‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫ﺑﺴـــﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣـــﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣـــﻴﻢ‬

‫‪Fn‬‬ ‫‪Fs‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬ ‫=‪τ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﺸ ّﺪ‬ ‫‪Fn‬‬ ‫ﺺ‬
‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘ ّ‬ ‫‪Fs‬‬

‫‪σ = Eε‬‬
‫‪ ε‬اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸ ّﺪ‬

‫‪E‬‬
‫=‪G‬‬
‫) ‪2(1 + υ‬‬

‫‪τ =Gγ‬‬
‫‪ γ‬اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘ ّ‬
‫ﺺ‬

‫‪i = x , y ,z‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪εi‬‬ ‫]) ‪[σ i (1 + υ ) − υ (σ x + σ y + σ z‬‬
‫‪E‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﻎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﻮع‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫‪Gpa‬‬ ‫‪Mpa‬‬ ‫‪Mpa‬‬ ‫‪m3‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪7800‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻻذ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫‪0.21‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪170‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪7200‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺰهﺮ‬
‫‪ % 4.5‬آﺎرﺑﻮن‬
‫‪0.33‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪2630‬‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮم‬
‫‪0.33‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺐ اﻟﺘﻨﻮب ‪Fir‬‬
‫‪0.21‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪2400‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎدﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ هﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ و ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ و اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬
‫ﺺ ﺟﺪاول اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ و ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻤﻮاد ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ راﺟﻊ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ و ﺑﺎﻷﺧ ّ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎدر هﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Eighth Edition, McGraw-Hill‬‬
‫‪-Machinery’s Handbook, Twenty-Eighth Edition‬‬
‫‪-MECHANICAL ENGINEERS DATA HANDBOOK, JAMES CARVILL‬‬
 ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫= ‪R1 = R 2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V AB = R1‬‬
‫‪V BC = −R 2‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬ ‫‪Fx‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫= ‪M AB‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫) ‪M BC = (L − x‬‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫اﻟﻘ ّ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪Fx‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫= ‪y AB‬‬ ‫إﻧﺤﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪(4x 2 − 3L 2 ) x‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪48EI‬‬
‫ﻋﺰم‬ ‫‪FL3‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪y max = −‬‬ ‫ﺣ ّﺪ أآﺜﺮ إﻧﺤﺎء أو إﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ‬
‫‪48EI‬‬
‫ﻋﺎرﺿﺔ ذات دﻋﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺮآﺰة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫‪Fb‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫= ‪R1‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Fa‬‬
‫= ‪R2‬‬
‫‪L‬‬

‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪V AB = R1‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪V BC = −R 2‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Fbx‬‬
‫= ‪M AB‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Fa‬‬
‫‪M BC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪(L − x‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪Fbx‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫= ‪y AB‬‬ ‫) ‪(x 2 + b 2 − L 2‬‬
‫‪6EIL‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Fa (L − x ) 2‬‬
‫‪y BC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪(x + a 2 − 2Lx‬‬
‫‪6EIL‬‬
‫ﻋﺎرﺿﺔ )آﻤﺮة( ‪ Beam -‬ذات دﻋﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺮآﺰة‬
 ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫‪wL‬‬
‫= ‪R1 = R 2‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪wL‬‬
‫= ‪V‬‬ ‫‪− wx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬ ‫‪wx‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬ ‫= ‪M‬‬ ‫) ‪(L − x‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪wx‬‬
‫= ‪y‬‬ ‫) ‪(2Lx 2 − x 3 − L3‬‬
‫‪24EI‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪5wL4‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪y max‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪384EI‬‬
‫ﻋﺎرﺿﺔ ذات دﻋﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ E‬ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﻎ أو ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻذ ﺣﺪود ‪ 200‬ﻏﻴﻐﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
‫‪ I‬ﻋﺰم اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ )ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ( ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪R 1 =V = F‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪M 1 = FL‬‬
‫) ‪M = F (x − L‬‬
‫‪M1‬‬ ‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪Fx 2‬‬
‫= ‪y‬‬ ‫) ‪(x − 3L‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪6EI‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪FL3‬‬
‫‪y max‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪3EI‬‬
‫ﻋﺎرﺿﺔ ذات دﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺮآﺰة ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬
 4 ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

y w R1 = wL ، ‫ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪة و ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻄﻮل‬w

x
wL2
M1 =
2
M1 R1
V = w (L − x )
L
w
V M =− (L − x )2
2
x
wx 2
M y = (4Lx − x 2 − 6L2 )
x 24EI

wL 4
y max =−
8EI
‫ﻋﺎرﺿﺔ ذات دﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪة‬

