Material drilling with feed depth system:-

Abstract:-
This drilling machine is start when material is front of it. And how much depth it is going
to drill can be defined by user. User should feed depth in terms of cm and after drilling
defined cm then after drilling machine automatically stop. We use drilling machine, relay
module and ultrasonic sensor with mechanical structure to make possible such kind of
mechanical drilling machine. It is also one of the applications of CNC. It is very use
when we drill or make thread of opaque material.

Block Diagram

Material Use:-
1. Controller card
2. Ultrasonic Sensor
3. Drilling Machine
4. Electro mechanical switching Module
5. Iron frame structure

Material Sensed Drilling machine:-

1
Introduction:-
This drilling is start when material is front of it. And how much depth it is going to drill
can be defined by user

Drill press
or drilling machine

Machine tool for producing holes in hard substances. The drill is held in a rotating
spindle and is fed into the workpiece, which is usually clamped in a vise supported on a
table. The drill may be gripped in a chuck with three jaws that move radially in unison, or
it may have a tapered shank that fits into a tapered hole in the spindle. Means are
provided for varying the spindle speed and (on some machines) for automatically feeding
the drill into the workpiece

Drilling Machine

a machine for making holes with removal of chips. Drilling machines are used for
drilling, boring, countersinking, reaming, and tapping. Several types are used in
metalworking: vertical drilling machines, horizontal drilling machines, center-drilling
machines, gang drilling machines, multiple-spindle drilling machines, and special-
purpose drilling machines.

Vertical drilling machines are the most widely used in metalworking. They are used to
make holes in relatively small work-pieces in individual and small-lot production; they
are also used in maintenance shops. The tool, such as a drill, countersink, or reamer, is
fastened on a vertical spindle, and the work-piece is secured on the table of the machine.
The axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the workpiece.
Programmed control is also used to orient the workpiece and to automate the operation.
Bench-mounted machines, usually of the single-spindle type, are used to make holes up
to 12 mm in diameter, for instance, in instrument-making.

Heavy and large workpieces and workpieces with holes located along a curved edge are
worked on radial drilling machines. Here the axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are
aligned by moving the spindle relative to the stationary work-piece.

Horizontal drilling machines are usually used to make deep holes, for instance, in axles,
shafts, and gun barrels for firearms and artillery pieces.

Center-drilling machines are used to drill centers in the ends of blanks. They are
sometimes equipped with supports that can cut off the blank before centering, and in such
cases they are called center-drilling machines. Gang drilling machines with more than
one drill head are used to produce several holes at one time. Multiple-spindle drilling
machines feature automation of the work process. Such machines can be assembled from
several standardized, self-contained heads with electric motors and reduction gears that
rotate the spindle and feed the head. There are one-, two-, and three-sided multiple-
spindle drilling machines with vertical, horizontal, and inclined spindles for drilling and

2
tapping. Several dozen such spindles may be mounted on a single machine. Special-
purpose drilling machines, on which a limited range of operations is performed, are
equipped with various automated devices.

Multiple operations on workpieces are performed by various combination machines.

These include one- and two-sided jig boring machines, drilling-tapping machines (usually
gang drilling machines with reversible thread-cutting spindles), milling-type drilling
machines and drilling-mortising machines used mainly for woodworking, and automatic
drilling machines.

D. L. IUDIN

In woodworking much use is made of single- and multiple-spindle vertical drilling

machines, one- and two-sided, horizontal drilling machines (usually with multiple
spindles), and machines equipped with a swivel spindle that can be positioned vertically
and horizontally. In addition to drilling holes, woodworking machines may be used to
make grooves, recesses, and mortises and to remove knots.

Multispindle drilling machine

In these high production machine tools a large number of drills work
simultaneously on a blank through a jig specially made for the particular
job. The entire drilling head works repeatedly using the same jig for
batch or lot production of a particular job. Fig. 4.2.8 shows a typical
multispindle drilling machine. The rotation of the drills are derived from
the main spindle and the central gear through a number of planetary
gears in mesh with the central gear) and the corresponding flexible
shafts. The positions of those parallel shafts holding the drills are
adjusted depending upon the locations of the holes to be made on the
job. Each shaft possesses a telescopic part and two universal joints at its
ends to allow its change in length and orientation respectively for
adjustment of location of the drills of varying size and length. In some
heavy duty multispindle drilling machines, the work-table is raised to give
feed motion instead of moving the heavy drilling head.

