Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Beams: Deformation by Singularity Functions: by Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
Beams: Deformation by Singularity Functions: by Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
LECTURE
BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY
SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
17 by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
Chapter ENES 220 – Mechanics of Materials
9.5 – 9.6 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 1
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Introduction
– The integration method discussed earlier
becomes tedious and time-consuming
when several intervals and several sets of
matching conditions are needed.
– We noticed from solving deflection
problems by the integration method that
the shear and moment could only rarely
described by a single analytical function.
1
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 2
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Introduction
– For example the cantilever beam of Figure
9a is a special case where the shear V and
bending moment M can be represented by
a single analytical function, that is
V ( x ) = w(L − x ) (15a)
and
(
M ( x ) = w − L2 + 2 Lx − x 2 ) (15b)
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 3
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Introduction
y
Figure 9 P w
x
y L/4
L/2
w L
x
L (b)
(a)
2
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 4
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Introduction
– While for the beam of Figure 9b, the shear
V or moment M cannot be expressed in a
single analytical function. In fact, they
should be represented for the three
intervals, namely
0 ≤ x ≤ L/4,
L/4 ≤ x ≤ L/2, and
L/2 ≤ x ≤ L
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 5
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Introduction
– For the three intervals, the shear V and the
bending moment M can are given,
respectively, by
y P w
wL
x
P+ for 0 ≤ x ≤ L / 4
L/4
L/2 2
L wL
V ( x) = for L/4 ≤ x ≤ L / 2
2
wL − w x − L for L / 2 ≤ x ≤ L
2 2
3
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 6
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y
Introduction P w
x
and L/4
L/2
L
PL 3wL2 wL
− − + Px + x for 0 ≤ x ≤ L / 4
4 8 2
3wL2 wL
M ( x) = − + x for L/4 ≤ x ≤ L / 2
8 2
2 2
3wL wL w L
− + x − x − for L / 2 ≤ x ≤ L
8 2 2 2
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 7
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Introduction
– We see that even with a cantilever beam
subjected to two simple loads, the
expressions for the shear and bending
moment become complex and more
involved.
– Singularity functions can help reduce this
labor by making V or M represented by a
single analytical function for the entire
length of the beam.
4
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 8
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 9
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Definition
A singularity function is an expression for x
n
written as x − x0 , where n is any integer
(positive or negative) including zero, and x0
is a constant equal to the value of x at the
initial boundary of a specific interval along
the beam.
5
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 10
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 11
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Selected Properties
6
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 12
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
d n n −1
x − x0 = n x − x0 when n > 0 (20)
dx
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 13
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y y
y = x −1
1
1 2
y= x
4
2 2
1 1
x x
-1 1 2 3 -1 1 2 3
(a) Figure 10 (b)
7
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 14
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y y
1 1
0 y = x +1 − x −1
y = 2 x−2
0
2 −2 x−2
2
1 1
x x
-1 1 2 3 -1 1 2 3
(c) Figure 10 (e)
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 15
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
8
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 16
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Singularity Functions
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 17
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Singularity Functions
Applications of Singularity Functions in
Developing a Single Equation to
Describe the Bending Moment
M 1 = RL x for 0 < x < x1
M 2 = RL x − P(x − x1 ) for x1 < x < x2
M 3 = RL x − P(x − x1 ) + M A for x2 < x < x3 (21)
w( x − x3 )
M 4 = RL x − P(x − x1 ) + M A − for x2 < x < xL
2
9
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 18
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 19
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Singularity Functions
10
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 20
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
M ( x ) = RL x − P x − x1 + M A x − x2
1 0
w 2
(22)
− x − x3 for 0 < x < L
2
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 21
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Singularity Functions
Notes on Distributed Loads
– When using singularity functions to
describe bending moment along the beam
length, special considerations must be
taken when representing distributed loads,
such as those shown in Figure 12.
– The distributed load cannot be represented
by a single function of x for all values of x.
