RHEOLOGY SERIES Advisory Editor: K. Walters, Department of Mathematics, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, U.K. Vol. 1 Numerical Simulation of Non-Newtonian Flow (Crochet, Davies and Walters) Vol. 2 Rheology of Materials and Engineering Structures (Sobotka) Vol. 3 An Introduction to Rheology (Barnes, Hutton and Walters) The photograph used on the cover shows an extreme example of the Weis- senberg effect. It illustrates one of the most important non-linear effects in rheology, namely, the existence of normal stresses. The effect is produced, quite simply, by rotating a rod in a dish of viscoelastic liquid. The liquid in the photo- graph was prepared by dissolving a high molecular-weight polyisobutylene (Op- panol B200) in a low molecular-weight solvent of the same chemical nature (Hy- vis 07, polybutene). As the rod rotates, the liquid climbs up it, whereas a Newtonian liquid would move towards the rim of the dish under the influence of inertia forces. This particular experiment was set up and photographed at the Thornton Re- search Centre of Shell Research Ltd., and is published by their kind permission.AN INTRODUCTION TO RHEOLOGY H.A.Barnes Senior Scientist and Subject Specialist in Rheology and Fluid Mechanics, Unilever Research, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Wirral, U.K. J.F Hutton Formerly: Principal Scientist and Leader of Tribology Group, Shell Research Ltd., Ellesmere Port, U. and K. Walters F. R.S. Professor of Mathematics, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, U.K. Elsevier Amsterdam — London — New York- TokyoELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands ita Bl. rE KA Second impression 1991 Third impression 1993 ISBN 0-444-87140-3 (Hardbound) ISBN 0-444-87469-0 (Paperback) © 1989 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved. No partof this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V/Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, P.O. Box 521, 1000 AM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA ~ This publication has been registered with te Copyright Clearance Center Inc, (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. Alll other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be reffered to the publisher. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or pro- perty as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed in The Netherlands