PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER BY DONALD Q. KERN D. Q. Kern Ansociatr, and Professorial Lalarer in Chemical Pegineeing ‘Case Institute of Techwlony McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY - Auckland Bogoté Guatemala Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico New Delhi Panama’ Paris San Juan Sio Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo KtPROCESS HEAT TRANSFER INTERNATIONAL EDITION 1965 mar Te si se Mer Bo Cosp Te consigned by 10 123456789 20 FSP9543, CCopyrighs 1980, by the McGraw-Hill Book Cov:ps, Ig. All rigs sesered Rete af tht pueden mayb repre sed ante ‘or wnamitd, i any form oF by any mete, clonic, mechanical, phosocopying, ‘cording, ov echereln, without the free wisen permiocn ofthe pabtaer ‘When ordering this title use ISBN 0-07-085353-3 Printed in Singapore felPREFACE tis the object of this text to provide fundamental instruction in heat transfer while employing the methods and language of industry. This treatment of the subject has evolved from a course given at the Poly- techni Institute of Brooklyn over a period of years. The possibilities of collegiate instruction patterned after the requirements ofthe practicing pprovess engineer were suggested and encouraged by Dr. Donald F. Othmer, Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering. The inclu- sion of the practical aspects of the subject as an integral part of the pedagogy Was inteuded tw serve as a supplement cather thaz = substitute for a strong foundation in engineering fundamentals. These points of view have been retained throughout the writing of the book. ‘Yo provide the rounded group of heat-transfer tools required in process ‘engineering it has been necessary to present a numberof erapirical calcula tion methods which have not previously appeared in the engineering literature. Considerable thought has been given to these methods, and the author has discussed vhem with numerous engineers before accepting. and including them in the text. It has been a further desire that all the calculations appearing in the text shall have been performed by an experienced engineer in conventional manner. On several occasions the author has enlisted the aid of experienced colleagues, and their assistance is acknowledged in the text. In presenting several of the methods some degree of accuracy has been sacrificed to permit the broader application of fewer methods, and it is hoped that these simplifications will cause neither inconvenience nor criticism. tbecame apparent in the early stages of waiting this book that it could readily become too large for convenient use, and this has affected the plan of the book in several important respects. A. portion of the material ‘which is included in conventional texts is rarely if ever applied inthe solu- tion of run-of-the-mill engineering problems. Such material, as familiar ‘and accepted as it may be, has been omitted unless it qualified as impor- tant fundamental information. Secondly, it was not possible to allocate space for making bibliographic comparisons and evaiuacions and ct the ‘same time present industrial practice. Where no mention has been made of a recent contribution to the literature no slight was intended ‘Most of the literature references cited cover methods on which the author bas obtained additional information from industrial applviii PREFACE ‘The author has been influenced in his own professional development by the excellent books of Prof. W. H. MeAdams, Dr. Alfred Schack, and ‘others, and it isfelt that their influence should be acknowledged separately in addition to their invidence in the text as bibliography. For assistance with the manuseript indebtedness is expressed to Thomas HL Miley, John Blizard, and John A. Jost, former associates at the Foster Wheeler Corporation. "For checking the numerical calculations credit is due to Krishnabhai Desai and Narendra R. Bhow, graduate students at the Polytechnic Institute. For suggestions which led to the ine!sion or exclusion of certain material thanks are due Norman E. Anderson, Charles Bliss, Dr. John F. Middleton, Edward L. Pfeiffer, Oliver N. Prescott, Everett N. Sieder, Dr. George E. Tait, and to Joseph Me'sler for assistance with the proof. ‘The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association has been most generous ia granting permission for the repro- duction of a number of the graphs contained in itsStandard. Thanks ere also extended to Richard L. Cawood, President, and Arthur E, Kempler, Vice-President, for their personal assistance and for the cooperation of ‘The Patterson Foundry & Machine Company. Donar Q. Kens New Your, NY. Apri, 1950CONTENTS Pazrace. Ivonx ro rue Provcrrat Arranarus CaLeutanoss. 