CHAPTER 1

TITLE

Laser Communication: An Inexpensive Alternative Free-Space Photonic

Technology

Abstract:

The study aims to propose that Free-space Optical (FSO) Communication can be

used in consumer level electronics, where ordinary people can benefit and enjoy the

advantage of this technology with low-cost laser communication link.

Over the years, there is no known technology that is used on the surface of earth

that is similar to that of FSO. Although our current technology is enough to be classified

as “advanced technology” (e.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LAN, Fiber Optics, …), the

researchers’ goal is to tap the Laser Technology to further enhance our world’s current

technological capabilities, enhancing its integrity, speed, build quality, and reliability.

According to various studies, Laser Communication provides a safe and private

communication link. With this information, the initial step done by the researchers is to

have a research survey on the credibility and application of LASER technology as an

alternative medium of communication among people. The researchers’ have included

information to the people surveyed and showed its potential features if implemented in

our industry. The result of this has shown that majority of them are looking forward to

1
the proposed technology and are positive to the study because of its aim in creating a

cost-effective means of communication.

The main objective of this study is to showcase the properties of Laser

Communication that can be implemented as a channel for communication and its possible

application in consideration of its inexpensive cost that can be tapped by consumer level

electronics.

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 CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

Gap Analysis

Communication Systems have reckoned on radio communications

technology to communicate with space crafts since the space age began. The invention of

the laser in 1960 revolutionized this form of communication by providing an intense and

narrow beam of focused light. Lasers are currently in essential use in data

communications because even with improbable advances in Radio Frequency

communications systems, it becomes lagging and outmode because this beam could

travel much greater distances with much less attenuation, laser was first use for

communication in space.

FREE SPACE COMMUNICATION

After a month-long transit to the Moon and a 40-day spacecraft checkout, the

laser communications experiments were performed over three months during late 2013

and early 2014. The first-ever use of gigabit laser-based communication as part of the

EDRS or European Data Relay System was carried out together with the further

operational services and system. The system EU Sentinel-1A Satellite in LEO was

transmitted through an optical link to the ESA-Inmarsat Alphasat in GEO. (“Laser Link

Offers High-Speed Delivery”. ESA. 28 November 2014) (“First image download over

new gigabit laser connection in space”. Airbus Defence and Space. 5 December 2014)

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 NASA’s OPALS announced a breakthrough in space-to-ground laser

communication, uploading at a speed of 400 megabits per second. OPALS launched to

the space station aboard a SpaceX Dragon cargo capsule in April. The payload was able

to establish an optical communication link when its laser locked onto a ground beacon

emitted by the Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory’s ground station at JPL’s

Table Mountain Observatory. The technology uses a beacon with four individual lasers to

average the effects of atmospheric turbulence. OPALS had its first success on June 5, a

night pass lasting 148 seconds. (Landau, Elizabeth – 9 December 2014. “OPALS: Light

Beams Let Data Rates Soar”. NASA.)

Google X, a research and development facility and organization founded by

Google in 2010, announced to have successfully built and achieved a laser

communication connection between two stratosphere balloons. As a part of Project Loon,

an aerial wireless network with up to 4G-LTE speeds, it established a date rate of 155

megabit-per-second optical connection between two balloons more than 100 kilometers

apart. The technology has connection that is said to be stable over many hours and during

day and nighttime. (Metz, Cade – 24 February 2016. “Google Laser-Beams the Film Real

Genius 60 Miles Between Balloons”. WIRED.)

Deep Space Laser Communications will be tested and performed on the Psyche

mission, a journey to a unique metal asteroid orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter,

to the main-belt asteroid 16 Psyche, one of the ten most massive asteroids in the asteroid

4
belt. As a "game changing" technology demonstration, DSOC is exactly that. NASA

STMD's Game Changing Development Program funded the technology development

phase of DSOC. It is planned to launch in 2022. (Greicius, Tony – 14 September 2017.

“Psyche Overview”. NASA.) (“Deep Space Communications via Faraway Photons”.

NASA News. 18 October 2017)

In collaboration with Mynaric, a manufacturer of laser communication equipment

for airborne and spaceborne communication networks, Facebook’s Connectivity

Laboratory has achieved a two-way or bidirectional 10 Gigabit-per-second air-to-ground

connection. The tests took place from a conventional Cessna aircraft in 9 m distance. The

uplink worked easily and achieved 100% throughput at all times while the downlink

throughput occasionally dropped to about 96% due to non-ideal software parameter.

