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Power Transformer Characteristics PDF
Power Transformer Characteristics PDF
Fahrudin Mekić
Ramsis Girgis
Zoran Gajić
Ed teNyenhuis
ABB Inc.
1
Purpose of the Paper
2
Transformer inrush current calculation
v = Vm sin(ω (t − t m ))
di
L + Ri = Vm sin( ω (t − t m ))
dt
Vm ⎧ R
− ( t −tm) ⎫
i= ⎨sin( ωt − ϕ ) − e L
sin( ωt m − ϕ )⎬
(ω L ) + R ⎩
2 2 2
⎭
ωL
ϕ = ωt m + arctg
R 3
Transformer inrush current calculation
BR
tm t0
IN = Rm Φ
4
Transformer inrush current calculation
2V ⎛ 2 ⋅ BN + BR − BS ⎞
I pk = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
(ω ⋅ L) + R 2 ⎝
2 BN ⎠
2000
1800
1600
1400
Current [Amperes]
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]
6
Transformer inrush current calculation
Example 1 Example 2
Simplified Equation 4941 1755
Modified Equation 1984 1094
7
Transformer inrush current calculation
Inrush
Inrushcurrent
current
4500
4500
4000
4000 Peak
Peakof
ofInrush
Inrush
3500
3500
3000
3000
Peak current amps
Peak current amps
2500
2500
2000
2000
Peak
Peakof
ofsecond
secondharmonic
harmonic
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Voltage angle °
Voltage angle °
8
Transformer design effect on inrush current
9
Transformer design effect on inrush current
Ratio
Ratioof
ofPeak
PeakInrush
InrushCurrent
Current/ /Rated
RatedCurrent
Current
36
36MVA,
MVA,33Phase
PhaseTransformer
Transformer
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.0
Current
Current/RatedCurrent
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
InrushCurrent/Rated
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
Inrush
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
11 1.1
1.1 1.2
1.2 1.3
1.3 1.4
1.4 1.5
1.5 1.6
1.6 1.7
1.7 1.8
1.8 1.9
1.9
Flux
Flux Density[T]
Density [T]
10
Transformer design effect on inrush current
Minimum
Minimum%%2nd
2ndHarmonic
Harmonic/ /Peak
PeakInrush
InrushCurrent
Current
36
36MVA,
MVA,33Phase
PhaseTransformer
Transformer
30%
30%
25%
Inrush
25%
PeakInrush
20%
Harmonic/ /Peak
20%
2ndHarmonic
15%
15%
10%
Min%%2nd
10%
Min
5%
5%
0%
0%
11 1.1
1.1 1.2
1.2 1.3
1.3 1.4
1.4 1.5
1.5 1.6
1.6 1.7
1.7 1.8
1.8 1.9
1.9
Flux
Flux Density[T]
Density [T]
11
Transformer design effect on inrush current
12
Transformer design effect on inrush current
13
Transformer design effect on differential protection
MMinimum
inimum%
%2nd
2ndHarmonic
Harmonic/ /Peak
PeakInrush
InrushCurrent
Current
36
36MVA,
MVA,33Phase
PhaseTransformer
Transformer
30%
30%
25%
Inrush
25%
PeakInrush
20%
Harmonic/ /Peak
20%
2ndHarmonic
15%
15%
10%
Min%%2nd
10%
Min
5%
5%
0%
0%
11 1.1
1.1 1.2
1.2 1.3
1.3 1.4
1.4 1.5
1.5 1.6
1.6 1.7
1.7 1.8
1.8 1.9
1.9
Flux
FluxDensity
Density[T]
[T]
14
Transformer design effect on differential protection
t
ta
15
Transformer design effect on differential protection
16
Transformer design effect on differential protection
10
Current [pu]
10
20
270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
Time [ms]
Ic_500
Ic_250
Id_C
Trip
17
Transformer design effect on differential protection
Wye Wye
IW1 IW2
Z1S1 Z1S2
E1S1 E1S2
IW1 IW2
18
Transformer design effect on differential protection
19
Transformer design effect on differential protection
Wye Wye
INSS1 INSS2
ZNSS1 ZNSS2
NS
INSS1 INSS2
Negative Sequence
Zero Potential
20
Transformer design effect on differential protection
If one or 90 deg
the other 120 deg
of currents Internal / external
is too low, fault boundary.
then no
measurement NegSeqROA
is done, and (Relay
120 degrees Operate
The directional is mapped Angle)
characteristic
is defined by 180 deg 0 deg
the settings:
******************
1. IminNegSeq IminNegSeq
2. NegSeqROA
External Internal
fault fault
region region
270 deg
21
Transformer design effect on differential protection
22
Transformer design effect on 87N
IA
IB
IC
IG
87G
23
Transformer design effect on Relay
I0
I0
I0
IG
87G
25
Transformer design effect on Relay
26
Transformer design effect on Relay
27
Transformer design effect on Ground OC
28
Conclusion
29
Conclusion
30