3
Fig. 4.2.8 A typical multi spindle drilling machine

4
The Gundrilling Machine

Specifically designed to provide the optimum conditions for operating the gun drill, the
deep hole drilling machine is equipped with a high pressure pump that delivers lubricant
to the rear of the drill. The drill can be driven by the spindle or held stationary if the
workpiece is being rotated. During drilling, advancement can either be by drill or
workpiece movement.

The gun drill is supported by anti-whip devices along the shank length and at the rear of
the chip box. The chip box contains a chip deflector and a front end bushing which
guides the drill into the workpiece. The chip box also contains escaping chips and
lubricant, which are separated and filtered.

Gundrilling machines come in many variations, from single spindle manual models to
CNC units with multiple spindles of different designs. They can be integrated into
transfer lines or be part of a machining or turning center. Gun drilling is also becoming
popular as a retrofit package for both conventional and CNC machines.

What Is Gun Drilling?

Gun drilling is a process that produces deep, straight holes in a variety of materials. A
gundrill tool differs from a conventional twist drill by its unique head geometry; a
standard gundrill has a single effective cutting edge. Guide pads burnish the hole while
drilling, allowing the hole to maintain straightness. The result of this burnishing activity
is a very round hole with a precision diameter.

Gun drilling was initially developed for drilling gun barrels. Armament manufacturing
continues to be a common use of this process. Other common industries include energy,
oil and gas exploration, engines, diesel fuel components, and plastic injection molds.
Learn more, including the history of gun drilling, in our technical article from APMEN
magazine.
Holes deeper than 20:1 generally require a dedicated gundrilling machine to achieve
highest productivity and process reliability.

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 Gun drilling differs from BTA drilling due to the coolant
entry and chip removal. Gundrills introduce coolant through a small hole within the tool,
and chip removal occurs through a groove outside the tool. BTA drilling has fluid enter
through a mechanism around the tool, while chips are evacuated through the drill itself.
BTA drilling becomes more effective than gundrilling around a 50mm hole diameter.

Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a

rotating cutter called DRILL.

 The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.

 The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is
held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.

 The most common drill used is the twist drill.

Drilling Machine

 It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop.

 The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to
make a hole.

Types

1) Based on construction:
Portable,
Sensitive,
Radial,
up-right,
Gang,
Multi-spindle

2)Based on Feed:
Hand driven
Power driven

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Components of drilling machine

Spindle
The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a
sleeve.

Sleeve
The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a
direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is
lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work: and when it’s moved upward, the cutting
tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or power
causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction of an mm per revolution.

Column
The column is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column
supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly.

Head
The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric
motor and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column.

Worktable
The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can
be adjusted vertically to accommodate different heights of work or it can be swung
completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to 90 degree in either direction, to allow
long pieces to be end or angle drilled.
Base
The base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to
the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of
the base is similar to the worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting work
too larger for the table.

Hand Feed
The hand- feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of
drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by the
operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to “feel” the action of the
cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be bench or
floor mounted.

Power feed

The power feed drilling machine are usually larger and heavier than the hand feed
ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work
automatically, at preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle these machines are used

7
in maintenance for medium duty work or the work that uses large drills that require
power feed larger work pieces are usually clamped directly to the table or base using t –
bolts and clamps by a small work places are held in a vise. A depth –stop mechanism is
located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.

Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine

 This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig.1 illustrates the sketch
of sensitive drilling machine.
 The vertical column carries a swiveling table the height of which can be adjusted
according to the work piece height.
 The table can also be swung to any desired position.
 At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is
mounted on the motor shaft and other on the machine spindle.
 Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator.
 Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine.
 Drill holes from 1.5 to 15mm

Fig.1. Sensitive Drilling Machine

Up-Right Drilling Machine

 These are medium heavy duty machines.

8
  It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of
power feed and wider range of spindle speed. Fig.2 shows the line sketch of
up-right drilling machine.
 This machine usually has a gear driven mechanism for different spindle speed
and an automatic or power feed device.
 Table can move vertically and radially.
 Drill holes up to 50mm

Fig.2 Up-RightDrilling Machine

Radial Drilling Machine

 It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium to large and heavy work
pieces.
 Radial drilling machine belong to power feed type.
 The column and radial drilling machine supports the radial arm, drill head and
motor. Fig.3 shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine.

