TEACHER’S GUIDE with ANSWER KEY

Beatrice S. Mikulecky
Linda Jeffries
Advanced Reading Power:
Extensive Reading, Vocabulary Building, Comprehension Skills, Reading Faster
Teacher’s Guide with Answer Key

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
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 Answer Key
Part 1: Extensive Reading Interpretation Interpretation
#1 #2
UNIT 3: Reading and Discussing Exposition b, d b, d, h, i, j, k
Fiction Complicating
Exercise 2, page 18 action e, g e, g, f
Climax f c
Main characters:
Resolution a, c a
Margot: a thin, pale, quiet girl, who feels
(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)
different from the other children and
does not play with them Exercise 5, pages 20–21
William: the class bully, who resents Margot
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

A.
and mistreats her because she is different
(Other answers are also possible.)
The teacher: not clearly characterized, but
1. b. thousands upon thousands of days
distant and not very involved in the class
compounded and filled from one end
or concerned about the children
to the other with rain
The other children: typical nine-year-olds,
c. a thousand forests had been crushed
easily persuaded by William to gang up
under the rain and grown up a
against Margot
thousand times to be crushed again
Setting (time): in the future
d. It was the color of rubber and ash, this
Setting (place): at a school on the planet
jungle, from the many years without
Venus
the sun.
Exercise 3, page 19 2. b. the rain had washed out the blue from
a. 11 g. 4 her eyes and the red from her mouth
b. 2 h. 6 and the yellow from her hair
c. 10 i. 8 c. an old photograph dusted from an
d. 1 j. 9 album, whitened away
e. 3 k. 7 d. if she spoke at all her voice would be a
f. 5 ghost
3. b. the children pressed to each other like
Exercise 4, pages 19–20 so many roses, so many weeds
A. c. they turned on themselves like a
There can be more than one interpretation to feverish wheel, all tumbling spokes
a story like this, so alternative answers are d. wildly, like animals escaped from their
possible. Answers based on two caves, they ran and ran in shouting
interpretations are shown below. Other circles
answers are possible if students can justify 4. b. He gave her a shove.
them. The students do not have to use all of c. he seized her roughly
items a–k d. The boy gave her another push.

Answer Key 29
 5. b. a gold or a yellow crayon or a coin Exercise 2, pages 34–35
large enough to buy the world with A.
c. a warmness, like a blushing in the face 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F
d. the sun on their cheeks like a warm iron (Answers will vary for parts B–D.)
6. b. the sweet crystal fall of showers
c. the concussion of storms so heavy they UNIT 3: Inferring Meaning from
were tidal waves come over the islands Context
d. the tatting drum, the endless shaking Exercise 1, page 37
down of clear bead necklaces upon the
A.
roof
(Answers will vary.)
7. b. blazing blue tile color
B.

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c. amazing blueness
drenched: completely wet
d. darkened into midnight
thrust: to push someone or something
somewhere with a sudden or violent
Part 2: Vocabulary Building movement
UNIT 1: Strategies for Building Exercise 2, pages 37–38
a Powerful Vocabulary
A.
Exercises 1, 2, pages 26–27
(Answers will vary.)
(Answers will vary.) B.
tamper: to change something without
Exercise 3, page 28
permission, especially in order to
1. three damage it
2. adjective forlorn: sad and lonely
3. You probably are worried that your
teacher will find something wrong. Exercise 3, page 38
4. a piece of paper A.
5. Answers will vary. (Answers will vary.)
6. on the first syllable B.
7. scrubbed woes: the problems and troubles affecting
someone
Exercise 4, page 30
abducted: taken away illegally and by force;
(Answers will vary.) kidnapped

UNIT 2: Learning New Words Exercise 4, page 40

from Your Reading A.
Example, pages 31–32 a. Part of speech: noun
A. Definition: 2
3. F 4. T b. Part of speech: verb
(Answers will vary for parts B and C.) Definition: 1
B.
Exercise 1, pages 32–33 a. the idea of something that is low and
A. empty (with high sides)
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F b. the idea of doing something very
(Answers will vary for parts B–D.) thoroughly over a period of time

30 Answer Key
 Exercise 5, pages 40–41 practice—and they rarely missed their
A. zeem
a. 1 c. target
b. 4
Exercise 9, page 45
c. 3
d. 6 A.
B. 1. verb
the idea of something that is level and then 2. it could be so thoroughly substantiated
changes to a new position, literally or that there would be no room to doubt its
figuratively validity
3. no room to doubt its validity, proof of my
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

Exercise 6, page 41 contention, imperative for me to prove

A. B.
a. 3 (Answers will vary.)
b. 5 C.
c. 2 proven
d. 1
B. Exercise 10, page 46
the idea of movement or change A.
(Answers will vary.)
Exercise 7, pages 42–43
B.
A. 1. set of beliefs
1. a. verb 2. tools, instruments
b. they tried to zep all the guns; the 3. was very popular and well-developed
Germans zepped radios as well
c. seize, take away
UNIT 4: Word Parts
2. a. verb
b. electronic signs along roads that zop Exercise 1, pages 48–49
drivers about dangers or problems (Students’ definitions will vary.)
ahead; drivers are zopped about the A.
condition of the road; Do these systems 1. Word: manual Root: manus
work better to zop drivers Dictionary definition: involving the use of
c. warn the hands
2. Word: reverse Root: versum
Exercise 8, page 43 Dictionary definition: to go backwards, in
A. the opposite direction
1. a. noun 3. Word: located Root: locatum
b. there were large dreels that went back Dictionary definition: to be in a particular
and forth; when the dreel arrived; place
jumped into the dreel as it pulled out 4. Word: predict Root: dictus
c. ferryboat Dictionary definition: to say that
2. a. noun something will happen before it happens
b. where they could be a zeem for 5. Word: annual Root: annus
enemies on the roofs; a sharpshooter Dictionary definition: happening once
might decide it was time for zeem a year

Answer Key 31
6. Word: dictator Root: dictus 7. Word: meter Root: metron
Dictionary definition: a ruler who has Dictionary definition: a machine that
complete power over a country measures and shows the amount of
B. something you have used
B.
Word from Related Definition of
part A word related word
Word from Related Definition of
reverse revert to go back to a previous
part A word related word
condition or habit
pathetic sympathy the feeling of being
vision visualize to form a picture of
sorry for someone
something in your mind
who is in a bad
manual manipulate to make someone do
situation
what you want by
geography geocentric having the Earth as

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
deceiving or influencing
the central point
them
chronological chronicle a written record of
annual anniversary a date on which
events, especially
something special or
historical events,
important happened in a
written in the order
previous year
in which they
dictator dictation the act of saying words
happened
for someone to write
logical dialogue a conversation in a
down
book, play, or movie
located local connected with a
gender gene a small part of a cell
particular place or area
that controls the
development of
qualities that have
Exercise 2, pages 50–51 been passed on to a
living thing from its
(Students’ definitions will vary.)
parents
A. meter metric using or relating to
1. Word: pathetic Root: pathos the metric system of
Dictionary definition: making you feel weights and
measures
pity or sympathy
biologist biodegradable capable of being
2. Word: gender Root: genos broken down by
Dictionary definition: the fact of being biological agents,
male or female especially bacteria

3. Word: biologists Root: bios

Dictionary definition: person who Exercise 3, pages 52–53
scientifically studies living things
A.
4. Word: logical Root: logos
1. uncle
Dictionary definition: seeming reasonable
2. normal
and sensible
3. inspire
5. Word: geography Root: geo
4. diskette
Dictionary definition: the study of the
(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)
countries, oceans, rivers, mountains, etc.,
of the earth Exercise 4, pages 53–54
6. Word: chronological Root: chronos
A.
Definition: arranged according to when
1. unimportant
something happened
2. biology
3. trial

