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ib & agvgl 2019
The Child & Adolescent Learner and Learning Principles
Week 17: Exceptional Development
C. Learning Disabilities
This include problems among children related to disorders in understanding or using spoken
and/or written language. Such disorders manifest in their inability to talk, read, write, spell and even
add numbers.
Sensory integration refers to ability of the individual to process information coming from the
environment and make use of the information in the process. The following provides identification of
students qualified for educational services depending on three conditions:
1. Normal Intelligence. This refers to child’s performance at above normal range using non-
verbal measures which include language concepts.
2. Academic achievement deficit. Condition where child shows academic achievement deficit
in at least one subject, such as oral expression, listening, and etc.
3. Absence of other handicapping conditions.
The different types of learning disabilities are:
1. Dyslexia - reading
2. Dysgraphia - writing
3. Visual agnosia - sight
4. Motor aphasia - speaking
5. Dysarthria - stuttering
6. Auditory agnosia - auditory agnosia
7. Olfactory agnosia - hearing
8. Dyscalculia - arithmetic skill
There are three general causes of learning disability:
1. Problematic pregnancies, occurring before, during, and after delivery causing injury
whether minimal or severe to brain.
2. Biochemical imbalance caused by intake of food with artificial food colorings and
flavorings.
3. Environmental factors caused by emotional disturbance.
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ib & agvgl 2019
The Child & Adolescent Learner and Learning Principles
Week 17: Exceptional Development
On the other hand, children in the absence of activity, they are likely referred to as having Attention
Deficit Disorder (ADD). ADD and ADHD are different disorders in the presence of symptomatic
differences.
Table 1
Behavioral Differences Between ADHD and ADD
ADHD ADD
Decision-Making Impulsive Sluggish
Modest
Short off, egotistical,
Attention Seeking Shy
Relishes in being the worst.
Often socially withdrawn
Bossy Under-assertive
Assertiveness
Often irritating Overly polite and docile
Intrusive Honors boundaries
Recognizing boundaries
Occasionally rebellious Usually polite and obedient
Attract new friends but has Bonds but does not easily
Popularity
difficulty in bonding. attract friends.
Oppositional defiance
Associated diagnoses Depression
Conduct disorder
Language disorder refers to any systematic deviation in the way peoples speak, listen, read,
write or sign that interferes with their ability to communicate with their peers. There are many causes,
but a large proportion of cases are traced from brain damage resulting in mental or physical disability.
Language disability covers a wide spectrum of dysfunction as in fluency and articulation disorders. The
disorders themselves vary according to the degree of severity and the level of language they affect.
Aphasia
- Language impairments that caused by specific brain damage.
- It is the loss of ability to use and understand language. (excludes physical conditions such as
deafness)
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ib & agvgl 2019
The Child & Adolescent Learner and Learning Principles
Week 17: Exceptional Development
Categories of Aphasia:
APHASIA
FLUENT NON-FLUENT
(RECEPTIVE APHASIA) (EXPRESSIVE APHASIA)
- Poor comprehension, words may - Good comprehension, difficulty
lack meaning. finding words.
Global Aphasia
- It is characterized by the combination of symptoms of expressive and receptive aphasia whereas
limited to comprehension and speech is limited.
- Recovery of those afflicted with this disorder is poor, there is very insignificant improvement in
performance. Therefore, this type of aphasia is sometimes referred to as irreversible aphasia
syndrome.
Dyslexia
- Define as defective reading. It represents loss of competency due to brain injury, degeneration,
and developmental failure to keep pace with reading instruction.
- It is often classified as developmental (a general failure in learning) or as specific (in contrast
to general failure in learning). An individual does not have mental defects, but s/he experiences
a severe reading disability.
- Defective reading is oftentimes traced from environmental origin and genetically determined.
Visual-Spatial
- visuo-spatial ability is the capacity to understand, reason and remember the spatial relations
among objects or space.
Visual-spatial Form of Dyslexia
Dyseidetic - refers to a difficulty connecting sounds to symbols.
Agnostic Dyslexia - a condition where patients can read but throw a slow,
letter by letter analysis of word.
Visual-perceptual - refers to a hindered ability to make sense of information taken
in through the eyes.
Visual Dyslexia - refers to reading difficulty resulting from either
optical visual problem (physical causes) or visual processing
disorders (cognitive/neurological causes).
Surface - the condition of hard to remember whole words by sight.