9
 Fig. 3 Radial Drilling Machine

 The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw
provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor.
 The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways
provided the radial arm can also be swiveled around the column.
 The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which
carries the drill bit. A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power.
 Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism.

Drill Materials

The two most common types are

1. HSS drill
- Low cost
2. Carbide- tipped drills
- high production and in CNC machines

Other types are

Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills, parabolic
drills, split point drill. Fig.4 shows various types of drills
Drilling And Drills

ypes of drills
– Twist drill: most
common drill
– Step drill:
produces holes 10
of two or more
different
diameters
 Fig. 4 Various types of drill

Drill fixed to the spindle

Fig. 5 Drill fixed to a spindle

Tool Nomenclature

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 Fig. 6 Nomenclature of twist drill

Tool holding devices

Fig.7 and Fig.8 shows the different work holding and drill drift device. The different
methods used for holding drill in a drill spindle are

 By directly fitting in the spindle hole.

 By using drill sleeve
 By using drill socket
 By using drill chuck

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Drilling operations
Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are

 Drilling
 Reaming
 Boring
 Counter boring
 Countersinking
 Tapping

Drilling:
It is an operation by which holes are produced in solid metal by means of revolving tool
called ‘Drill’. Fig. 9 shows the various operations on drilling machine.

Reaming:
Reaming is accurate way of sizing and finishing the pre-existing hole.
Multi tooth cutting tool. Accuracy of 0.005mm can be achieved

Boring:
Boring is a process of enlarging an existing hole by a single point cutting tool. Boring
operation is often preferred because we can correct hole size, or alignment and can

13
produce smooth finish. Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the
shank.Accuracy of 0.005mm can be achieved.

.
Fig. 9 Various operations on drilling machine

Counter Bore :-

This operation uses a pilot to guide the cutting action to accommodate the heads
of bolts. Fig. 10 illustrates the counter boring, countersunk and spot facing processes.

Countersink:-

Special angled cone shaped enlargement at the end of the hole to accommodate
the screws. Cone angles of 60°, 82°, 90°, 100°, 110°, 120°

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 Fig. 10 Counter boring, countersunk and spot facing

Tapping:-

Tapping is the process by which internal threads are formed. It is performed either
by hand or by machine.Minor diameter of the thread is drilled and then tapping is done.
Fig. 11 show the tapping processes.

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 Fig. 11 Hand taps and tapping process using tap wrench

Fig. 12 Various operations performed on drilling machine

Work Holding Devices

1. Machine Table Vice

The machine vice is equipped with jaws which clamps the work piece.
The vice can be bolted to the drilling table or the tail can be swung around swung
around. Fig. 13 shows the standard and swivel vice.
The swivel vice is a machine wise that can be swivel through 360° on a
horizontal plane.

16
 Fig. 13 Machine Table vice.

2. Step Blocks
These are built to allow height adjustment for mounting the drilling jobs
and are used with strap clamps and long T-slot bolts.

3. Clamps
These are small, portable vises , which bears against the work piece and
holding devices. Common types of clamps are C-clamp, Parallel clamp, machine
strap clamp, U-clamp etc..Fig. 14 shows the correct and incorrect methods of
mounting the work piece.

Fig. 14 Correct and incorrect methods of clamping the work piece.

4. V-Blocks
These are designed to hold round work pieces.

5. Angles
Angle plates are made in a 90°angle with slots and bolt holes for securing
work to the table.

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 6. Jigs
The jig guides the drill through a bushing to locate and drill holes
accurately.

7. T- Slots Bolt
These are special bolts which has a T shaped head, which slides into the T
slots of drilling machine work table.

Definitions
1. Cutting Speed (v):-

It’s the peripheral speed of the drill.The cutting speed depends upon the properties
of the material being drilled, drill material, drill diameter, rate of speed, coolant used
etc…
v = *D*N where
D = dia of the drill in m
N = Speed of rotation in rpm

2. Feed Rate (f):-

It’s the movement of drill along the axis (rpm)

3. Depth of Cut (d):-

The distance from the machined surface to the drill axis.

d=D/2

As the depth of hole increases, the chip ejection becomes more difficult and the
fresh cutting fluid is not able to cutting zone. Hence for machining the lengthy hole
special type of drill called ‘gun drill’ is used.

4. Material Removal Rate:-

It’s the volume of material removed by the drill per unit time
MRR = ( D2 / 4) * f * N mm3 / min

5. Machining Time (T) :-

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 It depends upon the length (l) of the hole to be drilled , to the Speed (N) and feed
(f) of the drill
t = L / f N min

Precautions for Drilling machine

 Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.

