TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES | OCDI i eS COASTAL AREA [of helee Ss OF JAPANTECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN NEW EDITION, 1991The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan 3-2-4 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo. 7100, Japan Copyright © 1991 by Ports and Harbours Bureau, Ministry of Transport Port and Harbour Research Institute, Ministry of Transport All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Original Japanese language edition published by the Japan Ports and Harbours Association. Printed in JapanPREFACE Ports and harbours currently play a great role in the economic and social development of Japan, since it depends greatly on foreign countries for most natural resource materials. Bureau of Ports and Harbours, Ministry of Transport and Port and Harbour Research Institute, Ministry of Transport have been taking the lead in the development of technology for construction and improvement of ports and harbours. Bureau of Ports and Harbours has sponsored the Ministry Ordinance entitled, “Technical Standard for Ports and Harbours Facilities” and Director General of Bureau of Ports and Harbours issued Circular Notice concerning the technical standard for port and harbour facilities to promote safety and to improve the efficiency of ports and harbours. The circular notice of 1978 was revised in October 1988 to cope with intense and diversified Tequirements, including general needs for expanded space to upgrade amenities at ports and harbours and to incorporate tech goals: (1) employment of technology to create safe and comfortable spaces at ports and harbours ; (2) rationalization of design and planning by new method ; and (3) introduction of new technology. I advances. Revisions were made to the following main Two publications, titled “Technical Standards for Port and Harbour Facilities with Commen- tary” (in Japanese, hereinafter called as “Technical Standard and Commentary"), which contain the original and amended circular notices and complementary comments to them, respectively, were published by the Japan Ports and Harbours Association in 1979 and 1989, A publication in English, titled "Technical Standard for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan” which contains the major parts of the Technical Standard and Commentary issued in 1979 with the exception of various procedural requirements, was issued in 1980. As the Technical Standard and Commentary was revised in 1989, efforts have been made to revise the English version by the Overseas Coustal Area Development Institute of Japan — a nonprofit public organization established with the authorization of the Japanese Government to undertake various kinds of activities including studies and researchs for the development of ports and harbours in developing countries — in cooperation with Ports and Harbours Bureau, and Port and Harbour Research Institute. This publication contains our technical concepts on ports and harbors under the natural and social conditions of Japan. We cordially hope that our technology will be properly understood and this publication will be referenced in planning, construction, improvement and maintenance of port and harbour facilities in various countries. July, 1991CONTENTS CATEGORY O! : NORMAL FACILITIES PART I GENERAL CHAPTER 1 GENERAL RULES - ae LL SCOPE «++» 1.2 DEFINITION : 13 SPECIAL FACILITIES 14 PORT FACILITIES FOR VERY LARGE CARRIERS CHAPTER 2: DATUM LEVEL FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK © ----- CHAPTER 3 MAL TENANCE FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES : — Scere 3.1 CONCEPT OF MAINTENANCE . 