(Price, Rob – 29 June 2018. “Facebook tested plane-mounted lasers that fire super high-

speed internet over California”. Business Insider.)

Lincoln Laboratory is aiming to once again perform an experiment by applying

the laser beam technology used in LLCD or Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration

to underwater communication to break their record nearly five years ago, using a laser

beam to transmit data from a satellite orbiting the moon to Earth. To test their underwater

optical communications capability, six members of the team recently completed a

demonstration of precision beam pointing and fast acquisition between two moving

vehicles. Their tests proved that two underwater vehicles could search for and locate each

other in the pool within one second. Once linked, the vehicles could potentially use their

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established link to transmit hundreds of gigabytes of data in one session. (Parde, Nathan –

17 August 2018. “Advancing Undersea Optical Communications”. MIT News)

FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION

Fiber Optic Network was launched formally at the National Science and

Technology week arranged by the Department of Science and Technology in the

Philippines. The adoption of fiber optic technology will not only help government

agencies coordinate and communicate faster but also it aims to facilitate other necessary

services like cloud computing, web hosting, data center co-location, email and online

security. Their project called “iGovPhil”, composing different projects, is considered to

be the building blocks in the foundation of an e-government. (“Government to Launch

Fiber Optic Network at NSTW”. DICT. 21 July 2014)

Optic Fiber Technology uses propagation direction, polarization, different

properties of light etc., for encoding data and information. The transmission of data along

the optic fiber is limited by the amount of information that anyone can encode into the

light wave. By the use of a nanophotonic chip, which is a chip that uses light, can be

monitored precisely angular momentum data signals but not losing the carried

information. A large amount of optical fibers per fiber bundle can be executed using the

chip in parallel. It means that the speed of the process can be varied ascendingly,

considering the size of the array. (“Twisted Light Could Dramatically Boost Internet

Speeds”. The Conversation. 8 April 2016)

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 For over a century, copper cables had been a primary medium for transmission

of data and connection. After years, optical fibers, glass cylinders which has the width of

a human hair. Optical Fibers have stayed with the people around the world as

communication evolved. The shifting 100 gigabytes of data a day in 1992 was being

transferred every 60 microseconds by 2014. (Revell, Timothy – 25 May 2016. “The

Pipes Powering The Internet Are Nearly Full – What Do We Do”. New Scientist)

A research team who is based at the University of Lille’s PHLAM Laboratory

and associated with an Italian theorist from the University of Ferrara, found a way to

counteract several losses over more than 8 kilometers of optical fibers. The solution was

to add a light source of a different color and this will serve as an energy reserver. They

were able to measure the light intensity and along the fiber length, its phase. In the

results, unprecedented behavior which was the maxima taking the place of minima, was

observed by the researchers. This experiment was executed at the FiberTech Lille

Facility. (“In Physics, A Famous Paradox That Hangs By A Thread Of Light”. The

Conversation. 13 June 2018)

Fiber has been used in internet connectivity and local area networking for

decades but until recently, it hadn’t gained a lot of traction for wide area networking.

Some technologies that most companies used for connectivity such as DSL, T1s or coax

have some limitations. Even though fiber is expensive and has a lot of hindrance, such as

complexity of fiber cable laying and fiber cable stretching from one point to another, still,

many businesses are eyeing towards wireless communication and solutions. Nothing is

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better and more suitable than a connection that can’t be physically disrupted. Fiber offers

benefit in the business nation. (Nelson, Raymond – 18 April 2018. “The Future of Fiber”.

Forbes Tech Council – Forbes)

8
Research Problem

NASA's Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) announced a

breakthrough in space-to-ground laser communication, uploading at a speed of 400

megabits per second in December 2014. The system is also able to re-acquire tracking

after the signal is lost due to cloud cover. The OPALS experiment was launched on April

18, 2014 to the ISS to further test the potential for using a laser to transmit data to Earth

from space. (Landau, 2014)

Free-space Optical (FSO) Communication is the wireless transmission of data

using a technology that uses light propagating in free space. FSO systems require no

expensive and laborious installations, and there are no security upgrades necessary.

Regarding with the power consumption, this technology uses low power in transmitting

data. Dissimilar to the radio and microwave system, FSO system does not require

spectrum license or frequency coordination among its users. Transmission of data in FSO

system is incredibly fast since the signals are transmitted through the air at the speed of

the light. Transmission in FSO link cannot be affected by the Electromagnetic and radio-

magnetic interference. However, the benefits of this technology cannot be enjoyed by

consumers because of its expensive cost. The research was conducted to prove that this

communication technology, the Free-space Optical Communication can be accessible in

the level of the consumer electronic where ordinary people can benefit at an inexpensive

cost.