 Machines should be cleaned after use
 Chips should be removed using brush.
 T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, and pulley should be cleaned.
 Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting

Safety Precautions

 Do not support the work piece by hand – use work holding device.
 Use brush to clean the chip
 No adjustments while the machine is operating
 Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before starting the operation.
 Never place tools on the drilling table
 Avoid loose clothing and protect the eyes.
 Ease the feed if drill breaks inside the work piece.

Problems

1. Calculate the speed of the drill bit to drill a hole of dia 20mm where the cutting speed
is 25mts/min.

N [rpm] = (π * D *N)/1000
= (25 * 1000) / (π * 20)
= 397.8rpm

2. The dia of one end of a taper plug is 150mm and dia of the other end is 80mm and the
length is 300mm. Calculate its taper.
Taper per mm = (D-d)/L
= (150-80)/ 300
= 0.233mm
3. . The dia of one end of a taper plug is 150mm and dia of the other end is 80mm and the
length is 300mm. Calculate its taper angle.
Tan α/2= (D-d)/2L
= (150-80)/ 2*300
= 6.65°

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Review Questions:

Part – A

1. What is meant by drilling?

2. Which tool is commonly used for drilling?
3. Name the different types of drilling machine?
4. What is meant by hand feed?
5. What is meant by power feed?
6. What are the salient features of radial drilling machine?
7. What are the different ways to mount the drilling tool?
8. Name the different types of drilling operations?
9. What is meant by reaming?
10. What is boring?
11. What is the difference between reaming and boring?
12. What is counter boring?
13. What is countersinking?
14. What is the purpose of tapping operation?
15. Name some work holding devices?

Part – B

1. Explain with neat sketch the salient features of radial drilling machine?
2. Draw and explain the working principle of upright drilling machine?
3. With neat sketch describe the nomenclature of twist drill?
4. Discuss is detail with diagram the various operations that can be performed in
drilling machine

ULTRASONIC SENSOR DRIVE CIRCUIT

The inverter is used for the drive of

the ultrasonic sensor. The two
inverters are connected in parallel
because of the transmission electric
power increase.
The phase with the voltage to apply
to the positive terminal and the
negative terminal of the sensor has
been 180 degrees shifted. Because it
is cutting the direct current with the
capacitor, about twice of voltage of
the inverter output are applied to the
20
sensor.
Figure11: Ultrasonic sensor drive circuit

RECEIVER CIRCUIT
SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION CIRCUIT
The ultrasonic signal which was received with the reception sensor is
amplified by 1000 times
(60dB) of voltage with the
operational amplifier with
two stages. It is 100 times
at the first stage (40dB)
and 10 time(20dB) at the
next stage.

Figure12: Signal
amplification circuit
Generally, the positive and the negative power supply are used for the
operational amplifier. The circuit this time works with the single power
supply of +9 V. Therefore, for the positive input of the operational
amplifiers, the half of the power supply voltage is applied as the bias voltage
and it is made 4.5 V in the central voltage of the amplified alternating
current signal. When using the operational amplifier with the negative
feedback, the voltage of the positive input terminal and the voltage of the
negative input terminal become equal approximately. So, by this bias
voltage, the side of the positive and the side of the negative of the alternating
current signal can be equally amplified. When not using this bias voltage,
the distortion causes the alternating current signal. When the alternating
current signal is amplified, this way is used when working the operational
amplifier for the 2 power supply with the single power supply

DETECTION CIRCUIT

The detection is done to detect the received

ultrasonic signal. It is the half-wave
rectification circuit which used the Shottky
barrier diodes. The DC voltage according to the
level of the detection signal is gotten by the
capacitor behind the diode. The Shottky barrier

21
diodes are used Figure13: Detection circuit
because the high frequency characteristic is good