11
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 22
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 23
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
12
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 24
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y w0
w0 y w0 y
x x x
x1 x1 x1
L L L
w0 2 w0 3 n+2
M w0 = − x − x1 M w0 = − x − x1 M w0 = −k x − x1
2 6(L − x1 )
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 25
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
13
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 26
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 27
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
14
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 28
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 29
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 4
Use singularity functions to write the
moment equation for the beam shown in
Figure 16. Employ this equation to obtain
the elastic curve, and find the deflection at
x = 10 ft. y 2000 lb/ft Figure 16
E = 29 × 106 psi x
I = 464 in 2
4 ft 11 ft 5 ft
15
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 30
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 4 (cont’d)
y
2000 lb/ft
4 ft 11 ft 5 ft
Find the reactions:
R1 R2
15
+ ∑M 2 = 0; R1 (16 ) − 2000(15)(5 + )=0
2
∴ R1 = 23,437.5 lb
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; R1 + R2 − 2000(15) = 30,000
∴ R2 = 6,562.5 lb
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 31
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 4 (cont’d)
A single expression for the bending
moment can be obtained using the
singularity functions:
y 2000 lb/ft
4 ft 11 ft 5 ft
R1 R2
2000( x ) 2000 x − 15
2 2
M (x ) = − (23a)
1
+ + 23,437.5 x − 4
2 2
16
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 32
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 4 (cont’d)
The elastic curve is found by integrating
Eq. 23 twice
2
2000 x 2 2000 x − 15
EIy′′ = M (x ) = −
1
+ + 23,437.5 x − 4
2 2
3 2
x 3 2000 x − 15 23,437.5 x − 4
EIy′ = EIθ = −2000 + + + C1 (23b)
6 6 2
4 3
x 4 2000 x − 15 23,437.5 x − 4
EIy = −2000 + + + C1 x + C2 (23c)
24 24 6
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 33
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 4 (cont’d)
Boundary conditions:
y = 0 at x = 4 ft and at x = 20 ft
4 3
(4) 4 2000 4 − 15 23,437.5 4 − 4
EIy (4) = 0 = −2000 + + + C1 (4) + C2
24 24 6
0 0
∴ 4C1 + C2 = 21,333.3 (23d)
4 3
4
( 20) 2000 20 − 15 23,437.5 20 − 4
EIy (20) = 0 = −2000 + + + C1 (20) + C2
24 24 6
17
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 34
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 4 (cont’d)
From Eqs 23d and 23e, the constants of
integrations are found to
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 35
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 4 (cont’d)
The deflection at any point along the beam
can be calculated using Eq. 23f (elastic
curve equation). Therefore, the deflection
y at x = 10 ft is 0
1 (10) 4 2000 10 − 15
4
23,437.5 10 − 4
3
y (10) = − 2000 + + + 168,588.5(10) − 653,020.9
EI 24 24 6
y (10) =
(12)2 [− 833,333.3 + 843,750 + 1,685,885 − 653,020.9]
29 × 106 (464 )
18
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 36
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 5
A beam is loaded and supported as
shown in Figure 17. Use singularity
functions to determine, in terms of M, L,
E, and I,
a) The deflection at the middle of the span.
b) The maximum deflection of the beam.
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 37
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 5 (cont’d)
y
M
E, I
A x C
B
L L
Figure 17
19
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 38
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 5 (cont’d)
y
First find the reactions RA and RB:
M
∑M = 0; RA (2 L ) + M = 0
E, I
x
+ C
A C
B
M
∴ RA = −
L RB 2L
RA L
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; RA + RB = 0
M
∴ RB =
2L
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 39
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 5 (cont’d)
Singularity functions to describe the
bending moment:
y
Mx 0
M E, I
M ( x) = − +M x−L (24a)
A x C
2L
B
L L R
or
R
B Mx 0
A
EIy′′ = − +M x−L (24b)
2L
20
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 40
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 5 (cont’d)
Integrating Eq. 24.b twice, we get
Mx 0
EIy′′ = − +M x−L
2L
Mx 2 1
(24c)
EIy′ = − + M x − L + C1
4L
2
Mx 3 M x − L
EIy = − + + C1 x + C2 (24d)
12 L 2
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 41
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 5 (cont’d)
Boundary conditions:
At x = 0, y = 0 Therefore: C2 = 0
At x = 2L, y = 0 Therefore: C1= ML/12
Thus,
y=
M
48EIL
[ 2
− x 3 + 6 L x − L + L2 x ] (24e)
y ( L) =
M
48EIL
[
− L3 + L3 = 0 ] (24f)
21
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS (9.5 – 9.6) Slide No. 42
Singularity Functions
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 5 (cont’d)
(b) Finding the maximum deflection:
y′ =
M
12 EIL
[ 1
− 3 x 2 + 12 L x − L + L2 ] ymax when y′ = 0
1
Therefore : − 3 x 3 + 12 x − L + L2 = 0 ⇒ x = L / 3
(
ymax = y L / 3 = ) M L3
−
12 EIL 3 3
+
L3
=
2 ML2
3 36 3EI
3ML2
=
54 EI
22