9
Hypothesis

Prior to the data gathering, the researchers hypothesized that it is possible to create a

free space optical (FSO) communication systems using market-available inexpensive

devices and circuitry allowing the transmission of digital data via lasers. The project

intends to propose (building) a communication system that uses FSO as an alternative

medium for communication.

The hypothesis was formulated due to the rapid development of optical

communication, particularly in laser technology. It is also because of the driven demand

for high speed yet easy-access internet connectivity. Moreover, FSO offers an attractive

alternative for enabling the transfer of information maneuvering within a high-bandwidth

data when fiber optic cable is deem neither practical nor feasible.

Several studies and research shows that optical communication is proven to be the

fastest and most convenient medium. By doing further investigation, this kind of

technology could be enhanced to give opportunity to introduce new or other applications.

In effect, the researchers thrive to make the proposed project be made available to the

public. The project aims to be a low-cost and efficient alternative medium of

communication. There are numerous possibilities of application onto this project. In some

ways, it can be used as a controlled/remote connection such as in schools, gymnasiums,

10
offices and other establishments. Thus, the project will mainly focused to the consumers

that values their connectivity and are seeking for faster speed and reliable data.

NULL AND ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS

Formerly, the idea in question here is that if this research is doable or feasible.

This could be based on several factors such as the cost of materials, the effectivity of the

finished prototype and its reliability through the testing to be conducted throughout the

research process.

Thus, the hypotheses would be as follows:

Null Hypothesis: The feasibility of assembling/building an FSO communication

system using lasers is improbable due to factors or challenges that the researchers might

identify difficult to solve and overcome.

Alternate Hypothesis: The possibility of assembling/building an FSO

communication system via lasers is of high chance to be completed in duration of the

research process and the challenges that may surface within the process and test(s) to be

conducted can be solved with the proper resources and analysis. Hence, at the final stage

of the research, the result is an effective and inexpensive FSO communication system via

lasers that could benefit electronics consumers and people alike.

11
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH DESIGN

Dependent and Independent Variables

Independent Variables

• Occupation
• The occupation of the respondents

• Location
• The description of the respondents' location

• Access to Communication Technology

• This include access to internet, radio, television and
such.

Dependent Variables

Viewpoint on an Inexpensive Laser Communication

Technology

Perception on Features of Laser Communication

Preference on Application of Laser Communication

12
Subject/ Participant/ Respondents

The respondents of the research are individuals determined as qualified for the

researchers’ arranged category such as people with social media accounts and have

regular access to the internet. This is for the researchers to have a relevant count on the

population’s respond on the proposed new communication medium and for them to easily

distribute the questionnaire forms.

Sample Size

Cochran’s Formula was used by the researchers in determining the sample size for

this study. Cochran Formula is mostly used in situations with large or infinite number of

population. The formula calculates the ideal sample size given a desired level of

precision, desired confidence level, and the estimated proportion of the attribute present

in the population. There are infinite number of population for this study hence Cochran

Formula was used.

The researchers calculated the sample size at the level of precision e = 0.10, with

0.5 estimated proportion of the population, and with a confidence level of 90%. The total

sample size was calculated based on the given formula, 69 samples:

Cochran’s Sample Size Formula:

𝑍 2 𝑝𝑞
𝑛0 = 2
𝑒

Where:

 e is the desired level of precision or margin of error.

 p is the estimated proportion of the population.

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  q is 1-p.

 Z-value is found in a Z table.

Instruments/ Materials

For the sake of subjects’ perceptions, the researchers have used the necessary

instruments to implement data gathering for the chosen population/respondents. An

online survey questionnaire like Google Forms was utilized as a medium to get the

preferences of each individual regarding the said research topic in terms of the several

parameters set by the researchers.

Strategies to Address Threats to Internal Validity of the Study

Instrumentation can be a threat to internal validity because it can result in

instrumental bias (or instrumental decay). Such instrumental bias takes place when the

measuring instrument (e.g., a measuring device, a survey, interviews/participant

observation) that is used in a study changes over time.

It sometimes helps to think about instrumental bias arising either because of the

use of a physical measuring device or the actions of the researcher. No experimental

research project is perfect or free from potential threats to validity. Researchers must take

the necessary steps to ensure that the threats are controlled as best as possible. Careful

selection of the appropriate research design and attention to control methods is critical.

The researchers carefully observed the performance of the transceiver while conducting

14
experiment. Each testing while increasing the distance between each device were noted

and analyzed to determine the maximum distance that the device can communicate.