SIGNAL DETECTOR
This circuit is the circuit which detects the
ultrasonic which returned from the
measurement object. The output of the
detection circuit is detected using the
comparator. At the circuit this time, the
operational amplifier of the single power
supply is used instead of the comparator. The
operational amplifier amplifies and outputs
the difference between the positive input and
the negative input.
In case of the operational amplifier which
doesn't have the negative feedback, at a little
input voltage, the output becomes the
saturation state. Generally, the operational amplifier has tens of thousands of
times of mu factors. So, when the positive input becomes higher a little than
Figure14: Signal detector the negative input, the difference is tens of
thousands of

times amplified and the output becomes the same as the power supply
almost.(It is the saturation state) Oppositely, when the positive input
becomes lower a little than the negative input, the difference is tens of
thousands of times amplified and the output becomes 0 V almost.(It is in the
OFF condition) This operation is the same as the operation of the
comparator. However, because the inner circuit is different about the
comparator and the operational amplifier, the comparator can not be used as
the operational amplifier.
At the circuit this time, it connects the output of the detection circuit with the
negative input of the signal detector and it makes the voltage of the positive
input constant.
Vrf = ( Rb x Vcc )/( Ra + Rb )
= ( 47 KΩ x 9V )/( 1 MΩ + 47 KΩ)
= 0.4V

So, when the rectified ultrasonic signal becomes more than 0.4 V, the output
of the signal detector becomes the L level (Approximately 0 V).

22
 There is another device in this circuit. It is
the diode (D) which connects with the side
of the positive input.
The pulse sending-out timing signal of the
transmitter is applied to this diode. So, it
makes not detect the transmission signal
which was crowded when sending out the
ultrasonic signal from the transmitter and
going around to the reception sensor,
making the voltage of the positive input of
the signal detector rise in the pulse sending-
out timing signal.
The transmission signal has the remaining signal even
Figure15: Diagram of signal detection
if it stops the transmission timing pulse. So, it make
the falling of the transmission timing pulse gentle
with the capacitor (C) and it is preventing from the
misdetection by the remaining signal.
The value of this capacitor is the one point which
decides the efficiency of the equipment. The detection
start time becomes late when the value of this
capacitor is big and cannot do the measurement of the
short distance. The equipment this time makes the
transmission pulse long (About 1 millisecond) to
make the measurement possible to the about 10-m
distance and makes the capacitor of the detector big a
little. Therefore, the shortest measurement distance
becomes about 40 cm.
To measure the short distance, making TL in IC1
short, the value of the capacitor of the signal detector Figure16: Flip flop
circuit and timing must be made small.
Diagram of transmission pulse
Way, in the time that the ultrasonic goes and returns in the 30-cm distance
at 20°C, it is the 1.75 milliseconds.

TIME MEASUREMENT GATE CIRCUIT

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This circuit is the gate circuit to measure the time which is reflected with the
measurement object and returns after sending out the ultrasonic. It is using
the SR (the set and the reset) flip-flop.
The set condition is the time which begins to let out the ultrasonic with the
transmitter. It uses the transmission timing pulse.
The reset condition is the time which detected the signal with the signal
detector of the receiver circuit.
That is, the time that the output of SR-FF (D) is in the ON condition
becomes the time which returns after letting out the ultrasonic.

MEASUREMENT PULSE OSCILLATOR

This circuit is the oscillator which makes

the pulse to measure the propagation time
of the ultrasonic. It is the oscillation
circuit which used the CMOS inverter.
The oscillation frequency can be
calculated by the following formula.
Figure17: Measurement pulse
Oscillator

F = 1 / (2.2 x C x R)

The oscillation frequency this time is about 17.2 kHz. This frequency is
calculated from the propagation speed (343.5m/sec) of the sound wave at
20°C.For example, in case of the 1-m distance, the time that the sound wave
depends on the going and returning is 2m/343.5m/sec = 5.82msec. The
frequency to make the 100 pulses occur to at this time becomes the
frequency of the measurement pulse.
It becomes f = 100/ (5.82 x 10-3) = 17.18 x 103 = 17.18kHz
supposing that the capacitor (C) is 2200 pF, the value of the resistor (R) is as
follows.

R = 1 / ( 2.2 x C x f )
= 1 / ( 2.2 x 2200 x 10-12 x 17.18 x 103 )
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 = 1 / ( 83.15 x 10-6 )
= 12.03 x 103
= 12 KΩ

I adjusted the oscillation frequency using the two variable resistors of 20K-
ohm and 1K-ohm. The variable resistor of 20K-ohm is for the adjustment of
the main frequency and it is mounting to the printed board. It adjusts to
establish 1K-ohm in the middle, and to measure the 1-m distance and for the
display to become 1.00.
Because the propagation speed of the sound wave changes with the
temperature, it uses the variable resistor of 1K-ohm for the adjustment. This
resistor is installed in the case and it is possible to be easily adjusted. The
change in frequency, with the variable resistor of 1 KΩ is as follows.
Frequency when the resistor is 11.5 KΩ
(The resistor of 1 KΩ is 0 Ω)
F = 1 / ( 2.2 x C x R )
= 1 / ( 2.2 x 2200 x 10-12 x 11.5 x 103 )
= 1 / ( 55.66 x 10-6 )
= 17.97 x 103
= 17.97khz

It becomes the propagation speed at the time of about 46.5°C.