32 Answer Key
 4. quality 7. mysticism; the belief that there is a
5. central hidden meaning in life or that each
6. money human being can unite with God
7. durable 8. commitment; a promise to do something
(Answers will vary for parts B and C.) or to behave in a particular way
9. effectiveness; the extent to which an
Exercise 5, pages 54–55 intended result is produced
A. 10. restriction; something that limits or
1. pretty controls what you can do or what is
2. reason allowed to happen
3. poster
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

4. primrose
Exercise 8, pages 58–59
(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)
1. conceivable; able to be believed or
imagined
Exercise 6, pages 55–56
2. seasonal; happening or needed only at a
A. particular time of year
1. comma 3. bountiful; generous
2. interest 4. angelic; seemingly good, kind, and gentle,
3. syringe or behaving in this way
4. exercise
5. monotonous; boring because there is no
5. subject
variety
6. teller
6. devious; using tricks or lies to get what
7. superb
you want
8. contract
7. suggestive; reminding you of something
(Answers will vary for parts B and C.)
8. panicky; very nervous or anxious
9. strategic; done as part of a plan
Exercise 7, pages 57–58 10. lawless; not obeying the law, or not
1. endurance; the ability to suffer difficulties controlled by the law
or pain with strength and patience
2. competence; the ability and skill to do
what is needed Exercise 9, page 59
3. organizer; someone who makes the 1. validate; to prove that something is
necessary arrangements so that an activity true or correct, or to make a document
can happen official
4. conqueror; someone who takes control of 2. justify; to give an acceptable explanation
a land or country by attacking people or or reason for something
fighting a war 3. customize; to change something to make
5. discussion; the act of talking about it more appropriate for you
something with someone or a group in 4. equate; to consider that one thing is the
order to exchange ideas or decide same as something else
something 5. quantify; to measure something and
6. deletion; the act or process of removing express it as a number
something from a piece of writing or from 6. economize; to reduce the amount of
a computer money, time, goods, etc., that you use

Answer Key 33
Exercise 10, page 60
1. harmonize; verb; to make two things work
well or look well together
2. environmental; adjective; concerning or
affecting the air, land, or water on Earth
3. differentiate; verb; to recognize or express
the difference between things or people
4. ethnic; adjective; relating to a particular
race, nation, or tribe and their customs
and traditions
5. qualitative; adjective; relating to the
Definition: the fact of being more
powerful, more important, or more
noticeable than other people or things
5. Word: unconventional
Parts: un + convention + al
Definition: doing things one’s own way or
having different opinions from most
other people
6. Word: insensitive
Parts: in + sensi + tive
Definition: not noticing other people’s

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
quality or standard of something, rather feelings
than amount or number 7. Word: heroically
6. optional; adjective; if something is Parts: hero + ic + ally
optional, you do not have to do it or use Definition: with extreme bravery, like a
it hero
7. negate; verb; to state that something does 8. Word: synchronized
not exist or is not true Parts: syn + chron + ized
8. identical; adjective; exactly the same Definition: to make two or more watches
9. precedence; noun; the condition of being or clocks show exactly the same time
more important than other things 9. Word: universe
10. investigative; adjective; work or activities Parts: uni + verse
that involve investigating something Definition: the whole of space, including
all the stars and planets
Exercise 11, pages 60–61
(There may be more than one word to
analyze in some senteces.) UNIT 5: Collocations
1. Word: revise Exercise 1, page 63
Parts: re + vise
(Answers may vary.)
Definition: to change your opinions,
1. roughly doubled
plans, etc., because of new information or
2. in the last few years
ideas
3. a series of studies
2. Word: telepathy
4. research group
Parts: tele + pathy
5. startling findings
Definition: the communication of
thoughts directly from one person’s mind
to someone else’s mind without speaking Exercise 2, page 64
or writing (Answers may vary.)
3. Word: generate 1. statistically less important
Parts: gene + rate 2. to stay in instant touch
Definition: to produce or make something 3. around the world
4. Word: dominance 4. reduced to a minimum
Parts: domin + ance 5. rely the most on e-mail

34 Answer Key
 Exercise 3, page 65
1. unreasonable assumption; started from
the assumption; rests on the further
assumption; depends on the assumption;
the shared assumption; dared to question
the assumption; the general assumption;
depends on the assumption; to question
the assumption; the fundamental
assumption
3. assumption made by; the assumption of;
the assumption that; the assumption was
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
that
4. Assumption is often followed by a phrase
starting with that.
Exercise 4, page 66
1. adopt a development strategy; that any
strategy; the only rational strategy; tended
to adopt a strategy; is the truly best
strategy; Its new strategy; a successful
strategy; do not fit in the long-term
strategy; plan a date and a strategy; The
winning strategy; this is a reasonable
strategy; According to the regional
strategy
2. Certain verbs are used such as adopt, fit
in, plan. Adjectives are used to describe
the strategy: development, rational, truly
best, successful, long-term, reasonable,
regional.
3. strategy away from dependence; strategy
could achieve; strategy for either of us;
strategy for sampling the stimuli; strategy
in a more general; strategy is called;
strategy is one that; strategy of the group;
strategy for the return; strategy
remarkably, was the simplest; strategy
since it tends to cut down energy; strategy
the government aims to
4. Strategy is often followed by a preposition:
away from, for, in. It can be followed by a
verb: achieve, is, was. It can also be
followed by a comma and a new clause.
Exercise 5, page 67
1. a relatively simple process; the most
ancient process; the political process;
not a single process; not been a smooth
process; the historical process; The
main process; enjoy the process; extend
the process; involved in the process; it is
this process; is part of the process; been
a gradual process
2. Process is often preceded by an adjective:
relatively simple, most ancient, political,
single, smooth, historical, main, gradual.
Process can be preceded by certain verbs:
enjoy, extend, involved in.
3. process and divides the egg; process and
one which continues; process and
understand what this; process as we
know; process. During the preceding fifty;
process has been very widely discussed;
process is competition; process of change;
process of dying through the use; process
of production; process of revision; process
of understanding and; process. Various
stories lend
4. Process can be followed by a comma or
period and a new clause or sentence. It
can be followed by a prepositional phrase
with of. It can be followed by certain
verbs: be discussed, is.
Exercise 6, page 68
1. understand what sense-perception;
motion and sense perception; the
problem of visual perception; beyond
direct perception; and that where this
perception; whose theories of perception;
not just a matter of my own perception;
influence upon the popular perception;
relationship between their perception;
depends on the public’s perception; there
is a widespread perception; based on the
general perception
Answer Key 35
2. Perception is often part of a prepositional
phrase: the problem of, beyond, theories of, a
matter of, influence upon, relationship
between. It can also be preceded by a
phrasal verb: depends on, based on. It is
often preceded by an adjective: sense,
visual, direct, this, own, popular, public’s,
widespread, general.
3. perception actually is; perception and is
laid out; perception as a particular
difficulty; perception. But he is not;
Exercise 9, page 70
(Answers may vary. Possible answers:)
1. make the, start from the, rest on the,
depend on the, question the
2. adopt a, fit in a, plan a
3. cause a, extend a, be involved in a
4. deal with the, depend on the, based on
the
Exercise 10, page 71
(Answers may vary. Possible answers:)