y Fb
a
F
b R1 = 3
(3L2 − b 2 )
x 2L
Fa 2
R 2 = 3 (3L − a )
R1 2L
M1 L Fb
R2
M 1 = 2 (L2 − b 2 )
2L
A B C
V AB = R1 , V BC = −R 2
V Fb
x M AB = 3 [b 2 L − L3 + x (3L2 − b 2 )]
2L
Fa 2
M M BC = 3 (3L2 − 3Lx − aL + ax )
2L
x
Fbx 2
y AB = 3
[3L (b 2 − L2 ) + x (3L2 − b 2 )]
12EIL
F ( x − a )3
y BC = y AB −
6EI
‫ﻋﺎرﺿﺔ ذات دﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ و ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺮآﺰة‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫‪abc ρ‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺻﻠﺐ‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‪I x = (a 2 + b 2 ) x‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‪I y = (a 2 + c 2 ) y‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‪I z = (b 2 + c 2 ) z‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ g‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻷرض ‪ ρ ،‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻮزﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ أو ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ وﻳﻌﺮف‬
‫‪area moment of inertia‬‬
‫‪ second moment of area‬اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪moment of inertia‬‬

‫‪π (d − d ) ρ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻪ ﺻﻠﺒﻪ‬
‫‪4g‬‬
‫‪md 2‬‬
‫= ‪Ix‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪Iy = Iz‬‬ ‫) ‪(3d 2 + 4l 2‬‬
‫‪48‬‬
‫‪ l‬ﻃﻮل اﻹﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ‪ d ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ اﻹﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ و ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪moment of inertia‬‬
‫) ‪π (d o2 − d i2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻮﻓﻪ ﺻﻠﺒﻪ‬
‫‪4g‬‬
‫‪m 2‬‬
‫= ‪Ix‬‬ ‫) ‪(d o + d i2‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫) ‪I y = I z = (3d o2 + 3d i2 + 4l 2‬‬
‫‪48‬‬
‫‪ l‬ﻃﻮل اﻹﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻮﻓﺔ ‪ d o ،‬اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ‪ d i ،‬اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ أو ﻋﺰم اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ‪ I‬وهﻮ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺤﻨﺎء اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺎت‬
 ‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫‪Support‬‬ ‫‪ Load‬أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬
 ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫‪Channel‬‬

‫‪Square‬‬

‫‪Angle‬‬

‫‪Tee‬‬
‫ﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬
‫أﻗ ّﻞ‬

‫‪Torsion‬‬ ‫إﻟﺘﻮاء ﻣﺤﻮر ذو ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫‪0.601T‬‬
‫= ‪τ max‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ّﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎد‬
‫‪a3‬‬

‫‪TL‬‬
‫=‪θ‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ّﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻹﻟﺘﻮاء ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺮادﻳﺎن‬
‫‪2.25Ga 4‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬
‫ﺺ أو ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ‪ T ،‬ﻋﺰم اﻹﻟﺘﻮاء‬
‫‪ L‬ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر ‪ G ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘ ّ‬
‫‪2a‬‬
‫‪ E‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸ ّﺪ‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫‪ G‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘ ّ‬

‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ‪area moment of inertia‬‬

‫‪A = hb‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫‪bh 3‬‬
‫= ‪Ix‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر ‪x‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪b 3h‬‬
‫= ‪Iy‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر ‪y‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
 ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫‪area moment of inertia‬‬ ‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬

‫‪πD‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‪A‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪πD4‬‬
‫= ‪Ix = Iy‬‬
‫‪64‬‬

‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫=‪A‬‬ ‫) ‪(D 2 − d 2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫= ‪Ix = Iy‬‬ ‫) ‪(D 4 − d 4‬‬
‫‪64‬‬

‫‪area moment of inertia‬‬ ‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫‪A = BH − 2bh‬‬

‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪BH 3 − 2bh 3‬‬

‫= ‪I‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪area moment of inertia‬‬ ‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫‪b‬‬
‫‪A = t 2 H + t 1b‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪t1‬‬
‫‪t 2 H 3 + bt 13‬‬
‫= ‪I‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪t2‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫‪area moment of inertia‬‬ ‫ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪A = BH − bh‬‬

‫‪BH 3 − bh 3‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫= ‪I‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫‪F1‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﻮن أو دﻋﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء ‪truss‬‬

‫‪∑ Fx = 0‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪∑ Fy = 0‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪FBC‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪FBC‬‬
‫‪F3‬‬
‫‪FAB‬‬ ‫‪FBE‬‬ ‫‪FEC‬‬ ‫‪FCD‬‬

‫‪FAB‬‬ ‫‪FBE‬‬ ‫‪FEC‬‬

‫‪FCD‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪FAB‬‬ ‫‪FED‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪Dx‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪F3‬‬ ‫‪Dy‬‬

‫إﻟﺘﻮاء إﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻪ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫‪16T‬‬
‫= ‪τ max‬‬ ‫ﺺ‬
‫اﻟﺤ ّﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻘ ّ‬
‫‪πD3‬‬