Frequency when the resistor is 12.5 KΩ
(The resistor of 1 KΩ is 1 KΩ)
F = 1 / ( 2.2 x C x R )
= 1 / ( 2.2 x 2200 x 10-12 x 12.5 x 103 )
= 1 / ( 60.5 x 10-6 )
= 16.53 x 103
= 16.53kHz

It becomes the propagation speed at the time of about -1.5°C

25
GENERATION CIRCUIT OF THE COUNTER CLEAR PULSE AND
THE LATCH CLEAR PULSE

This circuit makes the counter clear pulse and the pulse to clear the latch of
the display to use with the measurement counter
(4553) to mention later. These pulses are made by
differentiating the output of the time measurement
gate circuit.
The point A changes into the H level from the L
level when beginning to let out the ultrasonic. The
electric charge begins to store up at the capacitor C1
by this change, the signal which was differentiated
by C1 and R1 is applied to the inverter (I1) and the
counter clear pulse develops with the output (the B
point) of I2. Discharging by the electric charge
which was stored up in C2 at this time but to flow
through D2, the input of I3 is as the H level and the
output (the C point) of I4 doesn't change.
Next, when the ultrasonic reaches the reception
sensor, the A point changes into the L level from
the H level. The electric charge begins to store up at Figure18: Circuit of
counter clear the capacitor C2 by this change, the signal which pulse
and the latch clear pulse was differentiated by C2 and R2 is applied to the
inverter (I3) and the latch clear pulse develops with the output (the C point)
of I4.Discharging by the electric charge which was stored up in C1 at this
time but to flow through D1, the input of I1 is as the L level and the output
(the B point) of I2 doesn't change. The inverters of I1 to I4 are put to arrange
the output wave form of the differentiation circuit.

CIRCUIT OF THE MEASUREMENT DURING THE TIME

The 3-digit BCD counter IC (4553) is used to measure the propagation time
of the ultrasonic. The block diagram inside is shown in the left figure.
The reset of the counter and display scan's initialization are done when the
master reset (MR) becomes the H level. At the circuit this time, the counter
clear pulse is applied to the MR and it clears the counter in case of the
measurement beginning. The display isn't cleared. The counter inside is
cleared only. The measurement pulse is applied to the clock. The count up is
26
done in the falling of the pulse. The measurement pulse is inputted to the
clock terminal only at the time of the output of the time measurement gate
circuit is the H level by the NAND gate.
The contents of the BCD
counter are taken in the
quad latch register when
the latch enable (LE)
becomes the L level.
When the LE is the H
level, the taken contents
are maintained (the latch).
So, even if the contents of
the BCD counter changes
in the condition of the LE
with the H level, the
display doesn't change.
After taking in the contents to the latch register in case of the
measurement ending, until the time of the following measurement
ending, the Figure19: Internal block diagram of display
doesn't change. This time, in BCD counter IC 4553
the measurement interval, it has
about 63-millisecond
period. So, the display changes about 16 times within the 1 second.
As for the measured figure of the 3 digits, the 1 digit is output by the
multiplexer. The control of the figure to display is done by the scan
oscillator. The frequency of the scan oscillator is decided by the value of the
capacitor, Ct. The frequency can be calculated by the following formula.
Supply voltage(VDD) Scan frequency(Hz)
5V 0.4 / Ct
10V 1.2 / Ct
15V 1.5 / Ct
The unit of Ct is the µf.
The circuit this time is using +9 V for the power supply voltage. The scan
frequency becomes 1100 Hz, making Ct 1000 pF and supposing that the
coefficient is 1.1. The scan frequency changes mainly with the power supply
voltage. However, because the eyes of the human being can not see the
change of such a speed, there is no problem.
The electricity consumption can be lowered by displaying the 1 digit in the

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order. If using the high brightness LED for the LED, there is no problem
with the light

Liquid Crystal display (LCD):

The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW.

The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are
sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low
(0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the
other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of
time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing
it low (0) again.

