nn NDEFINITE INTEGRATION 6.1 Introduction In the chapter on derivatives, we have already learnt about the differentiability of a function ‘on some interval 1. Ifa function is differentiable in an interval I, we know how to find its unique derivative _f' at each point on I. Now, we shall study an operation which is “inverse” to differentiation. For example ‘we know that the derivative of x3 with respect to x is 3x2. Now if we raise the question, derivative of which function or functions is 3x2? Then, itis difficult to find the answer. It is a question of an operation inverse to the operation of differentiation. Let us frame a general question, “Is there a function whose derivative a given function can be and there is such a function, how to find it 2 The process of finding answer to this question is called ‘antiderivation’. It is possible that this question has no answer or it may have more than one answer. For example, (i) L (3) = 3x2, (3 — 15) = 3x? and in general -£ (3 + ) = 322, where ¢ is any (sinx — 3) = ‘osx. In general Losin + ©) = cosx. constant. (i) (sins) = cosx, <4 ‘Thus, antiderivatives of the above functions are not unique. Actually, there exist infinitely many antiderivatives of these fun: which can be obtained by choosing c, from the set of real numbers. For this reason, such a constant is called an arbitrary constant. 62 Definition If we can find a function g defined on an interval I such that L(g(x)) = (x), Vx © 1, then g(x) is called a primitive or antiderivative or indefinite integral of f(3). It is denoted by J f(e)de. J.f(2)de is called an indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x. The process (operation) of finding G2), given /(2) is called indefinite integration. This ‘indefinitencss’ is upto arbitrary constant. Thus, the question whether we can find primitive of f is not easy to answer. There are some es, SUE jg x sufficient conditions such as continuous functions and monotonic functions have pri continuous, jane dx is defined, but cannot be expressed in terms of known elementary functions. Similarly, J Vsecr ds ond f yx?+1 de cannot be expressed as a known function. In J f(x)dx, | de indicates the process of integration with respect to x, f f(x)dx denotes, integral of f(x) with respect to x and in J f(x)dx, (x) is called integrand. 194 ‘Marmumarics 1263 Some Theorems on Antideriv: Theorem 6.1 : If f and g are differentiable on (a, 6) and if f'(x) = g'(x), Vx © (@, 5), then FG) = g() +c, where ¢ is a constant. Proof + Let hx) = f() — g(x), x € (a, 5). Fand g are differentiable on (a, 6) and hence f and g are continuous on (a, 6). If xy, x) © (ab), xy < xp, then h is continuous on [x,, x3]. Now, h is differentiable on (x), x)) as [x}, 9] © (@, 5). By mean value theorem, AED=HCD. ~ ie) for some c € (ay *)) Mex,) — Mees) = BOG — *)- @ Now ¢ € (%, x) =. € (ad) But it is given that Vr € (a, 8), f"@) = eG). - £0) = 8) SOO =0 MH) = 0 (Gx) = f) — x) > WE) = f°) ~ g') Moy) — Way) = 0 Wry, x» € (a 6) by Mx) = heey) fey) ~ abe) = Fle) ~ aly, Vey mp © (aD) f— gis a constant funetion on (a, 6). “+ £0) — g(x) = ¢, where ¢ © R is a constant. 2 JQ) = g@) +e Vee @ dD) General Antiderivative + It GG) = GG) = WG), then [a(syde = 6) and J A@de = g(x). But f(x) = g(x) + €. So | h(x)dx = f(x) = g(x) + c. Here g(x) is a on (a, 6) with -£ (e() of A(x) is g(x) +c. Also if (Quy) = A(x), then -L Ig(e) + | = Lge) = Hee. ‘Thus g(x) + ¢ is also an integral of f(x). ‘Thus, if one primitive of h(x) is g(x), then al primitives are given by g(x) + cy where c is a constant. As c is any constant, it is called an arbitrary constant. Let us perform the operation of differentiation and integration successively in any order. By definition of antiderivative, we know that, £ ae) =F), Vx © 1 [fede = ge) + {fferentiable function EF (@) = hx). Hence if one integral of f(x) is g(x), amy other integral Now, £ [seerde] = -£ late) + € = £60. If we first integrate f(x) and then differentiate the integral, we get the same function f(x) as a result. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 195.nn But, J [4 goo] dr = [yea = go) + e. If we first differentiate the function g(x) and then integrate its derivative, we get g(x) + . ‘Theorem 6.2 : If f and g are integrable on (a, 6), then J (f(x) + g())dx = [fede + J gar. vroot : & [[feode + J etertr] = 2 fr eode + J eed = fe) + g@) Using the defir of antiderivative, Se) + aeodr = Jy Code + J genoa In general if f,, fy fav f, are integrable over an interval, then STAG) + 0) ++ FON = [i@ae + [AQ +. [F,C)de. Theorem 63 : If fis an integrable function on (a, 6) and k € R, then [Af (xd = k [f(w)de. Proof : tk s@id] = & EJ pends = 4) ‘Using the definition of antiderivative, Jif code = kf feat Corollary 1: If f and g are integrable functions in (a, 6), then Se) — geod = [fede — Jeeode Proof s FG) — a@))dx = J Fede + Ngee = Sfeode + J Dede = [fede + C1) J ated = [ede — J aoe Thus, JF) — gear = [fdr — J aoe In general, J [ky iG) + A) tat ky hed = b[A@ de + [AG de tot [ky heir ‘Theorem 6.2, 6.3 and corollary | are known as working rules for integration. 6.4 Standard Integrals ) fede 25 tne R- (xe RY 111 is differentiable for ally € RY and (254) = pho tin + pe =x" “By the definition of antiderivative, fxtae = 20> +6, Vee Rt, (Also let us remember that if g(x) is one primitive then g(x) + ¢ is the general primitive.) Thus, for n = 0, [x9de= BL toa ete Jéce=x+e 196 ‘Marmumarics 12