Beij, “Pressure Losses for Fluid Flow in 90 Degree Pipe Bends"; Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Volume 21, July, 1938 "Standards of Hydraulic Institute”, Eighth Edition, 1947, ™Bingham, E.C. and Jackson, RF, Bureau of Standards Bulletin 14; pages 5810 86 (SB. 298, August, 1916) i919) MT. R, Weymouth, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Volume 34, 1912; page 197 PR. J. S, Pigott, “The Flow of Fluids in Closed Conduits Mechanical Engineering, Volume 5, No, 8, August 1933, page 497. mory Kemler, “A Study of Data on the Flow of Fluids in Pipes,” Transactions of the American Society of Mechan= teal Engineers, Vol. 55, 1933, HYD38-2a | a = a a a 5 a a a a a = = Ss FOREWORD The more complex industry becomes, the more vital becomes the role played by Muids in the industrial machine. One hundred ‘Years ago water was the only important fluid which was conveyed from one point to an other in pipe, Today, almost every con; ceivable fluid is handied in pipe during its production, processing, transportation, or utilization. The age of atomic energy and rocket power has acided Fluids such as liquid metals ive., sodium, potassium, and bismuth, as well as liquid oxygen, nitrogen, etc... . to the list of more common fluids such as oil, water, gases, acids, and liquors that are being transported in’ pipe today Nor is the transportation of fluids the only phase of hydraulics which warrants atten- tion now, Hydraulic and pneumatic mecha- nisms are used extensively for the controls of modern aircraft, sea-going vessels, auto- motive equipment, machine tools, earth- moving and oad-building machines, and even in scientific laboratory equipment where precise control of fluid flow is required. So extensive are the applications of hyclrau- lics and fluicl mechanics that almost every engineer has found it necessary to fail iarize himself with at least the elementary laws of fluid flow. To satisfy a demand for a simple and practical treatment of the subject of flow in pipe, Crane Co. published in 1935, a booklet entitled Flow of Fluids and Heat Transmission. A revised edition on the subject of Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe was published in tog2. Technical Paper No. 10, a com- pletely new edition with an allenew format was introduced in 1957, In T-P. 410, Crane has endeavored to present the latest avail- able information on flow of fluids, in sum- marized form with all auxiliary data neces- sary to the solution of all but the most unusual fluid flow problems. From 1957 until the present, there have been numerous printings of Technical Paper No. 410. Each successive printing is updated, as necessary, to reflect the latest flow in- formation available, This continual updating, we believe, serves the best in- terests of the users of this publication. ‘The fifteenth printing (1976 edition) pre- sented a conceptual change regarding the values of Equivalent Length “L/D and Resistance Coefficient “K” for valves and fittings relative to the friction factor in pipes. This change has relatively minor effect on most problems dealing with flow conditions that result in Reynolcls numbers falling in the turbulent zone. However, for flow in the laminar zone, the change avoitls a signifi- cant overstatement of pressure drop. Con- sistent with this conceptual revision, the re- sistance to flow through valves and fittings is now expressed in terms of resistance co- efficient “K™ instead of equivalent length "L/D", and the coverage of valve and fitting types has been expanded Further important revisions included up- dating of steam viscosity data, orifice co efficients, and nozzle coefficients, As in previous printings, nomographs are included for the use of those engineers who prefer graphical methods of solving some of the more simple problems. Insofar as general arrangement is concerned, theory is presented in Chapters 1 and 2 practical application to flow problems in Chapters 3 and 4... . physical properties of fluids and flow characteristics of valves, fit- tings, and pipe in Appendix A... and con- version units and other useful engineering data in Appendix B. Most of the data on flow through valves and fittings were obtained by carefully conducted experiments in the Crane Engineering Labo- ratories, Liberal use has been made, how- ever, of other reliable sources of data on this subject and due credit has been given these sources in the text. The bibliography of references will provide a source for further study of the subject presented. CRANE CO.