1. Proces Heat Transfer. 2. Conduction 2. Convection 4 Radtion 5 Temperature - = = 6 Counterfow: Dooble pipe Exchangers 17. 12 Parallel counterfow: Shell-and-Tube Exchanges. Flow Arrangements for Increased Heat Recovers 8. Gases 10. Streamline Flow and Free Convection 11, Caleultions for Process Conditions 12, Condensation of Single Vapors 18. Condenastion of Mined Vapors 14. Evaporation 16, Vaporizer, Evaporators, and Reborn, 16, Brtended Burfacet. . 117, Direct-contact Transfer: Cooling Tower. 18, Batch and Unsteady State Processes 19, Furnace Calculations. 2, Additional Applications 21, The Contre of Temperature and Ralated Process Variables ‘Arrexor oF Cascotamion Dath ‘Aornon Inox. Sunsecr Inoex.INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL APPARATUS CALCULATIONS Exenasorne ‘Double;pipe counteriow exchanger (bensene-tlvene) ‘Double pipe serics-parallel exchanger (ube el-erade ol) ‘Tubular exchanger (keosene-erude oi) ‘Tubular exchanger (water-wate) ‘Tabuler cooler (KsPO«solution-water) ‘obstretr, abated slam) ‘Tubular 24 cooler (35° APL oll-water) Core tube heater (as oil-eenm) - ‘Tank beater (enline-steama) ‘Tubular eschanger(traw ol-napitha) ‘Tubular 48 exchanger Jean oil-rich ci) ‘Tubular cooler (N4OH votutionrater) ‘Tubular heater (aleobo-steam). ‘Tubular plt-fow cooler (Bue gas-water) ‘Jacketed veel (aqueotssolution-weam) ‘Tube cil (aqueous slution-steaz Pipe col cooler (alurry-rates) ‘Trombone cooler (80s gue-water) Atmospheric eoler Gacket water-eate) Electric resitance hester Cospessens (Tenuta) Condenser, horizontal (propancl-rater) Condenser, horisodtal (hydrocarbon mistur, gu, stoam-water) Braronerons (Tencian) ‘Raw water evaporator. Power plant makeup evsporsior us ae geeegueyssINDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL APPARATUS CALCULATIONS Process multiple effet evaporatir. . Hat trancormer evaporator SaS8888 geege Bae eRat a8CHAPTER 1 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER Heat Transfer. ‘The science of thermodynamics deals with the quant tative transitions and rearrangements of energy asheat in bodiesof matter. ‘Heat transfer is the science which deals with the rates of exchange of heat between hot and cold bodies called the source and receiser. When a ound of water apes condoned, the energy change in er ‘identical. ‘The rates at which either process can be made to Progrese with an independent source or receiver, however, ars iaberentiy different. Vs * ‘ary filfeentVapriation i generally a much more rapid phenome- ‘Heat Theories. The study of heat transfer would be greatiy enhanced by asound understanding of the nature of heat. Yet thisis an advantage which is not readily available to students of heat transfer or thermo- dynamics because'so many manifestations of heat have beer discovered ‘that no simple theory covers them all. Laves which may apply to snass transitions may be inapplicable to molecular or atomic transitions, and those which are applicable at low temperatures may not apply at high ‘temperatures. For the purposes of engineering it is necessary tu under- take the study with basic information on but a few of the many phe- nomena. The phates of a single substance slid, liquid, and gnseous, are associated with its energy content. In the solid phase the molecules or stoma are close together, gving it rigidity. "In the Liquid phase euficien ‘thermal energy is present to extend the distance of adjacent molecules such that rigiity is lost. In the gas phase the presence of additional thermal energy has resulted in a relatively complete separation of the atoms of molecules so that they may wander anywhere in a confined space. It is also recognised that, whenever a change of phase occurs outside the critical region, a large amount of energy is involved in the ‘transition. For the same substance in its different phases the various therma! properties have diferent orders of magnitude. As an example, the spe- ‘ilo heat per unit mass is very low for solide, high for liqusa, and wmually intermediate for gases, Similarly in any body sboorbing or loing heat, special consideration must be given whether the change is one of sensible Grlatent heat or both. Stil further, tis also known that hot source is i