aS Ae aah te -First Edition 1971 Sisth Edition 1987 Reptinied 1990 Seventh Edition 1991 Reprinted 1993, 1998, 2000 ighth Edition 2001 mth Edition — 2011 CoryRiGHT © NEM CHAND & BROS, 2011 No part of this publication may be reprinted any electronic, mechanical or any means, Photocopying and recording, translated in any language with oF reproduced or utilized in any ed in any form now known or hereafter invented, inclag? or in any information storage and retiieval syn 'out the prior written peimission of the Publishet/ Auth Edited by Mrs. Indira Khanna & Mrs. Lalitha Justo ISBN 978-81-85240-63-3, Published by Nem Chand & Bros., Civil Lines, Roorkee 247 667, India e-mail : ncb_rke@rediffmail.com Photoset and Printed at the Roorkee Press, Mahavir Marg, Roorkee 247 667 ‘ila PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The basic concept of highway engineering have been considerably changed in the last ‘two decades. In the past, the subject was essentially based on the empirical practices and hum rales. “The design and construction thereby were done mainly based on the experiences of individual engineers, Like in ather countries, in India also several organisation namely, Cenural Road Research Insitute, Minisify of Transport (Roads Wing), P. W. D. Research Stations and some educational institutions have Contributed'a great deal to the knowledge and newer concepts in this field of engineering. All these contributions have given the subject a scientific oullook. The authors have been associated with the teaching and research in this discipline at the University of Roorkee for the past several years and as result ofthis experience this book embodies the latest know-how on the subject. It has been the obyective of the authors to prepare this book introducing the subject of highway engineering to the student in a systematic manner covering the latest knowledge. ‘The treatment of the subject is fully in metric system. Besides being useful forthe Civil Engineering students in general, it is hoped that the book should also fulfill the need of ‘he students of those institutions where this subject is being taught at an advanced level for the final year degree class as an optional paper or for the preparation of a complete Highway Project. In preparing this book, the authors have liberally drawn information from @ number of publications, particularly, of Indian Roads Congress. The authors feel that the book should serve the purpose of a standard text book for the undergraduate students of Civil Engineering for almost all the teaching institutions in the country. It is possible that some errors might have been left unnotices print’. The authors would sincerely welcome the constructive eri ‘book for the subsequent editios, while the book was in ism for improving the Janvary 26, 1971 8. Roorkee ©PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION ‘The book has been revised in general and efforts have been made to improve the presentation, Suggestions and comments on the contents and subject matter received from the sidents, teachers and professionals will be considered by the authors durin further revision of the book. s Ss. March, 2011 ic. CONTENTS CORTES trey evs INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 Importance of Transportation 1) 12 Bilterent odes of ransporation 2 13 Characteristics of Roads Transport 4 14 Importance of Roads in India 4 1.5 Scope of Highway Engineering 6 HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 9-50 2 2.1. Historical Development of Road Construction 9 22 Highway Development in India 1g 4 23 Necessity of Highway Planning 2 24 — Classification of Roads 2 25 Road Patterns 24 ' 26 Planning Surveys 7 2.7 Preparation of Plans 29 28 Interpretation of Planning Surveys 30 29 Preparation of Master Plan & its Phasing 30 2.10 Highway Planning in India 35 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS 51-70 3.1 Highway Alignment st 3 32 _Engincering Surveys for Highway Location 3s 33 Drawings and Report a 34 Highway Project a HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN 11-188 Introduction 1 4 Highway Cross Section Elements B Sight Distance 86 Design of Horizontal Alignment 103 Design of Vertical Alignment 139 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ies $1 Introduction \s 5 52 Traffic Characteristics ai 53. Traffic Operation au 5.4 Design of Intersections 3H 5.5. Design of Parking Facility x8 $6 Highway Lighting 2 5.7 Traffic Planning & Administration 287