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
perception is lacking; perception involved
1. depends on, is based on
both material things; perception. It was
2. starts, is part of, is included in
definitely; perception of Islam; perception
3. develop, adopt
of the good of the state; perception of
4. make, question
what life imprisonment; perception
5. was based on, rested on
recorded in the surveys of; perception
6. developed, adopted
that pre-1939 aviation was
7. be involved in, be part of, be included in
4. Perception is sometimes followed by a
8. made, questioned
prepositional phrase with of. It can be
followed by a comma or period and a new
clause or sentence. Certain verbs can be
Part 3: Comprehension
used after it: involved, recorded.
Skills
Exercise 7, page 69
UNIT 1: Previewing
(Answers may vary.)
Exercise 1, pages 75–76
1. unreasonable, further, shared,
fundamental 1. how dictionaries are written
2. rational, successful, long-term, winning, 2. explanation
regional 3. from lots of examples of real use of the
3. political, single, smooth, historical, main, word
gradual 4. A dictionary writer is a collector (of
4. visual, direct, popular, public’s, examples) and a recorder (of meanings).
widespread, general 5. No, the meanings of words can change.
6. (Answers will vary.)
Exercise 8, pages 69–70
(Answers may vary. Possible answers:) Exercise 2, page 77
1. general, fundamental, popular 1. 16
2. fundamental, public’s, widespread 2. (Answers will vary.)
3. regional, long-term, winning, successful 3. (Answers will vary.)
4. gradual, smooth 4. Glossary, Name Index, Subject Index
5. visual
6. smooth Exercise 3, page 78
7. historical, fundamental, basic 1. Socialization
8. long-term, regional (Answers will vary for questions 2–5.)

36 Answer Key
 6. Summary, Key Concepts, Critical- Exercise 9, pages 86–87
Thinking Questions 1. period 9. incidentally
2. authority 10. apply
Exercise 4, pages 79–80 3. thus 11. influenced
1. It tells about a five-year-old girl who had 4. occurrences 12. context
had almost no contact with people. 5. illustrative 13. credited
2. (Answers will vary.) 6. tasks 14. decades
3. no 7. original 15. principally
(Answers will vary for questions 4–5.) 8. bound by 16. reveal

UNIT 2: Making Inferences

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Exercise 5, pages 80–81

1. Social Isolation (In many of these exercises, the answers may
2. It is about the effects of social isolation on vary. Any answer is acceptable if it can be
monkeys and on children. justified by evidence or conclusions that arise
3. There are two parts: one about research from the text.)
with monkeys and one about isolated
children. Exercise 1, page 89
4. Both the research with monkeys and the 3. They don’t contain the chemical
cases of isolated children demonstrate the compound.
harmful effects of social isolation. 4. Paul Breslin works at the Monell Chemical
5. (Answers will vary.) Senses Center in Philadelphia. He and his
colleagues have discovered that extra
Exercise 6, pages 82–83 virgin olive oil contains a compound
called oleocanthal.
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
5. He is a scientist.
6. It is a scientific journal.
Exercise 7, pages 84–85
1. b 4. c 7. b 10. a 13. c 16. b Exercise 2, page 90
2. b 5. a 8. a 11. a 14. a 1. Farmers in two states in India have
3. c 6. c 9. b 12. b 15. c sprayed Coca-Cola on their fields instead
of chemical pesticides.
Exercise 8, page 86 2. They are expensive.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

authority authorize authoritative authoritatively
bind, binding bind bound ———
context contextualize contextual contextually
credit credit creditable creditably
illustration illustrate illustrative ———
incident, incidence ——— incidental incidentally
influence influence influential ———
occurrence occur ——— ———
origin originate original originally
period ——— periodic periodically
principal ——— principal principally
revelation reveal revealing, revelatory revealingly

Answer Key 37
3. Hundreds of farmers say they have
sprayed Coca-Cola on their fields.
According to the farmers, the insects on
cotton plants die when they are sprayed
with cola.
4. It must have something in it that kills
insects.
5. The Coca-Cola Company already has legal
problems in Andhra Pradesh because
farmers believe it is taking water away
from them for its bottling plants.
6. They are probably quite poor. Water for
farming is in short supply.
7. If there are bottling plants, it must mean
that Coca-Cola soft drinks sell quite well
in India. At the same time, if farmers are
suing the company over water use, there
is evidently some negative feeling about
the way the company operates in India.
Exercise 3, pages 91–92
1. The writer has inferred that the man is
scared, probably very disturbed, and
doesn’t want his picture taken.
2. He has probably worked in a job that
requires formal clothes, such as a waiter
in a fancy restaurant or a concert
musician.
3. The fact that the labels had been cut out
seems to imply that he (or someone else)
did not want anyone to identify him.
4. It was clear to the police from the way he
looked or behaved that he needed
medical help.
5. They inferred that he was a pianist and
wanted to play the piano.
6. You can infer that he really liked playing
the piano and that when he was playing,
he could escape from the feelings or
thoughts that disturbed him.
7. They guessed that he must be from a
northern or central European country
(probably because he is blond).
38 Answer Key
8. You can infer that the doctors were
convinced that he was seriously in need
of psychiatric care.
Exercise 4, pages 92–95
1. You can infer that they were not small
and not one of the new species.
2. They inferred that it is a species of human
because it walked upright, even though
the skeleton is shaped more like that of a
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
chimpanzee and it had a smaller brain
than most humans.
3. Roberts has inferred that a volcanic
explosion eliminated both the pygmy
elephants and the Homo floresiensis
population of the island.
4. The writer infers that this discovery
means that other surprising discoveries
are possible, and that there may even be
other kinds of humans alive on the planet
today.
5. Animals on islands may evolve to become
much smaller or much larger than the
similar species on the mainland.
6. Inference
7. Small brain size usually belongs to a
chimpanzee, not a human.
8. He was surprised because he did not
expect a creature with such a small brain
size to be able to make fine tools.
9. Morwood inferred that the humans (Homo
erectus) who had made the tools had arrived
in boats on Flores from the mainland; that
they had not been able to leave; and that
they had then evolved into the smaller
species of humans (Homo floresiensis).
10. He suggests that Homo floresiensis may
have become small because resources were
scarce on the island.
11. You can infer that both types of humans
must have lived together on the island for
at least 20,000 years.
 Exercise 5, pages 95–99
2. Warren probably used to be active and
have friends, and he has been in a
wheelchair for many years. Arthur’s ironic
and rather dark sense of humor about his
situation may be a way of coping with his
difficulties. Junie Moon had the bad luck
to meet up with a violent man, though
we don’t know what her relationship was
with this man.
3. Since it says “they had no place to go,”
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
disabled people, we can infer that Junie
Moon and Arthur must belong to other
ethnic or racial minorities (such as
African-Americans or Native Americans).
8. There seems to be some rivalry between
them and some resentment on Arthur’s
part about Warren deciding things.
9. She may be more sensitive about her
deformities and perhaps more damaged
psychologically than she seems at first
from her rather tough way of speaking.

you can infer that all three patients have 10. He doesn’t easily become offended, he’s
no close family ties. They either don’t good at convincing people, and he’s not
have families or they are not in contact afraid to challenge authority (as with the
with their families (perhaps they do not landlord and the nurse).
want to make contact). 11. She does not like or trust them, and they
4. It seems that that they don’t have any feel the same way about her.
money except the small allowances 12. It seems probable that one or both of the
(pittances) they receive for their men will fall in love with Junie Moon.
disabilities. 13. (Answers will vary.)
5. Junie Moon and Arthur probably get
annoyed with Warren sometimes when he Exercise 7, pages 101–102
tells them what to do. 1. c 4. c 7. b 10. b 13. c 16. b
6. They are used to his ways, and they care 2. b 5. a 8. c 11. c 14. a
about him and want to comfort him. 3. a 6. a 9. b 12. a 15. c
7. Since Arthur is probably thinking that
Warren represents the minority group of Exercise 8, page 103

