Groundwater Wells Second E Fletcher G. Driscoll, Ph.D. Principal Author and Editor Published by Johnson Filtration Systems Inc., St.Paul, Minnesota 55112 EXHIBITCconyight © 1986 by Johnson Filsatin Systems Ine, St. asl, Minnesota $5112 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 85-6957 ISBN 0961645604 Second Printing 1987 ‘Third Printing 1989 Printed in the United States of America, All rights reserved. This book, or paris Framtet nay not be reproduced without written permission from the publisher. H.M. Smyth Company, In. printed this volume on Mead Corporation's is Be Ma Mofstite stock. Typosraphy was done by CTS Inc. the text was set in 9 point Times Roman type face, ‘The information and recommendations contained in this book have been comple fran surees believed tobe reliable and to represeat the best opinion onthe sues. from 986, However, no warranty, guarantee, oF fepresetaion, express of MP J tnade by Johnson Filtration Systems Inc. as to the correctness or sufficiency of this dane a or tothe results tobe obtained from the use thereof. ft cannot be assumed veae all necessary warnings, safety suggestions, and precautionary measures are “9%, tha a wens bok, or that any additonal information Or measures may not be required sain ble because of particular conditions or circumstances, or because of an) ¢P- plicable U'S.A. federal tate, or local la, or any applicable foreign lay of Biance requirements or codes. The warnings, safety suggestions, and presastionaty araretce contained herein do not supplement oF modify any U.S.A. federa), sat or seat ne or any applicable foreign law, or any insurance requirements oF codestis finer OCCURRENCE AND MOVEMENT OF GROUNDWATER Several problems can occur i atempt- ing to determine a proper hydraulic con- ductivity with @ permeameter. For ex ample, trapped air within the sample can reduce the flow rate. In sophisticated per- tmeameters, air may be driven out by passing carbon dioxide gas through the sample. Deserated water is then allowed to enter the testing chamber. Any air that remains inthe system is readily absorbed by the deaerated water, which also ab- orbs the carbon dioxide gas previous introduced. A combination of these two procedures assures that no air wil remain in the sample chamber to impede the fow. Packing of the grains presents a more difficult probiem, When a sample is col lected, the arrangement of individual trains i quite dense because component fling tli mc we me srrriles have seitled together over tens Tater alone flan Wow 8 Frc Dari ee fens of milions of | etatagesta thy oeaiy years, Recent alluvial or late Pleistocene ©" ¥e ‘made using Darcy's equation. flaciofluvial sands and gravels, however, aie wot usually well packed and generally possess high porosities. Every sample be~ area least arly dsagerepated during collection, transportation tothe laboratory, ad placement within the permeameter. The problem forthe laboratory technician ie icar the original packing density must be reestablished ifthe measurements are to wely represent the percolation rates found in nature, Probably the best way to reestablish the original packing of a sample is by mechanical vibration; electrical “Wbrators are extremely useful for this purpose. Hand jarring or tamping also tends qo reduce the bulk of the sample. In addition, it is possible to introduce water at a sory slow rate into the sample chamber; asthe water rises by capilleriy, small particles axe pulled downward into the voids Route obtained from properly built and operated permeameters may be quite acmivate provided that a sample has been returned tts field condition. Of course, a relatively undisturbed sample is best for testing FLOW NETS Flow in an unconfined groundwater environment is controlled by impermeable gcolopie boundaries and the water table, which also acts as 2 boundary. Because no flow ean eross these boundaries, the water must flow more or less parallel to them in what are called flow lines. Flow occurs because the potential energy head drives the water from areas of higher head to areas of lower head (that i, for example, from beneath a hil t.a steam channel) (Figure 5.178) Flow lines are perpendicular 19 lines of equal water-table elevations (potential head elevations) (Figure 3.170) "The dotted lines in Figure 5.17b represent the potential head at those places onthe roundwater table; these lines are called equipotental Lines. Along each dotted ine,