ee Serie com UNIT X OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES ‘© Periodic Motion : It is that motion which is identically repeated after a fixed interval of time. The fixed interval of time after which the motion is repeated is called period of motion, For example, the revolution of earth around the sun ‘© Oscillatory Motion or Vibratory Motion : [tis that mation in which a body moves to and for or back and forth repoatedly about a fixed point (callod mean position), in definite interval of time. ‘© Simple Harmonic Motion : It is @ special type of periodic motion, in which a particle moves to and fro repeatedly about a mean (i.., equillbrium) position and the magnitude of force acting on the particle at ary instant is, directly proportional to the displacement of tie particle from the mean (i.e, equilibrium) position at that instant ie. F = -K y. \where kis known as force constant. Here, ~ve sign shows that the restoring force (F) is always directed towards the mean position ‘© Displacement in $.H.M : The displacement of a particle executing SHIM fa an instant |g defined as the distance of the particle from the mean position at that instant, It can be given by the relation y sin al or y = a cos at “The first relation is valid when the time is measured from the mean position and the second relation is valid when the time Is measured from the ‘extreme position of the particle executing S.H.M. ‘© Velocity in S.H.M : It is defined as the time rate of change of the displacement of the particle at the given instant. Velocity in SH.M. is given by fh sin? wat hh y?/a® v= = Basia) = accor = aah enP = aah Te? 1 Physics 12ee Serie com z = wa" —y © Acceleration in .H.M : It is defined as the time rate of change of the velocity of the particle at the given instant, Le, a= at a 2, 2 Faves ut = -wFasinat = -u4y © Time period in S.H.M is given by 1 anf, oy, ATC 1 ester |g Tacor © Frequency of vibration in S.H.M., 1 [acceeration ee. ory displacement’ © Total energy in S.H.M 5 sty? Ss? [at — y2) — Sana =e +46 bmo'y? tm? [at yt) < tte” ~ o content © Expression for time period () incase of simelo pendulum T ~ ani (iv) Oseilations of a loaded spring T — 2 im Where, mis the mass of body attached at the free end of spring and K is, the force constant of spring. © Spring constant (K) of @ spring : It is defined as the force per unit ‘extension oF compression of the spring (The spring constant of the combination of two springs In series is kK 163 X= Physicsee Serie com (i) The spring constant of the combination of two springs in parallols K=k=k ‘© Undamped oscillations : When a simple harmonic system oscillates with constant amplitude (which does not change] with time, its oscillations are called undamped oscillations. © Damped oscillations : When a simple harmonic system oscilates with & decreasing amplitude with time, its oscillations are called damped oscillations © Free, forced and resonant oscillations (@) Free oscillations : When a system oscillates with its own natural frequency without the help of an external periodic force, ils ‘scilations are called free oscilations (b) Forced oscillations : When a system oscillates with the help of an extemal periodic fores of frequency, other than its own natural frequency, its oscillations are called forced ascillalions. (©) Resonant oscillations : When a body oscillates with its own natural frequency, with the help of an external periodic force whose frequency is the samo as that of the natural frequency of the ‘oscillating body, then the oscillations of the body are called resonant ‘oscillations, © AWave Motion is a form of disturbance which travels through a medium ‘on account of repeated periodic vibrations of the particles of the medium ‘abou their mean position, the motion being handed on from one particle to the adjoining particle. ‘A material mesium is a must for propagation of waves. It should possess ‘the properties of inertia, and elasticity. The two types of wave motion are (0) Transverse wave motion that travels in the form of crests and troughs. (i) Longitudinal wave motion that travels in the form of compressions and rarefactions, ‘© Speed of longitudinal waves in 2 long solid rod is» = 7P where, is Young's modulus ofthe material of solid rod and P is density of the malta. The speed of longitudinal waves in a igudis given by v= AR whore K's bulk modulus of easy ofthe Kau XI Physies To