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

alteration alter altered ———
appearance appear apparent apparently
capacity ——— capacious ———
diversity diversify diverse diversely
evolution evolve evolutionary, ———
evolving
implication imply implicit implicitly
persistence persist persistent persistently
presumption presume presumable presumably
——— ——— previous previously
proportion proportion proportional, proportionally,
proportionate proportionately
resource ——— resourceful resourcefully
significance signify significant significantly
——— ——— sole solely
survival, survivor survive survivable, ———
surviving

Answer Key 39
Exercise 9, pages 103–104 rivers meet at the North Sea, they form a
1. previous 9. wiped out delta region.
2. persistent 10. proportions 2. Topic: The Dutch system of flood barriers
3. capacity 11. evolutionary Main idea: b
4. implication 12. presumably Supporting fact and ideas: The Dutch
5. altered 13. elsewhere barriers are the strongest in the world.
6. significance 14. resources The first line of defense is made up of
7. survived 15. apparently dikes, dams, and storm barriers. These are
8. sole 16. diversity aided by secondary defenses.
3. Topic: Climate change and Dutch water
protection strategies
UNIT 3: Understanding Paragraphs

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Main idea: b
Exercise 1, pages 106–107
Supporting fact and ideas: According to
1. Topic: The causes of water shortages in the study, higher rainfall and rising sea
Mexico City levels would lead to increased risk of
2. Topic: The history of Mexico City’s water flooding and hotter summers could lead
supplies to weakening of the dikes. The new
3. Topic: How Mexico City is sinking approach will rely more on natural
protection. The government has begun
Exercise 2, pages 107–109
buying land along major waterways.
1. c
2. a Exercise 5, pages 112–114
3. d 1. Topic: A description of Lake Baikal
4. f Main idea: a
5. e Supporting facts and ideas: It measures
395 miles by 50 miles and has 1,245 miles
Exercise 3, page 110 of coastline. It is 1 mile deep. It is at least
Topic: Floodplains 25 million years old.
Main idea: c 2. Topic: Lake Baikal’s ecosystem
Supporting facts and ideas: Floodplains can Main idea: c
control flooding. They also help clean rivers Supporting facts and ideas: More than
and streams. 1,000 species exist nowhere else. Among
its unique fauna is the Baikal freshwater
Exercise 4, pages 111–112 seal. Another unique creature is a fish
1. Topic: Flooding in the Netherlands called the omul.
Main idea: c 3. Topic: The clear water of Lake Baikal
Supporting fact and ideas: The Main idea: a
Netherlands is more than 60 percent near Supporting facts and ideas: The lake
or below sea level. The greatest risk of contained certain small zooplankton and
flooding comes from the North Sea. crustaceans. The water consisted of
Flooding can occur along the Rhine, rainwater and melted snow. Most of the
Maas, and Scheldt Rivers. When major watershed has a rocky surface.

40 Answer Key
 Exercise 6, page 116
The increase in paid employment for
women may have contributed to various
changes in social attitudes, but it has not
completely changed the role of women in the
home. Women who work outside the home
still usually end up playing the leading role
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Pronouns—Referents:
it—the increase in paid employment for
women
who—women working outside the home
they—husbands
these—taking out the trash and mowing the
lawn
This—the fact that men spend a lot less time
doing household tasks than women do
who—women working full time
those—women who can afford to pay for

help
in managing the care of the house and
she—a woman
family. Husbands may contribute by taking who—the one (the woman) managing the
help
out the trash or mowing the lawn, but on this —help
She—working women
average they spend a lot less time doing these
Example, page 117
and other household tasks than women do.
Main idea: A transnational corporation is a
This is true even for women who are working corporation that has investments in two or
more countries.
full-time and for those who can afford to pay
Exercise 7, 118–119
for help in the home. In fact, if a woman can
1. Main idea: In order to be sure of having
afford to pay for help, she is usually the one enough rubber for his cars, Henry Ford
started his own rubber plantation in Brazil.
who has to manage this help, hiring and Transitions: However, at times, In fact,
But, Thus
overseeing the babysitters, cleaners, Pronouns—Referents:
who—Henry Ford
repairmen, and so on. She is also more likely
he—Henry Ford
to attend school meetings, make his—Henry Ford
2. Main idea: Ford’s plantation began
appointments with teachers, and in general, producing rubber but then was closed due
to a number of difficulties.
attend to the needs of the children.
Transitions: However, In fact, Before
long, Finally
Pronouns—Referents:
Main idea: Although they are working his—Ford
more, women are still responsible for most he—Ford
household tasks and responsibilities. One—factor

Answer Key 41
3. Main idea: Instead of trying to control
all phases of production, most companies
today order supplies just when they need
them.
Transitions: In fact, Whereas, For this
reason, However, For example
Pronouns—Referents:
this—because they are afraid of having
too many supplies
they—contemporary car makers
they—car makers
3. d
Main idea: A company must react
immediately and decisively to a crisis in
order to keep the trust of customers.
Exercise 10, pages 125–126
1. c
Main idea: In the early twentieth
century, André Level started a fund that
invested in art and made a substantial

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
they—car makers profit.
it—what they need 2. d
this—buying what they need when they Main idea: People are investing in art
need it today in order to make a profit as Level’s
its—Apple Computer Company investors did.
it—Apple 3. c
Main idea: Buying artwork may not be a
Exercise 8 pages 121–122 good investment for several reasons.
1. d
Main idea: Since ancient times, gold has
had special and lasting value. Exercise 11, pages 126–128
2. b 1. b
Main idea: Gold is valuable because Main idea: In order to sell the plastic
people believe it is valuable and there is a containers he had invented, Earl Tupper
strong demand for it. also invented a new marketing strategy—
3. a the home party.
Main idea: The price of gold could be 2. a
pushed higher because of the high social Main idea: At home parties, products are
and environmental costs of mining it. sold at someone’s home to friends and
acquaintances of the host.
Exercise 9, pages 123–124 3. d
1. c Main idea: The Longaberger Company
Main idea: Because Johnson & Johnson has used the home party to market its
acted quickly and decisively in the products successfully.
Tylenol crisis, there were no serious
consequences for the company.
2. a Exercise 13, pages 129–131
Main idea: Firestone lost sales and 1. c 4. a 7. a 10. a 13. c
millions of dollars because it did not 2. a 5. b 8. a 11. a 14. a
immediately recall defective tires. 3. b 6. c 9. a 12. b 15. c

42 Answer Key
 Exercise 14, page 131

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

consideration consider considerable considerably
consumption, consume consumable ———
consumer
contrast contrast contrasting ———
currency ——— current currently
distribution distribute distributional ———
evidence evidence evident evidently
excess exceed excessive excessively
factor factor ——— ———
inadequacy ——— inadequate inadequately
location locate ——— ———
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

phenomenon ——— phenomenal phenomenally

recycling recycle recycled ———
supplement supplement supplemental ———
——— underlie underlying ———

Exercise 15, pages 132–133 only The first mission lasted

1. contrasts 9. current only a few hours.
2. distribute 10. factors however On the last mission, the
3. evident 11. recycle three men spent more
4. inadequate 12. locate time on the Moon.
5. supplement 13. phenomenon much further They could travel much
6. furthermore 14. exceeded further from the landing
7. consumes 15. underlying site.
8. considerable wider They could collect a wider
range of samples.
UNIT 4: Patterns of Organization
2. Topic: The impact of the Apollo moon
Exercise 1, pages 141–144
landings
1. Topic: The landing of men on the Moon
Main idea: The Apollo moon landings
Main idea: The first moon landing was
had a significant impact on scientific and
very different from the last one.
technological development in the
Key words in the main idea: very
twentieth century.
different from
Pattern: Comparison/Contrast Key words in the main idea: a
Supporting facts and ideas: significant impact
Signal words Details Pattern: Cause/Effect
But while The first landing was an Supporting facts and ideas:
enormous achievement. Signal words Details
far more The last landing affected by Computer research was
contributed far more affected by the moon
scientific knowledge. landings.