3.2. MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM += 3.3, POINTS ON MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT wae PART II DESIGN CONDITIONS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL -- CHAPTER 2 SHIPS ---- 2.1 DIMENSIONS OF SHIPS 2.2 EXTERNAL FORCES GENERATED BY SHIPS 2.2.1 General 2.2.2. External Forces Generated by Ship’ 's Berthing 2.2.3. External Forces due to Motions of Moored Ship- 2.24 Tractive Force Acting on Mooring Post: CHAPTER 3 WIND AND WIND PRESSURE: 3.1 GENERAL 3.2. WIND 3.3. WIND PRESSURE CHAPTER 4 WAVES 4.1 GENERAL «4.1.1 Waves in Design 4.1.2. Definition of Waves 4.1.3 Properties of Waves: 42. METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF DESIGN WAVES. 4.2.1. Principle of Determination of Design Deepwater Waves 42.2 Procedure for Obtaining Parameters of Design Wave ~ 43 WAVE HINDCASTING 43.1 General . 4.3.2. Hindcasting of Waves in Generating Field 4.3.3. Swell Hindcasting sess 44 STATISTICAL PROCESSING OF WAVE OBSERVATION AND HINDCASTING DATA 4.3. TRANSFORMATION OF WAVES 4.5.1. General ~~~ 4.5.2 Refraction of Waves 4.5.3 Diffraction of Waves ~ 4.5.4 Reflection of Waves 45.5 Shoaling Deformation 4.5.6 Wave Breaking ~~ 46 OVERTOPPING AND TRANSMITTED WAVES - 4.6.1 Quantity of Wave Overtopping 46.2 Transmitted Wave Height 4.7, WAVE SETUP CHAPTER 5 WAVE FORCE 5.1 GENERAL 5.2. WAVE FORCE ACTING ON UPRIGHT WALL 5.2.1 General Properties of Wave Force Acting on Upright Wall - 5.2.2 Wave Forces of Standing and Breaking Waves on Upright Wall 5.2.3. Shock Pressure due to Breaking Waves <--s-rsssssteeee 5.2.4 Wave Force Acting on Upright Wall Covered with Wave Dissipating Concrete Blocks 43 5.2.5. Calculation of Wave Force on Upright Wall with Concaved Alignment ++" 44 5.2.6 Wave Force Acting on Upright Wall at Water Depth Changing Portion =----- 44 5.2.7. Wave Force Acting on Upright Wave Dissipating Caissons +--+ +44 5.3. WEIGHTS OF ARMOUR STONES AND BLOCKS . so 5, 5.4 WAVE FORCE ACTING ON UNDERWATER MEMBERS +45 5.4.1 Wave Force Acting on Underwater Members. ~ 45 5.4.2 Wave Force Acting on a Large Structure - 46 5.5. WAVE FORCE ACTING ON A STRUCTURE NEAR THE WATER SURFACE 5.5.1. Uplift Force Acting on a Horizontal Plate near the Water Surface -~ 5.5.2. Horizontal Wave Force Acting on a Vertical Plate near the Water SurfaceCHAPTER 6 TIDE 6.1 DESIGN TIDAL LEVEL 62 ASTRONOMICAL TIDE 63 METEOROLOGICAL TIDE - 64 TSUNAMI -- 65 SEICHE CHAPTER 7 CURRENTS AND CURRENT FORCE 50 7.1 GENERAL - 50 7.2 CURRENT FORCE ON CYLINDRICAL MEMBERS AND ISOLATED STRUCTURE « : aan CHAPTER 8 EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON A FLOATING BODY AND ITS OSCILLATION --- 8&1 GENERAL . z sescenten 8.2 EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON A FLOATING BODY ssonenee 8.3 OSCILLATION OF A FLOATING BODY AND MOORING FORCE =: + SI - 52 CHAPTER 9 ESTUARY HYDRAULICS--- 53 CHAPTER 10 LITTORAL DRIFT - 54 VOL GENERAL veesssssssseeeeseeee 10.2. SCOURING AROUND STRUCTURES 10.3 PREDICTION OF BEACH PROCESS - CHAPTER 11 SOILS CHARACTERISTICS --- 1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ILL. Unit Weight of Soil 11.12. Classification of Soils 11.13 Coefficient of Permeability of Soil 1.2, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL, 11.2.1 Elastic Constants 11.2.2 Consolidation Characteristics 11.2.3. Shear Characteristics “ 11.