JAIME R. TIONG
@)ROMEO A. ROJAS JR.Preface
‘Acknowledgement
Dedication
oY
lumbers
onversion
THEORY:
‘Systems of numbers
Cardinal & Ordinal numbers
Numerals & Digit
Real numbers
Imaginary number
‘Complex number
Fractions
‘Composite numbers
Prime numbers
Perfect number
Defective & Abundant numbers
Amicable numbers
Factorial
Significant figures
Rounding & Truncation
Tips & Trivia
PUTER RALVOONSAs
‘TEST (60 Problems for 2 hours)
SOLUTIONS
a~
3
THEORY:
Basic rules in Algebra 24
Properties of Equality 21
Properties of Zero 22
Properties of Exponents 22
Properties of Radicals 23
Surds 23
Special Products 23
Properties of Proportion 24
Remainder Theorem 24
Factor Theorem 24
Tips & Trivia 25
TEST (60 Problems for 3.75 hours) 26
SOLUTIONS 37
Logarithms
THEORY:
Quadratic Formula 49
Nature of roots 49
Properties of roots 49
Binomial Theorem 50
Properties of Expansion 50
Pascal's Triangle 50
Coefficient of any term 50
Formula for rth term 51
‘Sum of Coefficients 51
‘Sum of Exponents 51
Common & Natural Logarithms 51
Euler’s Number 51
Binary Logarithm 51
Properties of Logarithms 52
Tips & Trivia 52
TEST (40 Problems for 3hours) 53.
SOLUTIONS 6
Mixture,
Motion
Problems
THEORY.
Age Problems 69
‘Work Pronlems 69
Mixture Problems: 70
Digit Problems 70
Motion Problems cI
Tips & Trivia nm
TEST (40 Problems for 4hours) 72
‘SOLUTIONS 83DAY
ion,
lems &
Progression
THEORY:
Clock Problems
Progression / Sequence
Series
Arithmetic Progression
Geometric Progression
Infinite Geometric Progression
Harmonic Progression
Other related sequences
Fibonacci Numbers
Lucas Numbers
Figurate Numbers
‘Triangular numbers:
Square numbers
Gnomons
Oblong numbers
Pentagonal numbers
Cubic numbers
Tetrahedral numbers
Cubic numbers
Square pyramidal numbers
Supertetrahedral numbers
Diophantine Equations
Variation Problems
Tips & Trivia
TEST (65 Problems for 4.5 hours)
SOLUTIONS
Combination &
Probability
THEORY:
Venn Diagram
Fundamental Principle of
Counting
Permutation
Combination
Probability
‘TEST (50 Problems for 3.75 hours)
SOLUTIONS
Conditional Probability
Binomial or Repeated Probability
Tips & Trivia
TEST (50 Problems for 4 hours)
SOLUTIONS
96 DAY
96 etry
97
97 THEORY:
98 Definition
98 Angles
98 Circles
98 Ellipse
98 Polygons
99 Triangles
99 Quadrilaterals
oe: eer ena nemo!
99 Parallelograms
99 ‘Square & Rectangles
99 Rhomboid & Rhombus
99 Tips & Trivia
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
THEORY:
Polyhedrons
Platonic solids
Cube
Rectangular Parallelepiped
Prisms
Cylinders
Pyramids & Cones
Frustum of Pyramids / Cones
Prismatoid
Sphere
Zone
Spherical Segment
‘Spherical Sector
Spherical Pyramid
Spherical Wedge
Torus
130
130
131
131
131
132
132
132
133
143
153
153
154
155
155
156
156
106
156
187
187
187
158
168
183
183
183
183
184
185,
185
186
186
186
187
187
187
187
188Ellipsoid & Spheroid
Tips & Trivia
TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours)
SOLUTIONS
THEORY:
Definition
Solution to Right Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem
Solution to Oblique Triangles
Law of Sines
Law of Cosines
Lew of Tangents
Trigonomettic Identities
Plane Areas (Triangles)
Plane Areas (Quadrilaterals)
Ptolemy's Theorem
Tips & Trivia
TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours)
SOLUTIONS
THEORY:
Solution to Right Triangles
Napier's Rules
Solution to Oblique Triangles
Area of Spherical Triangle
Terrestrial Sphere
Tips & Trivia
TEST (15 Problems for 1.5 hours)
SOLUTION
188
189
190
197
206
206
207
207
207
207
207
209
210
211
212
213
223
236
236
237
237
237
238
239
242
THEORY:
Rectangular coordinates system
Distance formula
Distance between two points in
space
Slope of a line
Angle between two lines
Distance between a point and a
line
Distance between two lines
Division of line segment
Area by coordinates
Linco
Conic sections
Circles
Tips & Trivia
TEST (50 Problems for 4 hours)
SOLUTIONS
ometry
a, Ellipse
& Hyperbola
THEORY:
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Polar coordinates
Tips & Trivia
TEST (56 Problems for 4 hours)
SOLUTIONS
247
247
248
248
248
248
248
249
249
240
250
251
252
253
262
279
282
284
285
286
297_ OAY
ferential
imits &
Derivatives)
THEORY:
Derivatives 314
Algebraic functions 314
Exponential functions 314
Logarithmic functions 315
Trigonometric functions 315
Inverse Trigonometric functions 315
Hyperbolic functions 315
Tips & Trivia 316
TEST (40 Probiems for 4 hours) 317
SOLUTIONS 326
Time Rates)
THEORY:
Maxima / Minima 337
Time Rates 337
Relation between the variables &
maxima /minima values 338
Tips & Trivia 342
TEST (35 Problems for3 hours) 343
SOLUTIONS 361
THEORY:
Basic integrals 367
Exponential & Logarithmic
functions 367
Trigonometric functions 367
Inverse trigonometric functions 368
Hyperbolic functions 369
Trigonometric substitution 369
Integration by parts 370
Plane areas
Centroid
Length of arc
Propositions of Pappus
Work
Moment of inertia
Tips & Trivia
‘TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours)
SOLUTIONS
THEORY:
Types uf DE
Order of DE
Degree of DE
Types of solutions of DE
Applications of DE
Tips & Trivia
TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours)
SOLUTIONS
THEORY:
Complex numbers
Mathematical operation of
complex numbers.