Answer Key 43
 pushing The space program
pushed engineers to
develop personal
computers.
attributed to The invention of the
Internet could be
attributed to the Apollo
program.
motivation for Scientists and engineers
were motivated to look
for ways to communicate
from computer to
computer.
3. Topic: The lack of water on the Moon
Main idea: The lack of water on the
Moon limits exploration of the Moon.
Key words in the main idea: lack of
water, limits
Pattern: Problem/Solution
Supporting facts and ideas:
Problem: The lack of water is a serious
problem for future Moon exploration; for
this reason, scientists are looking for
evidence of water on the Moon.
Solution: Rockets are sent to crash into
the Moon so that scientists can analyze
the vapor and dust created by the crash to
see if there is water.
4. Topic: Lunar craters
Main idea: Lunar craters are circular
depressions that were created by the
impact of various objects on the surface
of the Moon.
Key words in the main idea: are
Pattern: Extended Definition
Supporting facts and ideas:
Explanation or description: Lunar
craters are deep holes visible from the
earth. There are millions of lunar craters.
Some are a few feet across; others are
many hundreds of kilometers across. They
can be surrounded by mountains. They
44 Answer Key
remain unchanged because the Moon has
no atmosphere.
Exercise 2, pges 144–147
1. Topic: The first optical telescopes
Main idea: The first optical telescope
was invented in Holland in 1608, but was
not used successfully until Galileo
developed his version in 1610.
Key words in the main idea: first, 1608,
until, 1610
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Pattern: Sequence
Supporting facts and ideas:
Signal words Details
1600s The first optical telescope
was invented in a Dutch
optical shop
1608 Hans Lippershey tried to
sell his invention.
Also in 1608 Galileo made his version
of the device.
1610 Galileo used his telescope.
1611 He showed his device to
guests at a banquet.
2. Topic: Newton’s invention of the
reflector telescope
Main idea: Newton invented the
reflector telescope because of problems
with the refractor telescope.
Key words in the main idea: problems
Pattern: Problem/Solution
Supporting facts and ideas:
Problem: Newton noticed that in
Galileo’s refraction telescope, a ring of
colors sometimes interfered with viewing.
Solution: Newton designed the reflector
telescope with a curved mirror that
concentrated light and reflected it to the
eyepiece.
3. Topic: Large modern optical telescopes
Main idea: Today, there are a number of
very large optical telescopes built on hills
or mountains in many parts of the world.
 Key words in the main idea: a number of different They use different
Pattern: Listing methods to record
Supporting facts and ideas: information.
Signal words Details while Radio telescopes use radio
For example the world’s largest receivers to record radio
refracting telescope waves, not cameras to
Another reflecting telescope on take photographs.
Mount Palomar in both For both kinds, the larger
California the telescope, the better it
an even larger reflecting telescope in the works.
Caucasus Mountains
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

A fourth the Keck Telescope in

Hawaii Exercise 3, pages 147–149
4. Topic: Radio telescopes 1. Pattern: Sequence (S)
Main idea: Radio telescopes are similar Missing sentence: b
to optical telescopes in some ways, but 2. Pattern: Problem/Solution (P/S)
they are different in important ways. Missing sentence: a
Key words in the main idea: similar, 3. Pattern: Sequence (S)
different Missing sentence: e
Pattern: Comparison/Contrast 4. Pattern: Comparison/Contrast (C/C)
Supporting facts and ideas: Missing sentence: c
Signal words Details
very different Radio telescopes look
different from optical Exercise 5, pages 151–152
telescopes. 1. a 4. a 7. b 10. a 13. a
instead They do not collect light 2. c 5. c 8. b 11. a 14. c
waves, but radio waves. 3. b 6. a 9. c 12. b
distinctive appearance

Exercise 6, page 153

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

achievement achieve achievable ———
affect, affectation affect affected, affecting ———
analysis analyze analytical analytically
attribution, attribute attribute attributable, attributive attributively
availability avail available ———
conclusion conclude conclusive conclusively
conduct conduct ——— ———
environment ——— environmental environmentally
exposure expose exposed ———
impact impact ——— ———
investigation investigate investigative ———
motivation motivate motivated ———
potential ——— potential potentially
vehicle ——— vehicular ———

Answer Key 45
Exercise 7, pages 153–154 Supporting points (main ideas):
1. exposed Paragraph 2: The first stage is psychological
2. motivate numbness, shock, and confusion.
3. availability Paragraph 3: In the second stage, victims
4. achievement continue to lack awareness.
5. investigating Paragraph 4: In the third stage, victims turn
6. attribute (attributed) to each other.
7. potential Paragraph 5: The fourth stage brings
8. conducted depression and letdown.
9. affected Paragraph 6: In the final stage, victims adapt
10. environment to the changes in their lives.

11. conclusive
12. vehicles
13. analyzed
14. impact
UNIT 5: Reading Longer Passages
Effectively
Exercise 1, pages 158–159
Topic: Human responses to disaster
Thesis statement: Psychologists have
theorized that responses to extreme natural
and human-caused disasters occur in five
stages.
Exercise 2, pages 159–160
Topic: Cultural universals in emotional
expression
Thesis statement: But does raising the
eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the
same thing in Minneapolis as it does in
Madagascar? Much research on emotional
expression has centered on such questions.
(In some of the following exercises, there
may be more than one correct answer for the
pattern.)
Exercise 3, page 161
Thesis statement: Psychologists have
theorized that responses to extreme natural
and human-caused disasters occur in five
stages.
Pattern: Sequence
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Exercise 4, pages 161–162
Thesis statement: But does raising the
eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the
same thing in Minneapolis as it does in
Madagascar? Much research on emotional
expression has centered on such questions.
Pattern: Comparison/Contrast OR Listing
Supporting points (main ideas):
Paragraph 2: All people speak and understand
substantially the same “facial language.”
Paragraph 3: People everywhere can recognize
at least seven basic emotions, but there are
cultural differences in the rules about
displaying emotion.
Paragraph 4: Young children show and
perceive emotions through facial expressions.
Paragraph 5: There is a biological basis to
emotional expression.
Paragraph 6: Culture can influence certain
emotional responses.
Exercise 5, pages 162–163
Thesis statement: Why are girls fighting
more and what can we do to stop them?
Pattern: Problem/Solution OR Cause/Effect
Supporting points (main ideas):
Paragraph 2: Recently the roles of men and
women have changed and tended to become
more equal.
Paragraph 3: Socializing girls like boys cause
girls to be more violent.
Paragraph 4: The entertainment media

46 Answer Key
 encourages girls to be more violent.
Paragraph 5: Factors such as gun availability,
poverty, and history of abuse have not
changed, so they are not responsible for the
increased violence.
Paragraph 6: Solutions used in schools in the
past on boys will not work with girls either.
Paragraph 7: To find a solution, we have to
examine the values of American society and
try to change it so it is less harmful to young
people.
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Pattern: Listing
Supporting points (main ideas):
Paragraphs 3 and 4: “Conservers” sought the
security of marriage, family life and
traditional female occupations.
Paragraphs 5 and 6: “Achievers” cherished
social recognition and career advancement.
Paragraph 7: “Seekers” valued
unconventional pursuits, creativity and self-
discovery.