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOILS « 11.3.1 Dynamic Modulus of Deformation 11.3.2. Dynamic Strength Characteristics --~ . “ 114 METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS 11.4.1 Principle of Determination -- seeeesteenenssennannnn 11.4.2. Selection of Survey Method: 11.5 N VALUE “1On CHAPTER 12 EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC FORCE «-- cree oT 12.1 GENERAL B 12.2 SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD 12.3. DESIGN SEISMIC COEFFICIENT © 124 DISPLACEMENT METHOD 12.5 ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC RESPONSE «+ CHAPTER 13 STABILITY AGAINST LIQUEFACTION 13.1 GENERAL 13.2. ASSESSMENT OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL 13.3. MEASURES AGAINST LIQUEFACTION - CHAPTER 14 EARTH PRESSURE AND WATER PRESSURE eres 80. 14,1 GENERAL 142 EARTH PRESSURE IN ORDINARY CONDITIONS ---- 14.2.1 Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil in Ordinary Conditions 14.2.2 Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil in Ordinary Conditions ~ 14,3. EARTH PRESSURE DURING AN EARTHQUAKE 14.3.1 Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil during an Earthquake 14.3.2 Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil during an Earthquake 14.3.3 Apparent Seismic Coefficient 14.3.4 Coefficient of Earth Pressure and Angle of Failure Plane of Sandy Soil ------ 84 144 WATER PRESSURE see 5 . 144.1 Residual Water Pressure 14.4.2. Dynamic Water Pressure during an Earthquake "++" CHAPTER 15 SURCHARGE (DEADWEIGHT AND LOAD)- 15.1 GENERAL 15.2 DEADWEIGHT - 18.3. SURCHARGE 15.3.1 Surcharge in Ordinary Conditions 15.3.2 Surcharge during an Earthquake 15.3.3 Unevenly Distributed Surcharge---- 15.3.4 Snow Load 154 LIVE LOADS 15.4.1 Train Load 15.4.2 Wheel Load ~ 15.4.3 Tractor Trailer Load: 15.4.4 Load of Cargo Handling Equipment 15.4.5 Sidewalk Live Load = CHAPTER 16 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 83 aPART III MATERIALS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL + 93 CHAPTER 2 STEEL - 21 STEEL «+--+ 2.2. CONSTANTS OF STEEL AND CAST STEEL USED FOR DESI 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESSES 23.1 Structural Steel 23.2. Steel Pipe Piles- 23.3 Steel Sheet Piles 234 Forgings 23.5 Allowable Stresses of Welded Zones and Spliced Steel Members 2.3.6 Increase of Allowable Stresses 24 CORROSION CONTROL 24.1 General 24.2 Corrosion Rates of Steel 24.3 Corrosion Prevention Methods 244 Cathodic Protection Methods - 24,5 Painting and Lining Methods 101 2.46 Corrosion Allowance Method - 102 2.47 Maintenance of Steel Materi 102 CHAPTER 3 CONCRETE pee 104 3.1 GENERAL - “104 3.2 DURABILITY 104 3.3, MATERIALS ++ “105 3.4 QUALITY OF CONCRETE 106 3.5 CONCRETE PRODUCTS “107 3.6 UNDERWATER CONCRETE “107 3.7. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 108 38 ALLOWABLE STRESSES OF CONCRETE «+ 108 39 ALLOWABLE STRESSES OF REINFORCEMENT - 3.10 INCREASING ALLOWABLE STRESSES 3.11 MAINTENANCE OF CONCRETE CHAPTER 4 BITUMINOUS MATERIALS 41 SANDMASTIC - 4.1.1 Materials 4.12 Proportion 4.2 ASPHALT MAT 4.2.1 Materials “LL WW “UM “UL “UL42.2. Proportion: aT 423. Size and Detail 12 4.3 BITUMINOUS MATERIALS FOR PAVEMENT “M2 43.1. General 12 4.3.2. Asphalt Concrete --s--ss+sssssssssssssessssssssssssssscssesseeeseneeneessnnennnnnnanennnnees “2 CHAPTER 5 STONES -~ 113 5.