Matrices
‘Sum of two matrices
Difference of two matrices
Product of two matrices
Division of matrices
Transpose matrix
Cofactor of an entry of a matrix
Cofactor matrix
Inverse matrix
Determinants
Properties ofdeterminants
Laplace transform
370
371
371
371
372
373
373
374
385
402
402
402
402
404
406
407
414
425
426
428
429
420
429
430
430
430
431
431
432
432
434Laplace transforms of elementary
functions
Tips & Trivia
TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours)
SOLUTIONS
THEORY:
Vector & scalar quantities
Velocity & acceleration
Force & Motion
Laws of motion
Law of universal gravitation
Work. Eneray and Power
Frictional force
Law of conservation of energy
Impulse & Momentum
Gas laws:
Fluids at rest
Archimedes Principle
Tips & Trivia
TEST (40 Problems for 3 hours)
SOLUTIONS
THEORY:
Definition of terms
Conditions for equilibrium
Friction
Parabolic cable & catenary
Moment of inertia
Mass moment of inertia
Tips & Trivia
TEST (35 Problems for 3.5 hours)
SOLUTIONS
435
436
437
449
491
499
(Dynamics)
THEORY:
Rectilinear translation 507
Vertical motion 507
Curvilinear translation 508
Projectile or trajectory 508
Rotation 508
D’Alembert's Principle 508
Centrifugal force 509
Tips & Trivia 509
TEST (45 Problems for 4 hours) 510
SOLUTIONS 520
igth of
terials
THEORY:
Simple stress 531
Simple strain 531
Stress-strain diagram 532
Hooke’s law 532
‘Thermal stress. 533
Thin-walled cylinder 533
Torsion 534
Helical springs 534
Tips & Trivia 535
TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours) 536
SOLUTIONS 543,
jineering
imple &
Compound Interest
THEORY:
Definition of terms 549
Market situations 560
Simple interest 550
Compound interest 550Nominal & effective rates of
interest 551
Discount 551
Tips & Trivia 552
TEST (40 Problems for 3 hours) 553
SOLUTIONS 562
eering
nnuity,
Depreciation, Bonds,
Breakeven analysis,
etc.
THEORY:
Annuity 568
Capitalized cost 569
Bonds 569
Depreciation 570
Break even analysis 572
Legal forms of business
‘organizations 572
Tips & Trivia 573
TEST (61 Problems for 4 hours) 574
SOLUTIONS 586
‘A. GLOSSARY 598
B. CONVERSION 637
C. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 639
D. POWER OF 10 640
E. NUMERATION 641
F. MATH NOTATION 641
G. GREEKALPHABETS 642
H. DIVISIBILITYRULES 643Systems of Numbers and Conversion 1
Number is an item that describes a magnitude or a position. Numbers are classified
into two types, namely cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are
numbers which allow us to count the objects or ideas in a given collection. Example,
4,2,3... while ordinal numbers states the position of individual objects in a
sequence. Example, First, second, third.
Numerals are symbols, or combination of symbols which describe a number. The
most widely used numerals are the Arabic numerals and the Roman numerals.
Arabic numerals were simply a modification of the Hindu-Arabic number signs and
are written in Arabic digits. Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8,9 and in
combination 20, 21, 22, ... 1999, ... The Roman numerals are numbers which are
written in Latin alphabet. Example MCMXCIV.
The following are Roman numerals and their equivalent Arabic numbers:
124 Cc = 100
voe5 D = 500
x = 10 M = 1000
L = 50
To increase the number, the following are used:
1. Bracket — to increase by 100 times.
\x|=1000
2. Bar above the number — to increase by 1000 times
X = 10000
3. A’‘doorframe” above the number —to increase by 100000 times.
[x] = 1.000000
Digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or in combination to denote a
number. For example, the number 21 has two digits, namely 2 and 1. In Roman
numerals, the number 9 is denoted as IX. So the digits | and X were used together to
denote one number and that is the number 9.
In mathematical computations or engineering applications, a system of numbers
using cardinal numbers was established and widely used.
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