Exercise 8, pages 166–167

Exercise 6, pages 163–164 1. c 4. b 7. a 10. b 13. a
Thesis statement: There are at least three 2. a 5. c 8. c 11. c 14. c
different, but equally effective paths that lead 3. a 6. b 9. a 12. a 15. b
to psychological maturity for women.
Exercise 9, page 168

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

abandon, abandon ——— ———
abandonment
adaptation, adapt adaptive, adaptable adaptively
adaptability
awareness ——— aware ———
circumstance(s) ——— circumstantial circumstantially
collaboration collaborate collaborative collaboratively
community commune communal communally
consequence(s) ——— consequent, consequently,
consequential consequentially
coordinate, coordinate ——— ———
coordination
ethic(s) ——— ethical ethically
focus focus focused ———
function function functional functionally
involvement involve involved, involving ———
phase phase phased ———
volunteer volunteer volunteer, voluntary voluntarily

Answer Key 47
Exercise 10, pages 168–169 3. The higher number of premature births;
1. coordinate 9. ethics the higher rates of infant mortality
2. circumstances 10. adapt to among African-Americans and other
3. function 11. aware ethnic minorities.
4. community 12. involved 4. yes
5. undergone 13. collaborated 5. yes
6. abandon 14. volunteer 6. Women receiving less prenatal care or
7. phase 15. consequences losing their jobs; cuts to nutrition
8. focuses (focused) on programs; climbing poverty rates; an
increase in premature births.
UNIT 6: Skimming 7. yes

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Exercise 1, pages 170–172 8. yes
9. Disparities among racial and ethnic
2. positive
groups. Among African Americans, causes
3. yes
include congenital abnormalities, pre-
4. The reviewer is most interested in the
term/low birth weight, Sudden Infant
message of the film about the
Death Syndrome, problems related to
unhealthiness of McDonald’s food and
complications of pregnancy, and
about the poor eating habits of Americans
respiratory distress syndrome. Other
in general.
causes include: behaviors, lifestyles, and
Exercise 2, pages 172–174 conditions that affect birth outcomes
such as smoking, substance abuse, poor
1. negative
nutrition, lack of prenatal care, medical
2. no
problems, and chronic illness.
3. The reviewer is most interested in the
(Answers will vary for parts C and D.)
director’s point of view and his very
personal approach to the subject, which
the reviewer thinks is unscientific. Exercise 5, page 180
(Answers will vary for parts B and C.) 1. c. 4. c 7. c 10. a
2. a 5. c 8. a
Exercise 3, pages 174–178
3. c 6. b 9. c
B.
1. yes
2. yes Exercise 6, page 181

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

comprehension comprehend comprehensive comprehensively
conviction convince convincing convincingly
elimination eliminate ——— ———
feature feature ——— ———
innovation innovate innovative innovatively
portion portion ——— ———
promotion promote promotional promotionally
source source ——— ———
statistic(s) ——— statistical statistically

48 Answer Key
 Exercise 7, pages 181–182 Paragraph 3: Early pizza had no tomatoes
1. convince 6. innovate because there were no tomatoes in Europe
2. source 7. comprehensive until the sixteenth century.
3. statistics 8. promoter Paragraph 4: The classic pizza we know now
4. portions 9. eliminated was invented in 1889 in Naples.
5. feature 10. guidelines Paragraph 5: Pizza remained a southern
Italian specialty until the 1950s and 60s,
UNIT 7: Study Reading when it became popular in other parts of
Example, pages 183–184 Italy.
Paragraph 6: Pizza is so common in so many
Pattern: Sequence
countries that its Italian origins are often
Thesis statement: The pineapple has been
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

forgotten.
cultivated and enjoyed by humans for
thousands of years.
Supporting points (main ideas): Exercises 2–5, pages 187–191
Paragraph 2: In the fifteenth century,
(Answers will vary.)
Europeans discovered the pineapple and fell
in love with it.
Paragraph 3: In the sixteenth century, they Example, pages 191–192
brought pineapples from Central and South 1. the Germans
America to other parts of the world. 2. the Russians
Paragraph 4: Pineapples remained a luxury 3. less than 5 percent
food until the early twentieth century, when 4. about 8 percent
they became more easily available.

Exercise 1, pages 185–186 Exercise 6, pages 193–194

A. 1. Hispanic women
(Answers will vary.) 2. White men
B. 3. African-American men
Pattern: Sequence 4. White women
Thesis statement: Before the 1950s, pizza
was a purely Italian food with a long history
in southern Italy. Exercise 8, pages 196–197
Supporting points (main ideas): 1. c 4. b 7. a 10. b
Paragraph 2: Pizza may have originated in 2. a 5. a 8. c 11. a
Greece and then spread to Italy. 3. c 6. b 9. a 12. c

Answer Key 49
Exercise 9, page 198

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

collapse collapse collapsible ———
construction construct constructive constructively
core core ——— ———
distinction distinguish distinct, distinctive, distinctively
distinguished,
dishtinguishable
distinguishing
emergence emerge emergent, emerging ———
extraction, extract extract extractive ———
facilitation facilitate facilitating ———
major, majority major major ———

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
position, pose pose ——— ———
regulation regulate regulation, regulatory ———
——— ——— virtual virtually

Exercise 10, pages 198–199 2. Main idea: From a biological point of

1. distinction 7. emerged view, wetlands are not wastelands at all,
2. regulated 8. constructed but are among the most productive
3. virtually 9. core ecosystems in the world.
4. posed 10. adjacent Pattern: Extended Definition
5. facilitate 11. collapsed Supporting facts and ideas: They
6. major 12. extract contain an immense variety of animal
and plant species. These species depend
on the habitat of the wetlands for
UNIT 8: Summarizing
survival. Wetlands have a rich mixture of
Exercise 1, pages 201–203 water and organic material—detritus. This
1. Main idea: Until recently, people have feeds many small animals, which attract
considered wetlands to be land that was other, larger animals that feed on them.
wasted and could be put to better use. Summary sentence: Wetlands are very
Pattern: Sequence productive ecosystems, containing an
Supporting facts and ideas: Wetlands immense variety of animal and plant
are areas of land covered by water all or species that depend on the detritus
part of the year. Throughout history, (mixture of water and organic material) in
wetlands have been drained and filled. the wetland habitat.
Wetlands have been converted into land 3. Main idea: A comparison of the effects of
that could be used for human activity. a flood in two cities has led city planners
Now people are realizing that wetlands and politicians to recognize that wetlands
are valuable. are a valuable defense against flooding.
Summary sentence: Throughout Pattern: Comparison/Contrast
history, wetlands were considered to be Supporting facts and ideas: In 2006, a
land that was wasted and could be put to lot of rain fell on two cities in
better use for human activity, but Massachusetts, Haverhill, and
recently, people have begun to realize that Newburyport. Haverhill suffered lots of
wetlands are valuable. damage from flooding, but Newburyport