‫‪32TL‬‬
‫=‪θ‬‬ ‫‪radian‬‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ اﻹﻟﺘﻮاء‬
‫‪πGD 4‬‬
‫‪ T‬ﻋﺰم اﻹﻟﺘﻮاء ‪ D ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ اﻹﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻪ ‪ L ،‬ﻃﻮل اﻹﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺺ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻذ ﻳﺴﺎوي ‪ 79.3‬ﻏﻴﻐﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
‫‪ G‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘ ّ‬
 ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪب )‪( Buckling‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬
‫‪π 2 EI‬‬
‫‪P =K‬‬
‫‪L2‬‬
‫‪ P‬ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺤﺪب‬
‫‪ E‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﻎ‬
‫‪ I‬ﻋﺰم اﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫‪ L‬اﻟﻄﻮل‬
‫‪ K‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﺗﺼﺎل اﻹﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻴﻦ و ﻳﺴﺎوي هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪K‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2.05‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد و اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫‪Pa 2‬‬
‫‪σ max‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫‪a 6‬‬
‫]‪2t [0.623( ) + 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪b‬‬

‫‪0.0284Pa 4‬‬
‫‪Δ max‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻺﻧﺤﺮاف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫]‪Et 3[1.056( )5 + 1‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪ P‬ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪة‬

‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬

‫=‪σ‬‬ ‫= ‪ stress , E‬اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪ε‬‬
‫‪PL‬‬ ‫‪δ‬‬
‫=‪δ‬‬ ‫= ‪ elongation , ε‬اﻹﻃﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪AE‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫=‪G‬‬ ‫ﺺ‬
‫‪ shear modulus‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘ ّ‬
‫) ‪2(1 + υ‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف ‪ y‬أو ‪deflection Δ‬‬
‫‪ P‬اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻘﻮة ‪ A ،‬اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪ L ،‬اﻟﻄﻮل ‪ E ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﻎ‬
‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪ ν‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻮن و ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﻰ اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﺤﻮري‬
‫‪εy‬‬ ‫‪ε‬‬
‫‪υ =−‬‬ ‫‪=− z ،‬‬ ‫‪strain ε‬‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل‬
‫‪εx‬‬ ‫‪εx‬‬
‫‪tension‬‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ أو ﺷ ّﺪ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺸ ّﺪ ‪tensile stress σ‬‬
‫ﺺ ‪shear stress τ‬‬‫إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻘ ّ‬
‫‪strength of materials‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
 ‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

‫داﺋﺮة ﻣﻮر ‪Mohr’s Circle‬‬

‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ﻓﻲ ﺑُﻌﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫‪σx +σ y‬‬
‫ﻣﺮآﺰ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪σx −σ y‬‬
‫= ‪ R‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪) 2 + τ xy2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ σ1‬اﻟﺤ ّﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺸ ّﺪ‬

‫‪ σ2‬اﻟﺤ ّﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺸ ّﺪ‬

‫ﺺ‬
‫‪ τ1‬اﻟﺤ ّﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻘ ّ‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫‪ τ2‬اﻟﺤ ّﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻘ ّ‬

‫‪σx +σ y‬‬ ‫‪σx −σ y‬‬ ‫‪σx −σ y‬‬

‫= ‪σ1‬‬ ‫( ‪+‬‬ ‫‪) 2 + τ xy2‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫( ‪τ1 = +‬‬ ‫‪) 2 + τ xy2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪σx +σ y‬‬ ‫‪σx −σ y‬‬ ‫‪σx −σ y‬‬
‫= ‪σ2‬‬ ‫( ‪−‬‬ ‫‪) 2 + τ xy2‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫( ‪τ2 = −‬‬ ‫‪) 2 + τ xy2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺑﻌﺎد‬
‫‪σ − (σ x + σ y + σ z )σ + (σ x σ y + σ x σ z + σ y σ z − τ − τ − τ )σ −‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪xy‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪yz‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪zx‬‬

‫‪−(σ x σ y σ z + 2τ xy τ yz τ zx − σ x τ yz2 − σ y τ zx2 − σ z τ xy2 ) = 0‬‬

‫أﺟﻮاﺑﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ هﻲ ‪ σ 1‬و ‪ σ 2‬و ‪ σ 3‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪σ 1 ≥ σ 2 ≥ σ 3‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻹﻧﻜﺴﺎر أو اﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺴﻜﺎ ‪ – Tresca‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺤ ّﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻘ ّ‬
‫‪σ1 − σ 3‬‬ ‫‪Sy‬‬
‫= ‪τ max‬‬ ‫≥‬ ‫‪) yield strength S y‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﻮع(‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻮن ﻣﻴﺰس ‪ – Von Mises‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻮي ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪(σ 1 − σ 2 ) 2 + (σ 2 − σ 3 ) 2 + (σ 3 − σ 1 ) 2 ≥ S y‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1- Distortion-Energy Theory for Ductile Materials‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬
‫‪2010 - 9 – 9‬‬
12 ‫ﺟﻼل اﻟﺤﺎج ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

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