Strategies to Address Threats to External Validity of the Study

The main factor here will be how people will react to newly introduced

technology or innovation in the field of science. Based on facts, the percentage of

adaptability in the introduction of these things are very high. The usual unaffected group

are those in older generations, they most likely ignore the advancements made by

mankind and stick to what they know and what works in their time. If this study shows

promising results and be implemented around the world, the only thing that would bother

the latter is the application of these technology (e.g. transition from wired connections to

wireless connections).

Overall, these are just generalized situations given to the society we’re in. Most

likely, majority of the people would be in favor of a faster, reliable and more secured

communication to consumers, and most importantly lower cost of availing new or

improved state of the art technology.

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 CHAPTER 4

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

In this section, the researchers will discuss the science that involves the data

collection, data interpretation and data validation of our given research. It is an important

aspect in a quantitative research wherein it seeks data to be quantified, and typically

applies the statistical procedures.

For the data allotted, it has been categorized based on the two types of variables in

statistical analysis; continuous and discrete. As for the research design, it is continuous

data since it describes the measuring of variables that are uncountable such as the

intensity of light. The researchers have chosen to measure such data to find the

correlation of the results of our experimental procedures and what is based on written and

observational facts and survey.

Statistical Treatment

The following are the statistical formulas used within the scope of our

experimental research:

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Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

OCCUPATION

Occupation of Respondents

14%
24%

1%

61%

Employee Employer Student Unemployed

Fig. 4.1 Occupation of Respondents

This graph shows the composition of the respondents in terms of occupation. It

shows that, students are the majority of the respondents in the online survey executed, as

it is easier to dissipate the questionnaire among them since they are the ones who can

easily access the internet. Next in the composition were the employees, followed by the

unemployed and the least of the composition was the employer.

17
INEXPENSIVE TECHNOLOGY

VI E W PO I NT O N A N I NE XPE NSI VE LA SE R
CO MMUNI CAT I O N T ECHNO LO GY
16

14

12

10

0
EMPLOYEE

Affiramitive Negative

1 (a)

VI E W PO I NT O N A N I NE XPE NSI VE LA SE R
CO MMUNI CAT I O N T ECHNO LO GY
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
EMPLOYER

Affiramitive Negative

1 (b)

18
 VI E W PO I NT O N A N I NE XPE NSI VE LA SE R
CO MMUNI CAT I O N T ECHNO LO GY
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
STUDENT

Affiramitive Negative

1 (c)

VI E W PO I NT O N A N I NE XPE NSI VE LA SE R
CO MMUNI CAT I O N T ECHNO LO GY
9

0
UNEMPLOYED

Affiramitive Negative

1 (d)

Fig. 4.2.1 (a-d) Individual graph of respondents’ occupation and their viewpoint for inexpensive
laser communication technology

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 Viewpoint to Inexpensive Laser Communication
Technology
50
45 43

40
35
30
25
20
14
15
10 8

5 3 2
1 0 0
0
Employee Employer Student Unemployed

Affiramitive Negative

Fig. 4.2.2 Viewpoint to Inexpensive Laser Communication Technology

In this graph, the opinions of the respondents were taken about their preference in terms of

communication using inexpensive laser technology. Students, as the majority of the respondents,

all come down in favour of using inexpensive laser technology in communication. Employees,

with the next majority count on the composition of respondents, 14 out of 17 opt for the said

technology and 3 of them declined. Followed by the unemployed, with 10 respondents, 8 come

down in favour of the proposed technology and 2 of them said no. Lastly, the only one employer

that took the survey was affirmative of the technology.

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APPLICATION

Application Utilization of Laser Communication

None TV Broadcasting PA Stationary Chat WLAN Fast Internet

6
Employee
9

10

15

1 (a)

Application Utilization of Laser Communication

None TV Broadcasting PA Stationary Chat WLAN Fast Internet

0
Employer
0

1 (b)

21
 Application Utilization of Laser Communication
None TV Broadcasting PA Stationary Chat WLAN Fast Internet

11

7
Student
15

21

38

1 (c)

Application Utilization of Laser Communication

None TV Broadcasting PA Stationary Chat WLAN Fast Internet

3
Unemployed
4

10

1 (d)

Fig. 4.3.1 (a-d) Individual graphs for Application utilization of Laser Communication based on
respondents’ occupation

22
 Application Utilization of Laser Communication
0
3
Unemployed 3
4
4
10
0
11
Student 7
15
21
38
0
0
Employer 0
0
1
1
0
6
Employee 6
9
10
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

None TV Broadcasting PA Stationary Chat WLAN Fast Internet

Fig. 4.3.2 Application Utilization of Laser Communication

The figure displays the trend of applications on where the laser communication device

will most likely satisfy the demand of the respondents on which function it is deem

useful. In all the proposed application, “Fast Internet”, “WLAN” and “Stationary Chat”

were the most favourable of all the options given.