50 Answer Key
 did not. Both cities are built along the
Merrimack River. In Haverhill, the area
along the river has been developed and
covered with buildings; in Newburyport,
the area along the river has remained
marshland (wetlands). Flood waters could
spread out in the wetlands. Wetland plants
and soil absorbed water. In Haverhill, the
water could not spread out so it rose over
the banks and flooded the city.
Summary sentence: Wetlands are a
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
valuable defense against flooding, as was
demonstrated in Massachusetts in 2006,
where the city of Haverhill flooded
because its wetlands had been developed,
but the city of Newburyport did not flood
because the floodwaters could spread out
and be absorbed by the wetlands.
Exercise 2, pages 203–204
Summary paragraph:
Throughout history, people have considered
wetlands to be land that was wasted and
could be put to better use for human activity.
However, in recent years, people have begun
to realize that wetlands are a valuable part of
the environment for two reasons. First,
wetlands are very productive ecosystems,
containing an immense variety of animal and
plant species that depend on the detritus
(mixture of water and organic material) in
the wetland habitat. Second, wetlands are a
valuable defense against flooding, as was
demonstrated in Massachusetts in 2006. The
city of Haverhill flooded because its wetlands
had been developed, but the city of
Newburyport did not flood because the
floodwaters could spread out and be absorbed
by the wetlands.
Exercise 3, pages 204–205
Thesis: How could a tiny mosquito thwart
the best efforts of a large group of well-
funded scientists?
Pattern: Cause/Effect
Summary of paragraph 1: In the 1960s,
scientists and WHO made a huge effort to
eradicate mosquitoes and malaria, using a
pesticide called DDT, but the effort failed and
the plan was dropped.
Summary of paragraph 2: A new type of
pesticide usually gives positive results at first,
but then the insects become resistant to the
pesticide and it becomes less effective.
Summary of paragraph 3: Pesticide
resistance is an example of how organisms
adapt to their environment through the
process of natural selection and change over
time.
Summary paragraph:
In the 1960s, scientists and WHO made a big
effort to eradicate mosquitoes and malaria
using a pesticide called DDT, but the effort
failed and the plan was dropped. A new type
of pesticide usually gives positive results at
first, but then the insects become resistant to
the pesticide and it becomes less effective.
Pesticide resistance is an example of how
organisms adapt to their environments
through the process of natural selection and
change over time.
Exercise 4, pages 206–208
A.
Part 2: paragraphs 4 through 5
Part 3: paragraphs 6 through 8
Thesis: But what Spain has in abundance
compared with northern European nations—
apart from more sun—is what the researchers
in this study call social support structures.
Pattern: Cause/Effect
Part 1—Topic: A study of the prevalence of
depression in Europe
Summary sentence: One of the most
striking results of a study about the
prevalence of depression in Europe is the
geographical distribution and the fact that
Answer Key 51
there is much less depression in Spain than in
northern Europe.
Part 2—Topic: Spain’s social support
structures
Summary sentence: According to the study,
Spain has a lower rate of depression because it
has more social support structures; that is,
families tend to stay together and to help each
other through problems.
Part 3—Topic: Examples of family solidarity
from the author’s experience
Summary sentence: From his own
experiences living in Spain, the author has
learned about the importance of family ties in
Spanish daily life, and how they can help
overcome negative feelings like anger and
depression.
B.
Summary paragraph:
One of the most striking results of a study
about the prevalence of depression in Europe
is the geographical distribution and the fact
that there is much less depression in Spain
than in northern Europe. According to the
study, Spain has a lower rate of depression
because it has more social support structures;
that is, families tend to stay together and to
help each other through problems. From his
own experiences living in Spain, the author
has learned about the importance of family
ties in Spanish daily life, and how they can
help overcome negative feelings like anger and
depression.
Exercise 5, pages 209–211
(Textbook passages may contain complex
ideas that do not fit easily into a one-sentence
summary. Students should be as concise as
possible and aim for one sentence, but may
use two sentences if necessary.)
A.
Statement of purpose: We can identify
three periods in their history: the
preindustrial, industrial, and metropolitan-
megalopolitan stages.
52 Answer Key
B.
Part 1—Topic: The preindustrial city
Pattern: Cause/Effect AND Sequence
Summary sentence(s): Because of
technological advances that allowed people
to begin farming, they settled into villages
about 10,000 years ago. Then, about 5,000
years ago, due to further technological
advances, the first cities emerged, though
these were small for various reasons.
Part 2—Topic: The industrial city
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Pattern: Cause/Effect
Summary sentence(s): The Industrial
Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries led to an increase in population,
the displacement of people from rural to
urban areas, and the development of the
industrial city, which was larger, more
densely settled and more diverse than earlier
cities.
Part 3—Topic: Metropolis and megalopolis
Pattern: Extended Definition AND Sequence
of Events
Summary sentence(s): In the twentieth
century, the automobile allowed wealthier
classes to move to the suburbs, so U.S. cities
began to spread outward. Today most
Americans live in a metropolis (a large urban
area that includes a city and its surrounding
suburbs), or even a megalopolis (an area in
which many metropolises merge).
C.
Summary paragraph:
Because of technological advances that
allowed farming about 10,000 years ago,
people began to settle in villages. Then, with
further advances about 5,000 years ago, the
first cities emerged, though these were
relatively small for various reasons. The
Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries led to an increase in
population, the displacement of people from
rural to urban areas and the development of
the industrial city, which was larger, more
densely settled and more diverse than earlier
 cities. In the twentieth century, the
automobile allowed wealthier classes to move
to the suburbs, so U.S. cities began to spread
outward. Today most Americans live in a
metropolis (a large urban area that includes a
city and its surrounding suburbs), or even a
megalopolis (an area in which many
metropolises merge).
Exercise 6, page 212
A.
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
damage was permanent. These cases
demonstrate the importance of social
experience in human development.
B.
Summary paragraph:
Since researchers cannot subject human
beings to experimental isolation, they have
studied monkeys and cases of isolated
children. Research on infant monkeys, whose
behavior is similar to humans’, revealed that
the monkeys showed permanent negative

effects after six months of isolation. They

Part 1—Topic: Research with infant
suffered less developmental harm if they
monkeys
received some physical contact (even
Pattern: Cause/Effect
artificial) or if the period was shorter. In two
Summary sentence(s): The Harlows’
cases where children grew up in isolation
research on infant monkeys, whose behavior
(Anna and Genie), the children suffered
is similar to humans’, revealed that the
similar damage to their social and mental
monkeys showed permanent negative effects
development, and in spite of later
after six months of social isolation. They
socialization and care, the damage was
suffered less developmental harm if they
permanent. These cases demonstrate the
received some physical contact (even
importance of social experience in human
artificial) or if the period was shorter.
development.
Part 2—Topic: Isolated children
Pattern: Listing
Exercise 8, pages 213–214
Summary sentence(s): In two cases where
children grew up in isolation (Anna and 1. a 4. b 7. a
Genie), the children suffered similar damage 2. c 5. b 8. c
to their social and mental development, and 3. b 6. a 9. a
in spite of later socialization and care, the
Exercise 9, pages 214–215

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

document, document documentary ———
documentation
dynamics ——— dynamic dynamically
enabler enable enabling ———
estimate, estimation estimate estimated ———
fund, funding fund well-funded ———
predominance predominate predominant predominantly
——— ——— subsequent subsequently
transmission, transmit transmittable ———
transmittal