The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is
high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For
example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.

The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on
the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively
querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read
command. All others are write commands--so RW will almost always be low.

Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected
by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2,
DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

Liquid Crystal Display also called as LCD is very helpful in providing user interface as
well as for debugging purpose. The most common type of LCD controller is HITACHI
44780 which provides a simple interface between the controller & an LCD. These LCD's
are very simple to interface with the controller as well as are cost effective.

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 2x16 Line Alphanumeric LCD Display

The most commonly used ALPHANUMERIC displays are 1x16 (Single Line & 16
characters), 2x16 (Double Line & 16 character per line) & 4x20 (four lines & Twenty
characters per line).

The LCD requires 3 control lines (RS, R/W & EN) & 8 (or 4) data lines. The number on
data lines depends on the mode of operation. If operated in 8-bit mode then 8 data lines +
3 control lines i.e. total 11 lines are required. And if operated in 4-bit mode then 4 data
lines + 3 control lines i.e. 7 lines are required. How do we decide which mode to use? It’s
simple if you have sufficient data lines you can go for 8 bit mode & if there is a time
constrain i.e. display should be faster then we have to use 8-bit mode because basically 4-
bit mode takes twice as more time as compared to 8-bit mode.

Pin Symbol Function

1 Vss Ground

2 Vdd Supply Voltage

3 Vo Contrast Setting

4 RS Register Select

5 R/W Read/Write Select

6 En Chip Enable Signal

7- DB0-
Data Lines
14 DB7

Gnd for the

15 A/Vee
backlight

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 16 K Vcc for backlight

When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command. When RS is high (1), the data
being sent is considered as text data which should be displayed on the screen.

When R/W is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When
RW is high (1), the program is effectively reading from the LCD. Most of the times there
is no need to read from the LCD so this line can directly be connected to Gnd thus saving
one controller line.

The ENABLE pin is used to latch the data present on the data pins. A HIGH - LOW
signal is required to latch the data. The LCD interprets and executes our command at the
instant the EN line is brought low. If you never bring EN low, your instruction will never
be executed.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

A Multi spindle drilling machine will drill a number of parallel holes

simultaneously in a work piece. Multi spindle drilling machines are employed for
work of a light character, especially repetition work, such as drilling small
components for the Automobile and Aircraft industries.A Multi spindle drilling
machine has a number of drill spindles driven by a single motor. All the spindles
holding the drills are fed in to the work piece at the same time. For this purpose,
either the drill heads can be lowered onto the work piece or the work table is
raised.

30
 The Main eccentric is driven by the drilling machine spindle which is
driven by a single motor. The several drill holding eccentrics are driven by the
main Eccentric through a Revolving plate.Eccentric is a mechanism which is
usually used to convert rotary motion into sliding motion. It shall be noted that an
Eccentric cannot convert reciprocating motion into rotary motion. Here we are
converting the rotary motion into revolutionary motion and in to rotary motion.
(ie) when the main spindle rotates, the rotary motion of the spindle is converted
into revolutionary motion of the Revolving plate.

Through the Main Eccentric and the revolutionary motion of the Revolving
plate is converted into rotary motion of the Drill holding Eccentrics. The
conversion of the motion is achieved by the ECCENTRICITY provided in the
eccentrics. [ECCENTRICITY is 15mm at all the eccentric spindles].

Drill bits can be fed by lowering the Drill head. The pillars provided with
springs guide the Driller head in motion. Springs secure the Drill head with drill
bits, from a rapid fall, while releasing the Drill head from the machine spindle. It
is designed to drill five holes of various diameters in unsymmetrical layouts. The
art of ECCENTRICITY plays a major role in this principle.

APPLICATIONS

In this type of machine number of holes is drilled in the work piece at a time.
This machine is used in mass production. The work pieces drilled in this machine
are as follows:

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 Printed Circuit Boards.
 Pipe Flanges.
 Pump housings.
 Production works such as Drilling, Boring, Reaming and
Tapping.

CONSTRUCTION

32
TAPER SHANK

DRILL CHUCK

33
SPUR GEAR

BOLT

WASHER

34
SPUR GEAR

NUT

35
PLATE

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Advantages:-
Opaque material can be drill in perfect depth
Inner treading also possible
Easy to use

Disadvantages:-
Skilled person required to operate this system.

Conclusion:-
We design entire described system and test its working condition it work smoothly and
fulfill our aimed objectives.

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