23
ACCESS TO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Access to Communication Technologies

1%

99%

Yes No

Fig. 4.4.1 Respondents’ on “Accessibility to Communication Technology”

Based on the survey the researchers made, 99% out of all the participants have access to

communication technologies. This technology consists of smart phones, internet

connection, routers and other things used for communicating purposes. This graph shows

that technology is not a new thing for us and it is widely used in the different aspects of

our daily lives.

24
 Perception on an Inexpensive Laser Communication
Technology

0
0
1
No 0
0
0
0
1

0
1
35
Yes 20
33
40
48
49

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

None Other Easy Installation No License Required

Noise Immunity Secured High Speed Wireless

Fig. 4.4.2 Respondent’s Perception on Inexpensive Laser Communication Technology with

respect to its features

In this graph, the researchers asked the participants if they prefer Laser Communication

Technology if there will be a new technology that will be developed. Almost all the

participants said yes. There was also a list of features of laser communication technology

and they were asked to choose what features they think will be the advantage if the said

technology were to be implemented. The highest feature was because it is wireless.

Followed by the high speed, security features, noise immunity, does not require a license

and easy installation process.

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 Preference on Application of Laser Communication

0
1
0
No
1
0
1

0
19
16
Yes
27
36
63

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

None TV Broadcasting PA Stationary Chat WLAN Fast Internet

Fig. 4.4.3 Respondents’ Preference on the Application of the Laser Communication

The graph was about the applications of laser communication. A list was indicated in the

survey and they were asked to choose the possible applications of laser communication.

63 persons out of 68 chose the fast internet connection, followed by the WLAN which is

for internet purpose, too. Next is the stationary chat or the simple sending and receiving

of messages as a way of communication. Public announcement ranks 4th and the least

possible application of laser communication according to our participants was the TV

Broadcasting.

26
 CHAPTER 5
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES

Phase 1. Conduct a research or study about the Information and Communication

Technology related topics. Form a research goal and research questions.

Phase 2. Framework of methods and techniques to combine various components

of research. It provides insights about “how” to conduct research using a particular

methodology. Three main section: Data collection, measurement, and analysis.

Phase 3. Collecting data by means of surveying. This data is comprehensive

information gathered from a target audience about the said topic through survey. It can be

online survey, telephonic survey or face-to-face survey.

Phase 4. This phase involves collecting and scrutinizing every data sample.

Describing and exploring the data to be analyzed then creating a model to summarize

how the data relates to the population. Proving the validity of the model.

Phase 5. After all the previous phases it will eventually come down to writing

reports about the research. Writing drafts from time to time will help you see what

direction your analysis should fit in, or what summary tables needed in your text. This

phase is where you plan on revision and seeking help of faculty for feedback to help with

the process

27
Figure 5.1: Gantt Chart

28
 CHAPTER 6

BUDGET ESTIMATE

SUPPLY AND MATERIALS

Qty. Item Description Unit Price Total Price

2 OEM Arduino Uno PHP 295.00 PHP 590.00

2 OEM ULD650542A Laser Diode PHP 45.00 PHP 90.00

2 OEM BPV11 Phototransistor PHP 15.00 PHP 30.00

1 Universal PCB PHP 25.00 PHP 25.00

2 1/4 W 10kΩ Resistor PHP 0.50 PHP 1.00

2 meters Solid Copper Wire PHP 10.00 PHP 20.00

2 Plastic Casing PHP 40.00 PHP 80.00

6 #0 Machine Screws PHP 0.90 PHP 5.40

2 Tripod PHP 88.00 PHP 176.00

2 SPDT Switch PHP 10.00 PHP 20.00

1 Alluminum Paper PHP 5.00 PHP 5.00

TOTAL PHP 1042.40

TRAVEL
PHP 112.00
Travel Expenses
TOTAL PHP 1154.40

Figure 6.1: Bill of materials of the prototype

Figure 6.1 indicates the materials showing the expense of creating such a system. The system can

be built using parts readily available at a local electronics store for approximately 1000 pesos.

This shows its marketability factor in consumer electronic.

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Datasheets

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 CHAPTER 7

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