Answer Key 53
Exercise 10, page 215
1. transmitted 6. predominant
2. funds 7. dynamics
3. subsequent 8. document
4. goal 9. estimated
5. enabled
UNIT 9: Critical Reading
Exercise 1, page 217
1. URL c. belongs to an individual because it
includes the name of a person “Jonathan
James” and it includes the word “blog.”
2. URL a. belongs to a newspaper called The
Mirror; URL b. belongs to the NHS, or
National Health Service (Great Britain) in
Kent and Medway; URL d. belongs to
CNN, the news organization.
3. URLs b. and d. probably provide reliable
information. The Mirror is the web site
for the Daily Mirror, a British tabloid
(sensationalist newspaper), so its
information may be less reliable.
4. URLs b., c., and d. all include “piano
man” in the web address, so they
probably include information about him.
Exercise 2, pages 218–220
Online article 1
1. Jonathan James probably wrote it.
2. No, it belongs to an individual because it
includes the name and the word “blog.”
3. Probably not, since it is someone’s point
of view.
4. (Answers will vary.)
5. Yes, it could give an idea of how this
person, and perhaps others, reacted to the
story.
Online article 2
1. Stephen Moyes and Jon Kaila
2. Yes, because it includes “mirror.co.” “Co.”
is an abbreviation for “company.”
54 Answer Key
3. You can’t tell from this information. You
would need to look at the home page of
the web site and see whether it is a
tabloid or a newspaper that publishes
articles about serious news.
4. (Answers will vary.)
5. Yes. There may be useful information here
about the Piano Man, but since this
newspaper tends to emphasize the
sensational aspects of an event, you
would need to check the information
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
against other sources.
Exercise 3, page 222
1. to persuade readers that performance-
enhancing drugs should be permitted
2. The language includes many phrases that
show the author is trying to convince
readers: “perhaps we should,” “it might
be better,” “should be allowed,” and
“Maybe the answer is to . . .”
Exercise 4, page 223
1. to entertain the reader
2. The tone is informal, and the writer uses
language to catch your attention and
make you laugh, as for example, when he
says “The stuff is like kudzu,” or when he
uses exaggerated language like “I find it
appalling to sometimes get responses
within a minute . . .”
Exercise 5, pages 224–225
A.
1. to persuade readers to buy this coffee
2. to inform readers about Fair Trade
Certified coffee and indirectly to persuade
them to buy it
3. to inform readers about the health aspects
of caffeine
(Answers will vary for part B.)
 Exercise 6, pages 226–227
Paragraph 1
1. The writer is in favor of laws that ban
smoking in public places.
2. The writer uses phrases such as “at last,”
“destructive habit,” and “positive effect.”
3. (Answers will vary.)
Paragraph 2
1. The writer does not think that fast food is
responsible for Americans being
overweight.
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
2. The writer uses sentences such as “. . . we
can’t blame the restaurants,” “We should
blame ourselves,” and “No one forces us
to buy those hamburgers!”
3. (Answers will vary.)
Exercise 7, pages 228–229
2. a. neutral
3. a. biased b. against it
Exercise 8, pages 229–231
Article 1
1. The writer’s purpose is to inform.
The article presents both sides, the tone
and language is neutral, and it ends with
a quotation that gives a neutral summary
of the issue.
2. It describes an event (Weyco’s firing of
four workers) and explains how this sets a
legal precedent that could raise important
issues.
3. The writer is mostly neutral since the
article presents both sides of the issue.
4. The writer may have some bias in favor of
the company policy because he/she
quotes the company president twice, but
never quotes the workers or anyone on
their side.
Article 2
1. The writer’s purpose is to inform and
persuade at the same time.
She presents both sides of the issue, but
she uses language that is clearly intended
to persuade readers.
2. It describes a trend (a number of
companies with bans against off-duty
smoking) and the issues connected with
it, emphasizing the fact that the smoking
bans may not be legally acceptable
because they violate workers’ rights.
3. She is against the smoking bans. The
language includes many non-neutral
words: “extreme trend,” “troubling,”
“crackdown,” “zero-tolerance,”
“discriminating,” “class of unemployable
citizens,” “fear,” “control.”
4. The writer seems biased against the
smoking bans. She presents more
information and quotations in support of
people who are against the smoking ban.
Article 3
1. The writer’s purpose is to persuade.
Through the tone and language, one can
tell the writer is against the ban and is
persuading the readers that it’s wrong.
2. It argues against the new WHO policy of
not hiring people who are smokers.
3. The writer is clearly against the policy.
The article includes strong negative
language: “goes too far,” “in a worrisome
way,” and “raids by the lifestyle police.”
4. The writer seems to be biased since he/she
only presents one side of the issue.
Exercise 10, pages 234–235
1. c 4. a 7. a 10. b
2. a 5. c 8. b 11. a
3. b 6. a 9. c 12. c
Answer Key 55
Exercise 11, page 235

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

challenge challenge challenging challengingly
confirmation confirm confirmed ———
discrimination discriminate discriminating, ———
discriminatory
issue issue ——— ———
precedent precede preceding ———
randomization randomize random randomly
submission submit submissive submissively
suspension suspend suspended, suspenseful ———
violation violate ——— ———

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Exercise 12, page 236 the cats / in this village / were tamed / and
1. site 7. issues had some special role / to play / in human
2. policy 8. random activities / or a special relationship / with
3. precedent 9. discriminated certain individuals. / These bones / showed
4. status 10. suspended no signs / of having been butchered / for
5. violation 11. confirmed eating. / And since they were / in the right
6. challenge 12. submit places / in the skeleton, / the animal / must
have been buried / soon after death; /
otherwise, / the bones / would have been
Part 4: taken / by other animals. /
Reading Faster Other animals / were tamed before cats. /
The first dogs / (actually a type of wolf) / are
UNIT 1: Learning to Read Faster
known to have lived with humans / as early
Exercise 2, page 243 as 15,000 years ago. / Their importance / in
(Answers may vary, but the phrases must be early human settlements / is shown / by the
meaningful.) evidence / of dog graves / from 12,500 years
Archeologists have found / the earliest ago / in Israel. / The goat was probably / the
known evidence / of a special connection / first animal / to produce milk for humans, /
between humans and cats. / Last month in around 10,000 years ago. / But until now, /
Cyprus / they discovered the grave / of a 30- the first evidence / of household cats / came
year-old villager / who died 9,500 years ago. / from Egypt / only 4,000 years ago. / The
With the body, / they found / jewelry, discovery / of the skeleton / of this cat, /
seashells and other items. / Less than a meter which had clearly / been handled with care, /
(3 feet) away, / in another grave / almost is very exciting / for archaeologists. /
certainly / made at the same time, / lay the
bones / of a young cat. / Exercise 3, page 244
Cat bones / have been found before / near A.
early human settlements, / but scientists 1. no
believe / they belonged to wild cats. / These 2. every year
cats probably stayed / around human villages 3. children from the Park School in Roxbury
/ to catch the mice and rats / attracted by / 4. the marches
the supplies of food. / The new find on 5. bouquets of flowers
Cyprus, / however, / seems to indicate / that (Answers will vary for part B.)

56 Answer Key
 Timed Reading Example, pages 248–251
C.
1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. d
(Answers will vary for parts D–F.)

UNIT 2: New Technology and Its

Impact Around the World
Questions
Passages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 b a b d c a a c
2 c a d b a a b c
Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

3 c a d a b a b d
4 a d b b d b a b
5 c d b a a d b b
6 d c b b d a b b

UNIT 3: People Who Have Made a

Difference
Questions
Passages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 d c b a b a d a
2 c b d b c a a d
3 b a c a c d a a
4 d b a c a c b d
5 b d a a c c a a
6 a c d a a b d b

UNIT 4: Inventions That Are

Changing Our Lives
Questions
Passages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 c a b a b a b c
2 a c b c d b a a
3 d b a b d b a c
4 c d c a a b b d
5 d a b b c b a b
6 b a b c d c b b

Answer Key 57