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 13 5.2. RUBBLE =---------~ “113 5.3 BACKFILLING MATERIALS “113 5.4 BASE COURSE MATERIALS US CHAPTER 6 TIMBER od 6.1 QUALITY OF TIMBER = 114 6.1.1 Quality of Structural Timber 14 6.1.2 Quality of Timber Pile na 6.2 ALLOWABLE STRESSES OF TIMBER ia 62.1 General “ia 6.2.2 Allowable Stresses of Structural Timber la 6.2.3 Allowable Compressive Stresses of Timber Pile -- “1S 6.3 JOINING OF TIMBER “116 6.4 MAINTENANCE OF TIMBER “116 PART IV PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS CHAPTER I BOX CAISSONS «~~ a “7 11 GENERAL 117 1.2. DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONS 17 1.3. STABILITY DURING BUOYANCY 118 14 DESIGN EXTERNAL FORCES 119 14.1 Temporary Loads 9 1.4.2 External Forces during Fabrication “119 1.4.3 External Forces during Launching and Buoyancy “120 1.44 External Forces during Towing “121 1.45 External Forces during Installation --- 121 1.4.6 External Forces after Construction 122 15 DESIGN OF MEMBERS “128 1.5.1 Sidewall- “128 1.5.2 Bottom Slab - “128 1.5.3 Partition Wall - 128 15.4 Others z “129 16 DESIGN OF HOOKS FOR SUSPENSION BY CRANE-- 129CHAPTER 2 L-SHAPED BLOCKS 2A GENERAL wssssseseseeeeseeeeee 22 DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONS, 23 LOADS ACTING ON MEMBERS 2B General essere 2.3.2 Earth Pressure Acting on Members 23.3 Converted Loads for Design Calculation 24 DESIGN OF MEMBERS 241 Front Wall + 242 Footing ~ 24.3 Bottom Slab 244° Buttress <---> 2.5 DESIGN OF HOOK FOR SUSPENSION CHAPTER 3 CELLULAR BLOCKS 3.1 GENERAL - 0 = 3.2. DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONS, 3.2.1 Shape of Cellular Block « 3.2.2 Determination of Dimensions 3.3 LOADS ACTING ON MEMBERS 33.1 General -----> : 3.3.2 Earth Pressure of Filling and Residual Water Pressure ~ 33.3. Converted Loads for Design Calculation - 34 DESIGN OF MEMBERS 34.1 Rectangular Shaped Cellular Block 342. Other Types of Cellular Blocks 35. DESIGN OF HOOKS FOR SUSPENSION BY CRANE CHAPTER 4 UPRIGHT WAVE DISSIPATING CAISSONS soll PART V FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL +--+ rrrerrereerereeereeeceeenscnennnnenennnnnnnenstisnnies 143 CHAPTER 2. BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS --144 2.1 GENERAL sess soon 14d, 2.2 BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION ON SANDY SOIL 144 23. BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION ON COHESIVE SOIL. seee145 24 BEARING CAPACITY ON TWO LAYERS SUBSOIL =--+------ 146 2.5 BEARING CAPACITY FOR ECCENTRIC AND INCLINED LOADS 147CHAPTER 3 BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS - CHAPTER 4 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILE FOUNDATION “149 3.1 GENERAL 3.2. VERTICAL BEARING CAPACITY 3.3 HORIZONTAL BEARING CAPACITY “149 149 +150 “151 “151 151 4.1 AXIAL ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES 4.1.1 General + 4.1.2. Standard Axial Allowable Bearing Capacity “151 4.1.3 Axial Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Single Pile - 151 4.1.4 Estimation of Axial Ultimate Bearing Capacity by Loading Tests 131 4.1.5. Estimation of Axial Ultimate Bearing Capacity by Statical Bearing Capacity Formulas -- seers see 4.1.6 Estimation of Axial Ultimate Bearing Capacity by Pile Driving Formulas and Existing Data sss seveonennnene . 