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ib & agvgl 2019
The Child & Adolescent Learner and Learning Principles
Week 17: Exceptional Development
Posterior Alexia
- A person who could write but not read. The person had no problems with spoken language or
written language and could see written material adequately. Due to the suffering from a lesion
(damage area) that involves medial and inferior aspects of the left occipital lobe and the splenium
of the corpus callosum (the part of the mind that allows communication between the two
hemispheres of the brain. It is responsible for transmitting neural messages between both the
right and left hemispheres).
Optic Alexia
- A condition where letters similar in configuration or resemblance are mistaken from another, for
example, m and n or k and x.
Verbal Alexia
- A condition where patients could easily recognize letters but could not grasp whole words or
combination of letters. Words must be put together letter by letter.
Dysgnosia
- It means inefficient recognition. A condition where loss of the ability to recognize objects
occurred.
Agnostic Dyslexia
- A condition where patients can read but throw a slow, letter by letter analysis of word.
Intellectually Gifted
- Refers to a child whose intellectual abilities, creativity, and potential for achievement are so
outstanding that the child's needs exceed differentiated general education programming,
adversely affects educational performance, and requires specifically designed instruction or
support services.
- An IQ score above 130 signals intellectual giftedness. Even among the gifted children, there
can be difficulties in learning attributes to language impairments and reading disabilities called
dyslexia.
- According to Terman (1954), bright children are usually far ahead of their age-mites, not just
intellectually, but socially and physically as well.
- However, V. Dark and C. Benbow suggest that the processes that underlie the cognitive
achievements of gifted are not unique – it is simply that the gifted children are able to learn faster
and more efficiently process information at a rapid pace, significantly better and different from
the rest.
*These programs are designed to harness the special talents of the intellectually gifted.
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ib & agvgl 2019
The Child & Adolescent Learner and Learning Principles
Week 17: Exceptional Development
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ib & agvgl 2019
The Child & Adolescent Learner and Learning Principles
Week 17: Exceptional Development
(1) being abused by any person through sexual, physical, psychological, mental, economic or
any other means and the parents or guardian refuse, are unwilling, or unable to provide
protection for the child;
(2) being exploited including sexually or economically;
(3) being abandoned or neglected, and after diligent search and inquiry, the parent or
guardian cannot be found;
(4) coming from a dysfunctional or broken family or without a parent or guardian;
(5) being out of school;
(6) being a streetchild;
(7) being a member of a gang;
(8) living in a community with a high level of criminality or drug abuse; and
(9) living in situations of armed conflict.
A Child in Conflict with the Law (CCIL) refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or
adjudged as, having committed an offense under Philippine laws. These alleged child must under go
Community-based programs that provides interventions intervention and diversion, as well as
rehabilitation of the child in conflict with the law, for reintegration into his/her family and/or community.
As per Chap. 2; Sec. 6 of RA no. 9344, the minimum age set to a child is at (15) years of age
or under at the time of the commission of the offense shall be exempt from criminal liability. However
the child is subjected to program interventions. A child above fifteen (15) years but below eighteen (18)
years of age shall likewise be exempt from criminal liability and be subjected to an intervention program,
unless he/she has acted with discernment, in which case, such child shall be subjected to the
appropriate proceedings in accordance with this Act.
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ib & agvgl 2019
The Child & Adolescent Learner and Learning Principles
Week 17: Exceptional Development
Conduct Disorder
- This manifest in repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior where a young person transgresses
on the basic rights of others or violates societal norms or rules. This is considered a disorder of
under control.
- Socialized Conduct Disorder: it happens when a young person in the company of peers shows
a misconduct behavior.
- Unsocialized Conduct Disorder: it happens when the behavior occurs primarily when the child
is alone.
Phobias
- It is learned through association of the experience of being in a state of fear with a specific
stimulus. These phobias are usually learned and will need therapeutic interventions to unlearn
the association.
Anxiety Disorder
- These are characterized by feeling of apprehension and low self-confidence that may be felt
through the adult years. This disorder associated with moods are the most common type of
mental difficulty.
- Depression, one kind of this disorder which is higher in the early adulthood that in adolescence
or middle age.
- It is important to remember that under-controlling and over-controlling behaviors occur together.
Children with aggressive behavior may also experience depression. Comorbidity is the term
used to describe this co-occurrence of two or more problem behaviors.
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ib & agvgl 2019