4.1.7 Examination of Compressive Stress of Pile Material 4.1.8 Decrease of Bearing Capacity due to Joints ~~ 4.1.9 Decrease of Bearing Capacity due to Slenderness Ratio 4.1.10 Exat n of Negative Skin Friction ~ 4.1.11 Interval of Piles. =~ 4.1.12 Bearing Capacity of Piles Group « 4.1.13 Examination of Settlement of Piles --- 4.2 ALLOWABLE PULLING RESISTANCE OF PILES ~ 4.2.1 General 4.22 Standard Allowable Pulling Resistance “151 4.2.3 Maximum Pulling Resistance of Single Pile soe 154 4.2.4. Matters to Be Considered for Obtaining the Allowable Pulling Resistance of a Pile «+155 43 LATERAL ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES seeeeeeeee 56, 43.1 General - . 4.3.2. Estimation of Pile Behaviour 4.3.3. Estimation by Loading Tests 43.4 Estimation by Analysis 4.3.5. Estimation by Existing Data- 43.6 Horizontal Bearing Capacity of Coupled Batter Piles 4.3.7 Consideration Concerning the Effect of Piles Group 44 GENERAL IN DESIGN «- 4.4.1 Sharing of Load + - 442. Distribution of Load 443 Allowable Stresses of 4.5 DETAILED DESIGN - 45.1 Examination of Loads during Execution Materials45.2 Design of Junction between Piles and Superstructure 4.5.3 Joints + 454 Tips of Piles - CHAPTER 5 SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS 5.1 STRESS IN SUBSOIL ----- 5.2. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT z 5.3 SETTLEMENT DUE TO CONSOLIDATION 5.3.1 Ultimate Settlement due to Consolidation =~ . 5.3.2 Change of Consolidation Settlement with Lapse of Time 167 5.4 GROUND SUBSIDENCE “168 CHAPTER 6 STABILITY OF SLOPES -- 169 6.1 GENERAL +--+ seeseeeeee 6.2 METHODS OF STABILITY ANALYSIS + 62.1 Circular Slips 62.2 Planer Slip CHAPTER 7 SOIL IMPROVEMENT METHODS - 1.1 GENERAL + 7.1.1 Selection of Soil Improvement Methods. 7.1.2. Outline of Various Soil Improvement Methods 72. REPLACEMENT METHOD - see 73. VERTICAL DRAIN METHOD (WITH PRELOAD) - 7.3.1 Basie Design Concept s+ 732. Design of Vertical Drains 74 DEEP MIXING METHOD - 74.1 Basic Design Concept ---+-++- 742 Mix Design of Stabilized Soils + 743° Design External Loads Acting on Stabilized Body - 7.44 Examination of Internal Stability 7.8 SAND COMPACTION PILE METHOD FOR CLAYEY SOILS 73.1 Fundamental Design Concept “ + 75.2 Shear Strength Formula for Improved Ground 753. Stability Analysis: - 754 Examination of Consolidation of Improved Ground 76 VARIOUS METHODS FOR DENSIFICATION OF LOOSE SAND 7.6.1 Basic Design Concept ~~ : seseeoee 7.6.2 Design Based on Design Chart 7.6.3 Design Based on Trial Works10 PART VI WATERWAYS AND BASINS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 00000: paeeremreeeres peemeerer 189 CHAPTER 2 WATERWAYS = Seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeae PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING LAYOUT OF WATERWAY WIDTH OF WATERWAY DEPTH OF WATERWAY « STOPPING DISTANCE CALMNESS OF WATERWAY WATERWAY MAINTENANCE 7-0 6 7 CHAPTER 3 WATERWAY OUTSIDE BREAKWATER = 3.1 PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING 3.2. WIDTH OF WATERWAY - 3.3. DEPTH OF WATERWAY 3.4 WATERWAY MAINTENANCE - CHAPTER 4 BASINS: 4.1 PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING 4.2 LOCATION AND AREA OF BASIN 4.2.1 Location ss 4.2.2 Area of Basin for Anchorage or Mooring ~- 4.2.3 Area of Basin for Ship Maneuvering ~~ 43. DEPTH OF BASIN 44 CALMNESS OF BASIN 4.5 TIMBER SORTING POND::---- CHAPTER 5 BASIN FOR SMALL CRAFTS --- CHAPTER 6 MAINTENANCE OF BASIN z : seceeeeeeeeee | 99 6.1 GENERAL <---> 19 INSPECTION AND EVALUATION OF BASIN AND COUNTERMEASURES 62 E 199 PART VII PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBOURS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 201 CHAPTER 2: BREAKWATERS 202 2.1. PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN 202 2.2 LAYOUT OF BREAKWATERS 202